Transgender individuals face high levels of discrimination including in healthcare. Lack of adequate legal protections can exacerbate the problem in developing countries. At the same time, low-cost private clinics can mitigate discriminatory practices due to the costs of discrimination. We conduct an audit study with male and transgender standardized patients visiting private health care clinics in Pakistan and find evidence of discrimination in non-obvious domains. Physicians differentiate between patients in culturally sensitive areas: they substitute in procedures that require less physical contact; are less likely to engage in verbal examination (i.e. avoid uncomfortable questions); and are subsequently more likely to recommend placebo or insufficient treatments for transgender patients, relative to the male benchmark. This ultimately yields lower quality of care for transgender patients.
{"title":"Discrimination in Healthcare: A Field Experiment with Pakistan’s Transgender Community","authors":"H. Ahmad, Sheheryar Banuri, Farasat A. S. Bokhari","doi":"10.1257/rct.8158-1.0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1257/rct.8158-1.0","url":null,"abstract":"Transgender individuals face high levels of discrimination including in healthcare. Lack of adequate legal protections can exacerbate the problem in developing countries. At the same time, low-cost private clinics can mitigate discriminatory practices due to the costs of discrimination. We conduct an audit study with male and transgender standardized patients visiting private health care clinics in Pakistan and find evidence of discrimination in non-obvious domains. Physicians differentiate between patients in culturally sensitive areas: they substitute in procedures that require less physical contact; are less likely to engage in verbal examination (i.e. avoid uncomfortable questions); and are subsequently more likely to recommend placebo or insufficient treatments for transgender patients, relative to the male benchmark. This ultimately yields lower quality of care for transgender patients.","PeriodicalId":414817,"journal":{"name":"PublicHealthRN: Demography Related to Public Health (Topic)","volume":"322 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115756452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This on-going study analyses pre-COVID deaths in Ontario Canada over 10 years and finds a clear association between deaths in the elderly with preceding weather variables in downtown Toronto. Deaths in the younger groups are less dependent on weather. Death rates are shown to depend on temperature, solar irradiance (sunlight) and relative humidity, with highest deaths occurring when preceding weeks were coldest, darkest, and driest. Confirmed cases of Influenzas A and B correlate with the death spikes in winter and with the secondary ‘shoulder’ spikes in spring. Secondary spikes in the fall are not related to influenza but presumably to other illnesses. These results suggest that the simple combination of sunlight, temperature, and absolute humidity can forewarn when death will be more likely and when counter-balancing steps might be taken in elder care facilities and the general population.
{"title":"Forecasting Pre-COVID Deaths in the Elderly by ‘Cold + Dark + Dry’ Weather","authors":"Craig Jowett","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3829228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3829228","url":null,"abstract":"This on-going study analyses pre-COVID deaths in Ontario Canada over 10 years and finds a clear association between deaths in the elderly with preceding weather variables in downtown Toronto. Deaths in the younger groups are less dependent on weather. Death rates are shown to depend on temperature, solar irradiance (sunlight) and relative humidity, with highest deaths occurring when preceding weeks were coldest, darkest, and driest. Confirmed cases of Influenzas A and B correlate with the death spikes in winter and with the secondary ‘shoulder’ spikes in spring. Secondary spikes in the fall are not related to influenza but presumably to other illnesses. These results suggest that the simple combination of sunlight, temperature, and absolute humidity can forewarn when death will be more likely and when counter-balancing steps might be taken in elder care facilities and the general population.","PeriodicalId":414817,"journal":{"name":"PublicHealthRN: Demography Related to Public Health (Topic)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127147560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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