The tech is already complicated enough, and if the terminologies aren't understood or clarified, it will further compound the complexities in this nascent industry. Everyone needs to know about this revolutionary tech, and as participants of this beautiful ecosystem it is our responsibility to simplify things as best as we can to the masses. The blockchain, the underlying technology, is the biggest innovation in computer science—the idea of a distributed database where trust is established through mass collaboration and clever code rather than through a powerful institution that does the authentication and the settlement. The biggest problems, though, have to do with clear categorization. I propose a theory of cryptocurrency periodic table policy in Altcoin markets with focus on supply rigidities identified with aggregate supply in cryptocurrency markets. The distribution of Altcoin across markets affects aggregate demand and output, however, these effects are not internalized in private financial decisions.
{"title":"Periodic Table of Cryptocurrencies: Blockchain Categorization","authors":"Doc. Dr. Aleksandar Arsov","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3095169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3095169","url":null,"abstract":"The tech is already complicated enough, and if the terminologies aren't understood or clarified, it will further compound the complexities in this nascent industry. Everyone needs to know about this revolutionary tech, and as participants of this beautiful ecosystem it is our responsibility to simplify things as best as we can to the masses. The blockchain, the underlying technology, is the biggest innovation in computer science—the idea of a distributed database where trust is established through mass collaboration and clever code rather than through a powerful institution that does the authentication and the settlement. The biggest problems, though, have to do with clear categorization. I propose a theory of cryptocurrency periodic table policy in Altcoin markets with focus on supply rigidities identified with aggregate supply in cryptocurrency markets. The distribution of Altcoin across markets affects aggregate demand and output, however, these effects are not internalized in private financial decisions.","PeriodicalId":414983,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Finance (Topic)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128822569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper reviews the concept that a blockchain is simply a database without a central authority. This concept means that a blockchain-based application is inherently a database application that leverages on the strength blockchain has over a traditional database with central authority. Two major areas of applications are: (a) shared database containing records of interdependent transactions, (b) asset registries where the chain of historical ownership (i.e. provenance) is valuable. The absence of a central authority means that traditional security via login linked to permission to read and write the database is no longer the primary strategy. Instead, immutability of the blockchain, together with identification and allocation of the validator, becomes the primary security strategy. These conceptual differences are the driving force behind the unusual data and database structure of the blockchain. This paper presents these concepts to a non-technical audience at two levels: (a) an easy to read-no complexity level without explanation of mechanics, and (b) building on the previous level, explain the key mechanics for a non-technical audience.
{"title":"Blockchain - A Database with a Twist","authors":"B. Tan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2958565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2958565","url":null,"abstract":"This paper reviews the concept that a blockchain is simply a database without a central authority. This concept means that a blockchain-based application is inherently a database application that leverages on the strength blockchain has over a traditional database with central authority. Two major areas of applications are: (a) shared database containing records of interdependent transactions, (b) asset registries where the chain of historical ownership (i.e. provenance) is valuable. The absence of a central authority means that traditional security via login linked to permission to read and write the database is no longer the primary strategy. Instead, immutability of the blockchain, together with identification and allocation of the validator, becomes the primary security strategy. These conceptual differences are the driving force behind the unusual data and database structure of the blockchain. This paper presents these concepts to a non-technical audience at two levels: (a) an easy to read-no complexity level without explanation of mechanics, and (b) building on the previous level, explain the key mechanics for a non-technical audience.","PeriodicalId":414983,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Finance (Topic)","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131693694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Technology has been a pivotal and successful enabler of financial inclusion. However, even with each technical evolution, sets of technical, cost, competition, capacity and access challenges persist. CFI Fellow Leon Perlman looks at the advantages, disadvantages and challenges that fasten on the existing and evolving technologies, bearer services, access platforms and user devices for mobile financial services (MFS) in Technology Inequality: Opportunities and Challenges for Mobile Financial Services. His on-the-ground research conducted in 12 different countries finds that smartphone-enabled MFS is not an impending panacea for financial inclusion. Due to the slow spread of reliable, high-quality 3G coverage and sufficiently capable smartphones, the majority of MFS will be accessed on feature phones, using Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), SIM Application Toolkit (STK) and java-applets, rather than internet-enabled smartphones, for the forseeable future.
{"title":"Technology Inequality: Opportunities and Challenges for Mobile Financial Services","authors":"L. Perlman","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2957143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2957143","url":null,"abstract":"Technology has been a pivotal and successful enabler of financial inclusion. However, even with each technical evolution, sets of technical, cost, competition, capacity and access challenges persist. \u0000CFI Fellow Leon Perlman looks at the advantages, disadvantages and challenges that fasten on the existing and evolving technologies, bearer services, access platforms and user devices for mobile financial services (MFS) in Technology Inequality: Opportunities and Challenges for Mobile Financial Services. \u0000His on-the-ground research conducted in 12 different countries finds that smartphone-enabled MFS is not an impending panacea for financial inclusion. \u0000Due to the slow spread of reliable, high-quality 3G coverage and sufficiently capable smartphones, the majority of MFS will be accessed on feature phones, using Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), SIM Application Toolkit (STK) and java-applets, rather than internet-enabled smartphones, for the forseeable future.","PeriodicalId":414983,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Finance (Topic)","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127975726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I test whether the display format of market data affects the trading performance and behavior of retail investors. To do so, I exploit a large brokerage dataset covering a period during which the market information provided to the broker’s customers changed in format, but not in content. I find that a simultaneous display of cross-stock market data reduces the cognitive cost of monitoring the market and thus helps investors obtain better execution prices. In particular, investors better mitigate non-execution and adverse-selection risks when trading with limit orders. Hence, the display format of market data matters for the individual investor.
{"title":"To See is To Know: Simultaneous Display of Market Data for Retail Investors","authors":"Hedi Benamar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2336035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2336035","url":null,"abstract":"I test whether the display format of market data affects the trading performance and behavior of retail investors. To do so, I exploit a large brokerage dataset covering a period during which the market information provided to the broker’s customers changed in format, but not in content. I find that a simultaneous display of cross-stock market data reduces the cognitive cost of monitoring the market and thus helps investors obtain better execution prices. In particular, investors better mitigate non-execution and adverse-selection risks when trading with limit orders. Hence, the display format of market data matters for the individual investor.","PeriodicalId":414983,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Finance (Topic)","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126783064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Millennial generation bank (digital banking) is different from traditional brick and mortar banking service. Digital banking focus on promoting environmental friendly, ethical and transparent banking. This research paper attempts to evaluate the acceptance of new generation banking products among customer its relationship with that Age, Occupation and Educational Qualification. Statistical Tests are applied for analysing and evaluating the objectives. The results of the study implied that majority of the customers are millennial generation and middle age groups are more motivated towards digital banking products. Senior citizens and women are not actively using the service of digital banking and there is also a relationship between digital banking and demographic characteristics. Therefore, the educational qualification has nothing to do with usage of digital banking products, whereas, more awareness is need to be created among the senior age groups individuals.
{"title":"Customer Acceptance of Millennial Generation Banking Services: Challenges and Prospects","authors":"M. Ashoka, V. S","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2929837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2929837","url":null,"abstract":"Millennial generation bank (digital banking) is different from traditional brick and mortar banking service. Digital banking focus on promoting environmental friendly, ethical and transparent banking. This research paper attempts to evaluate the acceptance of new generation banking products among customer its relationship with that Age, Occupation and Educational Qualification. Statistical Tests are applied for analysing and evaluating the objectives. The results of the study implied that majority of the customers are millennial generation and middle age groups are more motivated towards digital banking products. Senior citizens and women are not actively using the service of digital banking and there is also a relationship between digital banking and demographic characteristics. Therefore, the educational qualification has nothing to do with usage of digital banking products, whereas, more awareness is need to be created among the senior age groups individuals.","PeriodicalId":414983,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Finance (Topic)","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132545452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Modern law makes currency a creature of the state and ultimately the value of its currency depends on the public’s trust in that state. While some nations are more capable than others at instilling public trust in the stability of their monetary institutions, it is nonetheless impossible for any legal system to make the precommitments necessary to completely isolate the governance of its money supply from political pressure. This proposition is true not only today, where nearly all government institutions manage their money supply in the form of central banking, but also true of past private banking regimes circulating their notes under the shadow of public law. However, Bitcoin represents a potential third currency regime far more resistant to state control, because it is minted in no physical place, operates under encryption, and places a numerical ceiling on the number that can be created. The trust required is not in any government but in the decentralized order of those who verify Bitcoin transactions. This Article explores the fundamental structure of Bitcoin, first by demystifying it as a technology, and second by showing how its decentralized order contrasts with currency regimes. Unlike governments that use power of law to compel action, Bitcoin relies on a system of built-in incentives to encourage behavior that benefits not only those seeking to use Bitcoin, but also Bitcoin miners — those who voluntarily undertake the task of maintaining the payment network. The qualities of this system may give Bitcoin a long-term advantage over other currencies. As the Bitcoin ecosystem continues to grow, its non-legal order can help it climb the rungs of stability created by distrust in government. Bitcoin is already less volatile than some currencies and is starting to approximate gold in this respect. The technology underpinning Bitcoin is the next point of innovation in the digital age — the same era that has already seen software create institutional disruption from Amazon, Facebook, and Uber among many others. As Bitcoin gains in popularity it offers a platform for other kinds of technological alternatives to traditional legal regimes, like smart contracts. Bitcoin’s order without currency law will facilitate other forms of order with less law.
{"title":"Bitcoin: Order without Law in the Digital Age","authors":"John O. McGinnis, K. W. Roche","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2929133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2929133","url":null,"abstract":"Modern law makes currency a creature of the state and ultimately the value of its currency depends on the public’s trust in that state. While some nations are more capable than others at instilling public trust in the stability of their monetary institutions, it is nonetheless impossible for any legal system to make the precommitments necessary to completely isolate the governance of its money supply from political pressure. This proposition is true not only today, where nearly all government institutions manage their money supply in the form of central banking, but also true of past private banking regimes circulating their notes under the shadow of public law. However, Bitcoin represents a potential third currency regime far more resistant to state control, because it is minted in no physical place, operates under encryption, and places a numerical ceiling on the number that can be created. The trust required is not in any government but in the decentralized order of those who verify Bitcoin transactions. \u0000 \u0000This Article explores the fundamental structure of Bitcoin, first by demystifying it as a technology, and second by showing how its decentralized order contrasts with currency regimes. Unlike governments that use power of law to compel action, Bitcoin relies on a system of built-in incentives to encourage behavior that benefits not only those seeking to use Bitcoin, but also Bitcoin miners — those who voluntarily undertake the task of maintaining the payment network. The qualities of this system may give Bitcoin a long-term advantage over other currencies. As the Bitcoin ecosystem continues to grow, its non-legal order can help it climb the rungs of stability created by distrust in government. Bitcoin is already less volatile than some currencies and is starting to approximate gold in this respect. \u0000 \u0000The technology underpinning Bitcoin is the next point of innovation in the digital age — the same era that has already seen software create institutional disruption from Amazon, Facebook, and Uber among many others. As Bitcoin gains in popularity it offers a platform for other kinds of technological alternatives to traditional legal regimes, like smart contracts. Bitcoin’s order without currency law will facilitate other forms of order with less law.","PeriodicalId":414983,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Finance (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125155778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid growth of the UK fintech industry is closely linked to the high quality of its fintech ecosystem. The global consulting agency Ernst & Young analyzed the quality of fintech ecosystems based on four categories: talent, capital, policy, and demand (Ernst & Young 2016). According to this analysis of the quality of fintech ecosystems, the UK has the best ecosystem among global fintech hubs. The most interesting feature of the UK government's fintech support policy is that the regulator who supervises the financial market provides direct and customized support to businesses which are under its supervision so that those businesses can easily understand the regulatory system and comply with less time and cost. Overall, based on this supportive attitude of the regulator, the interactive exchange of opinion and information among the government, companies, investors, and developers provided a good soil for establishing a strong and effective fintech ecosystem in the UK. Considering that the core purpose of financial regulation should include stabilizing the financial market and also increasing the benefit to consumers by promoting innovation and competition in the market, the fintech support policy of the UK government provides a fine example for financial regulators as the continuing economic downturn is causing a desperate need for innovation in the market.
英国金融科技产业的快速发展与其高质量的金融科技生态系统密切相关。全球咨询机构安永(Ernst & Young)根据人才、资本、政策和需求这四个类别分析了金融科技生态系统的质量(Ernst & Young 2016)。根据对金融科技生态系统质量的分析，英国在全球金融科技中心中拥有最好的生态系统。英国政府的金融科技支持政策最有趣的特点是，监管金融市场的监管机构对其监管下的企业提供直接的、定制化的支持，使企业更容易理解监管制度，更少的时间和成本。总体而言，基于监管机构的这种支持态度，政府、公司、投资者和开发商之间的意见和信息互动交流为在英国建立强大而有效的金融科技生态系统提供了良好的土壤。考虑到金融监管的核心目的应该包括稳定金融市场，并通过促进市场创新和竞争来增加消费者的利益，英国政府的金融科技支持政策为金融监管机构提供了一个很好的例子，因为持续的经济低迷导致市场迫切需要创新。
{"title":"The UK's Fintech Industry Support Policies and its Implications","authors":"Hyoeun Yang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2919191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2919191","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid growth of the UK fintech industry is closely linked to the high quality of its fintech ecosystem. The global consulting agency Ernst & Young analyzed the quality of fintech ecosystems based on four categories: talent, capital, policy, and demand (Ernst & Young 2016). According to this analysis of the quality of fintech ecosystems, the UK has the best ecosystem among global fintech hubs. The most interesting feature of the UK government's fintech support policy is that the regulator who supervises the financial market provides direct and customized support to businesses which are under its supervision so that those businesses can easily understand the regulatory system and comply with less time and cost. Overall, based on this supportive attitude of the regulator, the interactive exchange of opinion and information among the government, companies, investors, and developers provided a good soil for establishing a strong and effective fintech ecosystem in the UK. Considering that the core purpose of financial regulation should include stabilizing the financial market and also increasing the benefit to consumers by promoting innovation and competition in the market, the fintech support policy of the UK government provides a fine example for financial regulators as the continuing economic downturn is causing a desperate need for innovation in the market.","PeriodicalId":414983,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Finance (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117193901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Asset owners have to deal with the challenge of a potentially low-yielding investment environment for the foreseeable future. The traditional approach to raise the expected return typically leads to increasing allocations to illiquid assets such as private equity, real estate, or infrastructure. However, that method is not suitable to all asset owners. This paper provides a different and complementary approach: leveraging an asset owner’s unique position as a gateway to best ideas and non-traditional, diverse data sets. It demonstrates how assets owners, especially one located close to Silicon Valley, can utilize two key innovations to improve governance, risk management, and potentially expected returns: Crowdsourcing and Investment Technologies (InvestTech). Specifically, the paper shows how asset owners can leverage the best ideas and data sets of their partners (asset managers, banks, custodians, and research firms), and then convert these best ideas into implementable investment decisions. In this specific application, we examine how a limited form of “crowdsourcing” and InvestTech allowed the Office of the Chief Investment Officer of the Regents of the University of California (UC Investments) to develop its own internal investment model to manage asset allocations. In doing so, the portfolio and risks are better managed by the investment team. This approach is easily replicable by other asset owners, and each fund can develop its own bespoke approach based on relationships with vendors and key risks and objectives.
{"title":"InvestTech and Crowdsourcing Best Ideas: Investment Strategies for a Low-Yield Environment","authors":"S. Kunz, A. Muralidhar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2899425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2899425","url":null,"abstract":"Asset owners have to deal with the challenge of a potentially low-yielding investment environment for the foreseeable future. The traditional approach to raise the expected return typically leads to increasing allocations to illiquid assets such as private equity, real estate, or infrastructure. However, that method is not suitable to all asset owners. This paper provides a different and complementary approach: leveraging an asset owner’s unique position as a gateway to best ideas and non-traditional, diverse data sets. It demonstrates how assets owners, especially one located close to Silicon Valley, can utilize two key innovations to improve governance, risk management, and potentially expected returns: Crowdsourcing and Investment Technologies (InvestTech). Specifically, the paper shows how asset owners can leverage the best ideas and data sets of their partners (asset managers, banks, custodians, and research firms), and then convert these best ideas into implementable investment decisions. In this specific application, we examine how a limited form of “crowdsourcing” and InvestTech allowed the Office of the Chief Investment Officer of the Regents of the University of California (UC Investments) to develop its own internal investment model to manage asset allocations. In doing so, the portfolio and risks are better managed by the investment team. This approach is easily replicable by other asset owners, and each fund can develop its own bespoke approach based on relationships with vendors and key risks and objectives.","PeriodicalId":414983,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Finance (Topic)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124828467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The major claim of this article is twofold, that is, that fixed assets in small manufacturing enterprises in developing countries have to be seen with respect to two roles. The first is capital intensity. The second is the collateral value of these assets. The former is associated with the small manufacturing firms’ hazard of exit in a U-shaped fashion. The latter takes up a wave-shaped relationship. Failure in the extant empirical literature to fit a binomial specification for capital intensity results in either a negative or a positive relationship, or even, lack of statistical significance. All these three outcomes are the results of a misguided attempt to fit an “artificial” monotonic specification to an actual U-shaped relationship. The trinomial specification for the collateral value of the small manufacturing enterprises’ fixed assets has never been attempted. Thus, the present article proposes a new framework for the study of the impact of the small manufacturing enterprises’ fixed assets investment strategy upon their hazard of exit.
{"title":"Determinants of Small Business Survival: The Impacts of Capital Intensity and the Collateral Value of Fixed Assets","authors":"Evaldo Guimarães Barbosa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2905342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2905342","url":null,"abstract":"The major claim of this article is twofold, that is, that fixed assets in small manufacturing enterprises in developing countries have to be seen with respect to two roles. The first is capital intensity. The second is the collateral value of these assets. The former is associated with the small manufacturing firms’ hazard of exit in a U-shaped fashion. The latter takes up a wave-shaped relationship. Failure in the extant empirical literature to fit a binomial specification for capital intensity results in either a negative or a positive relationship, or even, lack of statistical significance. All these three outcomes are the results of a misguided attempt to fit an “artificial” monotonic specification to an actual U-shaped relationship. The trinomial specification for the collateral value of the small manufacturing enterprises’ fixed assets has never been attempted. Thus, the present article proposes a new framework for the study of the impact of the small manufacturing enterprises’ fixed assets investment strategy upon their hazard of exit.","PeriodicalId":414983,"journal":{"name":"IRPN: Innovation & Finance (Topic)","volume":"181 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132312322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：