Minki Kim, S. Ryu, Jongchul Lee, Donghun Lee, Mungyu Kim, Hyunki Park, Hyobin Kim, Kihwan Lee, Taeyun Kim
This paper shows the sequential search algorithm that makes it possible to find the optimum operating conditions of Advanced Dual Refrigerant Expansion Cycle that is used for LNG liquefaction process. The operating conditions are key parameters in determining the overall liquefaction efficiency of system, so it is the core process to find out these optimized key parameters in LNG industries. The steps of this method are as follows. 1) Defining input variables based on understanding of liquefaction cycle and thermodynamics. 2) Setting simulation to apply the sequential search algorithm. 3) Searching sequentially several local optimum points between the upper and lower limits of several input variables considering minimum/average efficiencies and the number of points satisfied with minimum approach 4) Repeat step 3) with narrower ranges and step sizes of each input variable based on previous results. 5) Get the global (final) optimum point considering final results and realistic operation. The operating conditions of Advanced Dual Refrigerant Expansion Cycle are eventually optimized with the best overall liquefaction efficiency of system by using the sequential search method. It is directly related to economical effect in terms of the high production rate against supply power, small size of equipment and the associated pipe lines, simple system layout and so on. During searching, several local optimum points of the operating conditions can be recorded in order to compare the liquefaction efficiencies at each of points by using this method. It serves as the objective evidence to understand trends of the efficiencies calculated from variable inputs. In addition, this method can provide a variety of selecting the main equipment such as compressor, expander, heat exchanger and so on because it is possible to identify several local optimum points have similar efficiencies. This new sequential search method can be applied for the optimization of existing other gas expansion liquefaction cycles and the mixed refrigerant (MR) LNG liquefaction cycles by making adjustments to input variables e.g. MR compositions can be available input variables as well in case of MR cycles.
{"title":"Optimization of Advanced Dual Refrigerant Expansion Cycle for Liquefaction","authors":"Minki Kim, S. Ryu, Jongchul Lee, Donghun Lee, Mungyu Kim, Hyunki Park, Hyobin Kim, Kihwan Lee, Taeyun Kim","doi":"10.4043/29825-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29825-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper shows the sequential search algorithm that makes it possible to find the optimum operating conditions of Advanced Dual Refrigerant Expansion Cycle that is used for LNG liquefaction process. The operating conditions are key parameters in determining the overall liquefaction efficiency of system, so it is the core process to find out these optimized key parameters in LNG industries. The steps of this method are as follows. 1) Defining input variables based on understanding of liquefaction cycle and thermodynamics. 2) Setting simulation to apply the sequential search algorithm. 3) Searching sequentially several local optimum points between the upper and lower limits of several input variables considering minimum/average efficiencies and the number of points satisfied with minimum approach 4) Repeat step 3) with narrower ranges and step sizes of each input variable based on previous results. 5) Get the global (final) optimum point considering final results and realistic operation. The operating conditions of Advanced Dual Refrigerant Expansion Cycle are eventually optimized with the best overall liquefaction efficiency of system by using the sequential search method. It is directly related to economical effect in terms of the high production rate against supply power, small size of equipment and the associated pipe lines, simple system layout and so on. During searching, several local optimum points of the operating conditions can be recorded in order to compare the liquefaction efficiencies at each of points by using this method. It serves as the objective evidence to understand trends of the efficiencies calculated from variable inputs. In addition, this method can provide a variety of selecting the main equipment such as compressor, expander, heat exchanger and so on because it is possible to identify several local optimum points have similar efficiencies. This new sequential search method can be applied for the optimization of existing other gas expansion liquefaction cycles and the mixed refrigerant (MR) LNG liquefaction cycles by making adjustments to input variables e.g. MR compositions can be available input variables as well in case of MR cycles.","PeriodicalId":415055,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 29, 2019","volume":"8 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134445375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaime Andres Loza Prado, J. Rosales, T. Finney, M. Venuto, Anderson Hupp, F. Câmara
The Recôncavo basin is located in northeast Brazil and has several mature fields that have been producing for more than 40 years. After more than three years without drilling activity, an integrated services model was implemented as a different working methodology for optimizing well construction. This work describes in detail the applied methodology and illustrates how it has positively impacted well construction times and thus costs. An integrated services model approach was applied. Instead of many technical representatives for each specialty, as performed in previous projects in the area, an integrated services coordinator was assigned as a single contact point for the operator to improve communication, document lessons learned, support logistics, follow up with project KPI, daily reporting, operational meetings, and field support on critical operations. Furthermore, technologies that had never been used in the area were applied, such as oil based mud (OBM), electromagnetic measurement while drilling (MWD), rigless cement evaluation, PDC bits and cased hole evaluation. These logging systems were chosen because of the high risk of losing openhole wireline tools as a result of fluid-loss issues in the production hole section, and it worked very well as an innovative option in which a synthetic profile was obtained from the cased hole wireline logging data. This profile was obtained and adjusted based on information from neighboring wells in the same field. Wells of the previous drilling campaign involved the use of traditional tools and relatively low nonproductive times, but at inefficient well construction rates. Because of the integration acquired using the integrated services approach, a more collaborative environment was created and project stakeholders collaborated to achieve project success and solve specific issues. As a result of the integrated service approach, and the application of new technologies in the area, instant improvement was observed compared to previous drilling campaigns. During project execution, drilling times were positively impacted and risk mitigated, reflecting a continuous improvement tendency and consistent learning curve. This paper illustrates how an integrated services approach and the introduction of proven technologies were successfully applied in the Recôncavo basin, which can be used by engineers as reference to help achieve similar or better results. It also demonstrates that, even in mature fields or in very well-known areas, there is room for improvement.
{"title":"Decreasing Well Construction Costs for Mature Fields in the Recôncavo Basin","authors":"Jaime Andres Loza Prado, J. Rosales, T. Finney, M. Venuto, Anderson Hupp, F. Câmara","doi":"10.4043/29921-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29921-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Recôncavo basin is located in northeast Brazil and has several mature fields that have been producing for more than 40 years. After more than three years without drilling activity, an integrated services model was implemented as a different working methodology for optimizing well construction. This work describes in detail the applied methodology and illustrates how it has positively impacted well construction times and thus costs.\u0000 An integrated services model approach was applied. Instead of many technical representatives for each specialty, as performed in previous projects in the area, an integrated services coordinator was assigned as a single contact point for the operator to improve communication, document lessons learned, support logistics, follow up with project KPI, daily reporting, operational meetings, and field support on critical operations. Furthermore, technologies that had never been used in the area were applied, such as oil based mud (OBM), electromagnetic measurement while drilling (MWD), rigless cement evaluation, PDC bits and cased hole evaluation. These logging systems were chosen because of the high risk of losing openhole wireline tools as a result of fluid-loss issues in the production hole section, and it worked very well as an innovative option in which a synthetic profile was obtained from the cased hole wireline logging data. This profile was obtained and adjusted based on information from neighboring wells in the same field.\u0000 Wells of the previous drilling campaign involved the use of traditional tools and relatively low nonproductive times, but at inefficient well construction rates. Because of the integration acquired using the integrated services approach, a more collaborative environment was created and project stakeholders collaborated to achieve project success and solve specific issues. As a result of the integrated service approach, and the application of new technologies in the area, instant improvement was observed compared to previous drilling campaigns. During project execution, drilling times were positively impacted and risk mitigated, reflecting a continuous improvement tendency and consistent learning curve.\u0000 This paper illustrates how an integrated services approach and the introduction of proven technologies were successfully applied in the Recôncavo basin, which can be used by engineers as reference to help achieve similar or better results. It also demonstrates that, even in mature fields or in very well-known areas, there is room for improvement.","PeriodicalId":415055,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 29, 2019","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134105951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. D. Lira, M. Pinheiro, John Van Leuwen, Michel Seij, Ronald Goetheer
Boskalis Offshore executed the dry transportation of the P-67 FPSO in 2018 from Qingdao China to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. One of the main challenges for this project is the sheer size and weight of the P-67 FPSO. In order to transport the P-67 FPSO in a safe and controlled manner, new loading concepts and support structures have been developed. This paper addresses the challenges and lessons learned of the P67 FPSO transportation project. By means of several tangible examples and comparison with wet-tow the reader is explained how the dry-tow method benefits the transport of the P67 FPSO. The P67 FPSO is a critical asset for gas production, and as a result benefits deepwater FLNG in general. High level these benefits can be found in: Design optimizations - Stationary structures can be designed lighter and equipment can be optimized for local environment.Schedule optimizations - Dry transport increases schedule reliability and reduces time to market.Risk reduction - Reduced duration of exposure to risks at sea and specifically in critical areas.
{"title":"P-67: Review of Dry Transportation of FLNG’s/FSRU’s/FPSO’s","authors":"A. D. Lira, M. Pinheiro, John Van Leuwen, Michel Seij, Ronald Goetheer","doi":"10.4043/29905-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29905-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Boskalis Offshore executed the dry transportation of the P-67 FPSO in 2018 from Qingdao China to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. One of the main challenges for this project is the sheer size and weight of the P-67 FPSO. In order to transport the P-67 FPSO in a safe and controlled manner, new loading concepts and support structures have been developed.\u0000 This paper addresses the challenges and lessons learned of the P67 FPSO transportation project. By means of several tangible examples and comparison with wet-tow the reader is explained how the dry-tow method benefits the transport of the P67 FPSO. The P67 FPSO is a critical asset for gas production, and as a result benefits deepwater FLNG in general.\u0000 High level these benefits can be found in: Design optimizations - Stationary structures can be designed lighter and equipment can be optimized for local environment.Schedule optimizations - Dry transport increases schedule reliability and reduces time to market.Risk reduction - Reduced duration of exposure to risks at sea and specifically in critical areas.","PeriodicalId":415055,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 29, 2019","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114079963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. J. Ferreira, I. Vernon, C. Caiado, H. Formentin, G. Avansi, M. Goldstein, D. Schiozer
When performing classic uncertainty reduction based on dynamic data, a large number of reservoir simulations need to be evaluated at high computational cost. As an alternative, we construct Bayesian emulators that mimic the dominant behaviour of the reservoir simulator, and which are several orders of magnitude faster to evaluate. We combine these emulators within an iterative procedure that involves substantial but appropriate dimensional reduction of the output space, enabling a more effective and efficient uncertainty reduction on the input space than traditional methods, and with a more comprehensive understanding of the associated uncertainties. This study uses a Bayesian statistical approach for uncertainty reduction of complex models which is designed to address problems with high number of both input and output parameters. We detail how to efficiently choose sets of outputs that are suitable for emulation and that are highly informative to reduce the input parameter space and investigate different classes of outputs and objective functions. We use output emulators and implausibility analysis iteratively to perform input space reduction, and we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of certain popular classes of objective function in this context. We demonstrate our approach via an application to a benchmark synthetic model (built using public data from a Brazilian offshore field) in an early stage of development using four years of historical data and four producers. This study investigates traditional simulation outputs (e.g. production data) and also novel classes of outputs, such as misfit indexes and summaries of outputs. We show that despite there being a large number (2,136) of possible outputs, only a very small number (16) was sufficient to represent the available information; these informative outputs were utilized using fast and efficient emulators at each iteration (or wave) of the history match to perform the uncertainty reduction procedure successfully. Using this small set of outputs, we were able to substantially reduce the input space by removing 99.8% of the original volume. We found that a small set of physically meaningful individual production outputs were the most informative at early waves, which once emulated, resulted in the highest space reduction, while more complex but popular objective functions that combine several outputs were only modestly useful at later waves. The latter point is due to objective functions such as misfit indices having complex surfaces that can lead to low-quality emulators and hence result in non-informative outputs. We present an iterative emulator-based Bayesian uncertainty reduction process in which all possible input parameter configurations that lead to statistically acceptable matches between the simulated and observed data are identified. This methodology presents four central characteristics: (1) incorporation of a powerful dimension reduction on the output space, resulting in sig
{"title":"Efficient Selection of Reservoir Model Outputs within an Emulation Based Iterative Uncertainty Analysis","authors":"C. J. Ferreira, I. Vernon, C. Caiado, H. Formentin, G. Avansi, M. Goldstein, D. Schiozer","doi":"10.4043/29801-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29801-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 When performing classic uncertainty reduction based on dynamic data, a large number of reservoir simulations need to be evaluated at high computational cost. As an alternative, we construct Bayesian emulators that mimic the dominant behaviour of the reservoir simulator, and which are several orders of magnitude faster to evaluate. We combine these emulators within an iterative procedure that involves substantial but appropriate dimensional reduction of the output space, enabling a more effective and efficient uncertainty reduction on the input space than traditional methods, and with a more comprehensive understanding of the associated uncertainties. This study uses a Bayesian statistical approach for uncertainty reduction of complex models which is designed to address problems with high number of both input and output parameters. We detail how to efficiently choose sets of outputs that are suitable for emulation and that are highly informative to reduce the input parameter space and investigate different classes of outputs and objective functions. We use output emulators and implausibility analysis iteratively to perform input space reduction, and we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of certain popular classes of objective function in this context. We demonstrate our approach via an application to a benchmark synthetic model (built using public data from a Brazilian offshore field) in an early stage of development using four years of historical data and four producers. This study investigates traditional simulation outputs (e.g. production data) and also novel classes of outputs, such as misfit indexes and summaries of outputs. We show that despite there being a large number (2,136) of possible outputs, only a very small number (16) was sufficient to represent the available information; these informative outputs were utilized using fast and efficient emulators at each iteration (or wave) of the history match to perform the uncertainty reduction procedure successfully. Using this small set of outputs, we were able to substantially reduce the input space by removing 99.8% of the original volume. We found that a small set of physically meaningful individual production outputs were the most informative at early waves, which once emulated, resulted in the highest space reduction, while more complex but popular objective functions that combine several outputs were only modestly useful at later waves. The latter point is due to objective functions such as misfit indices having complex surfaces that can lead to low-quality emulators and hence result in non-informative outputs. We present an iterative emulator-based Bayesian uncertainty reduction process in which all possible input parameter configurations that lead to statistically acceptable matches between the simulated and observed data are identified. This methodology presents four central characteristics: (1) incorporation of a powerful dimension reduction on the output space, resulting in sig","PeriodicalId":415055,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 29, 2019","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114908858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leonardo de Souza Marinho, Cristiano Pamphili Alo, S. Loureiro, T. J. L. Oliveira, A. Martins
This paper provides an overview of the main efforts that are being endeavored by Petrobras in order to contribute for developing a Brazilian regulation for use and discharge of drilling fluids and cuttings from offshore oil and gas operation, based on operational safety, well integrity and environmental aspects. In early 2018, the Brazilian Environmental Agency launched a Normative Instruction (IN 01/2018) addressing some new conditions for use and discharge of fluids and cuttings from offshore drilling rigs. This regulation is based on the EPA rules, although some relevant points deviate from it, such as the prohibition for discharging drilling fluids and cuttings associated with hydrocarbon reservoir sections. Additionally, this regulation mentions a potential zero discharge by 2022. Due to the challenges for meeting these new requirements and some uncertainty about the real environmental benefits, Petrobras has been developing fundamental and applied studies, research development and protocols in this area. Petrobras settled an innovative governance model to deal with the new regulation, its consequences and interfaces. It works as a multidisciplinary committee coordinated by an executive manager. It involves a law support for environmental issues and four work fronts, such as (1) linking between internal and external organization (2) guarantee of providing the required infrastructure (3) economical and operational impacts (4) technologies (research, development, studies and protocols) dedicated for related matters. Concerning the forth front, seven important initiatives were initially addressed and cover topics such as operational safety, well integrity – including offshore wells dedicated to cuttings disposal, laboratory protocols and environmental issues. Some relevant studies are those concerning LCA (life cycle analysis), options for avoiding landfill as final cutting disposal onshore and the quantification of oil compounds in drilling fluids and cuttings from the pay zone well section. The lack of knowledge about the whole impact for onshore destination as drilling waste management strategy, the improvements that still have to be established in order to achieve better operational practices and the comprehension of the input of oil from drilling discharges are the main drivers of this paper. The results help to clarify cloudy topics and, consequently, contribute to create a new basis for building or revisiting some aspects of the present regulation.
{"title":"Corporate Strategy to Tackle Offshore Drilling Discharge Regulation","authors":"Leonardo de Souza Marinho, Cristiano Pamphili Alo, S. Loureiro, T. J. L. Oliveira, A. Martins","doi":"10.4043/29785-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29785-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper provides an overview of the main efforts that are being endeavored by Petrobras in order to contribute for developing a Brazilian regulation for use and discharge of drilling fluids and cuttings from offshore oil and gas operation, based on operational safety, well integrity and environmental aspects.\u0000 In early 2018, the Brazilian Environmental Agency launched a Normative Instruction (IN 01/2018) addressing some new conditions for use and discharge of fluids and cuttings from offshore drilling rigs. This regulation is based on the EPA rules, although some relevant points deviate from it, such as the prohibition for discharging drilling fluids and cuttings associated with hydrocarbon reservoir sections. Additionally, this regulation mentions a potential zero discharge by 2022. Due to the challenges for meeting these new requirements and some uncertainty about the real environmental benefits, Petrobras has been developing fundamental and applied studies, research development and protocols in this area.\u0000 Petrobras settled an innovative governance model to deal with the new regulation, its consequences and interfaces. It works as a multidisciplinary committee coordinated by an executive manager. It involves a law support for environmental issues and four work fronts, such as (1) linking between internal and external organization (2) guarantee of providing the required infrastructure (3) economical and operational impacts (4) technologies (research, development, studies and protocols) dedicated for related matters. Concerning the forth front, seven important initiatives were initially addressed and cover topics such as operational safety, well integrity – including offshore wells dedicated to cuttings disposal, laboratory protocols and environmental issues. Some relevant studies are those concerning LCA (life cycle analysis), options for avoiding landfill as final cutting disposal onshore and the quantification of oil compounds in drilling fluids and cuttings from the pay zone well section.\u0000 The lack of knowledge about the whole impact for onshore destination as drilling waste management strategy, the improvements that still have to be established in order to achieve better operational practices and the comprehension of the input of oil from drilling discharges are the main drivers of this paper. The results help to clarify cloudy topics and, consequently, contribute to create a new basis for building or revisiting some aspects of the present regulation.","PeriodicalId":415055,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 29, 2019","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123618148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lucas Dalmedico Gessoni, E. Gadbem, Pedro Gonçalves Alves, Matheus Pedroza Ferreira, André Luís Michels Alcântara, Claudio Santos Fernandes, Danilo Colombo
The workers of many fields must follow strict safety rules, and not complying with them may put these workers into severe danger. Oil and Gas workers are subject to hazards and accidents in their workplace frequently. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is of summary importance to professionals who work with heavy-duty machinery or in unsafe environments, reducing the risk of serious injuries or even death. The workers are supposed to wear PPE, some of which are gloves, hardhat, and Steel-Toed Boots, during their activities. However, PPE is commonly misused or unused, incurring the need for recurrent inspection. There is no guarantee that the safety equipment is being used correctly, safely and continuously. These threats to the safety of the workers are increased significantly when they are working offshore due to either the harsh conditions they might be working on or inherent dangers that O&G workplaces can offer to the workers such as machinery and dangerous areas with risk of collision and accidents. Detecting the lack of PPE can prevent injuries during work. For this purpose, we propose a surveillance system solution to automatically analyze video footage and detect oil and gas (O&G) workers who are not using adequate protective equipment. This project developed a multi-step detection system using Deep Learning techniques in a pipeline for monitoring workers through camera images. Being able to detect violations to the established rules is an important step towards reducing the impact of incidents and accidents. Using computer vision, deep neural networks, and video footage, we created a web solution for analyzing the imagery in real-time and issuing alerts when a violation happens. For this specific domain, we accomplished the best results by using YOLOv3 as a person detector in conjunction with the Xception network for classification. We achieved 98% precision for the classification step and 78% precision for the joint solution (detection and classification steps) while running in real-time in an NVIDIA Titan X GPU.
许多领域的工人必须遵守严格的安全规则，不遵守这些规则可能会使这些工人处于严重的危险之中。石油和天然气工人在工作场所经常受到危险和事故的影响。对于使用重型机械或在不安全环境中工作的专业人员来说，使用个人防护装备至关重要，可以减少严重伤害甚至死亡的风险。工人们在工作期间应该戴上个人防护装备，其中一些是手套、安全帽和钢头靴。然而，个人防护装备经常被误用或未使用，导致需要进行反复检查。不能保证安全设备被正确、安全、连续地使用。当工人在海上工作时，这些对工人安全的威胁会大大增加，因为他们可能在恶劣的条件下工作，或者O&G工作场所可能给工人提供固有的危险，如机械和有碰撞和事故风险的危险区域。发现缺乏个人防护用品可以防止工作中受伤。为此，我们提出了一种监控系统解决方案，可以自动分析视频片段并检测未使用足够防护设备的石油和天然气(O&G)工人。该项目开发了一种多步骤检测系统，使用深度学习技术在管道中通过摄像机图像监控工人。能够发现违反既定规则的行为是减少事件和事故影响的重要一步。利用计算机视觉、深度神经网络和视频片段，我们创建了一个网络解决方案，用于实时分析图像，并在违规发生时发出警报。对于这个特定的领域，我们通过使用YOLOv3作为人员检测器并结合Xception网络进行分类，获得了最好的结果。我们在NVIDIA Titan X GPU上实时运行时，分类步骤的精度达到98%，联合解决方案(检测和分类步骤)的精度达到78%。
{"title":"Automated Supervision of Personal Protective Equipment Usage","authors":"Lucas Dalmedico Gessoni, E. Gadbem, Pedro Gonçalves Alves, Matheus Pedroza Ferreira, André Luís Michels Alcântara, Claudio Santos Fernandes, Danilo Colombo","doi":"10.4043/29728-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29728-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The workers of many fields must follow strict safety rules, and not complying with them may put these workers into severe danger. Oil and Gas workers are subject to hazards and accidents in their workplace frequently. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is of summary importance to professionals who work with heavy-duty machinery or in unsafe environments, reducing the risk of serious injuries or even death. The workers are supposed to wear PPE, some of which are gloves, hardhat, and Steel-Toed Boots, during their activities. However, PPE is commonly misused or unused, incurring the need for recurrent inspection. There is no guarantee that the safety equipment is being used correctly, safely and continuously. These threats to the safety of the workers are increased significantly when they are working offshore due to either the harsh conditions they might be working on or inherent dangers that O&G workplaces can offer to the workers such as machinery and dangerous areas with risk of collision and accidents. Detecting the lack of PPE can prevent injuries during work. For this purpose, we propose a surveillance system solution to automatically analyze video footage and detect oil and gas (O&G) workers who are not using adequate protective equipment. This project developed a multi-step detection system using Deep Learning techniques in a pipeline for monitoring workers through camera images. Being able to detect violations to the established rules is an important step towards reducing the impact of incidents and accidents. Using computer vision, deep neural networks, and video footage, we created a web solution for analyzing the imagery in real-time and issuing alerts when a violation happens. For this specific domain, we accomplished the best results by using YOLOv3 as a person detector in conjunction with the Xception network for classification. We achieved 98% precision for the classification step and 78% precision for the joint solution (detection and classification steps) while running in real-time in an NVIDIA Titan X GPU.","PeriodicalId":415055,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 29, 2019","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123954953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
João Paulo Nogueira Araújo, L. P. Gouveia, E. T. L. Junior, Thiago Barbosa da Silva, J. Anjos, Felipe Lima De Oliveira, W. M. Lira, J. P. L. Santos
It is proposed a new methodology for calculating safety factors in triaxial casing design, regarding Ultimate Limit State (ULS) models. The definition of an equivalent axial force allows an unified graphical approach, in which both ULS and Serviceability Limit State (SLS) envelopes are represented in the same space. A review of the ULS casing design proposed in the API TR 5C3 (2008) standard is presented, and some considerations are made on the usage of Klever-Stewart and Kever-Tamano models. Both are defined for combined load analysis but are not effective for triaxial casing design routine, for they only compare the applied internal/external pressures to the design limit. Thus, two additional limit states are verified: axial and triaxial. Furthermore, the ULS envelopes (Klever-Stewart and Klever-Tamano) are plotted in the same load space as the SLS envelopes, allowing for an analysis on both limit states in a single graphic. During studies of the Klever-Stewart and Klever-Tamano formulations it was verified that, despite both being combined models (the external/internal pressure and axial load influence the internal/external pressure resistance), the consideration of their uniaxial safety factors might not be enough to ensure if the tubular is about to fail. There are some special load cases where other failures might occur prior to burst/collapse. The ULS envelopes are revisited, using the very same equations proposed by the API TR 5C3 (2008), but in a different load space, which also allows the representation of SLS envelopes, providing a complete evaluation of the tubular strength against the load scenario. The studies also revealed some drawbacks inherent to the Klever-Stewart and Klever-Tamano models, as the existence of inadmissible pressure resistance beyond the axial ultimate tensile strength. The new paradigm of ULS is challenging and it is not well established in terms of design practice. In the light of this, it is presented a new methodology for computing safety factors in ULS analysis, effectively comparing them to the SLS approach, in order to support the decision-making process in casing design and the well integrity verification.
{"title":"On the Ultimate Limit State Strength Models and Its Application for Casing Design","authors":"João Paulo Nogueira Araújo, L. P. Gouveia, E. T. L. Junior, Thiago Barbosa da Silva, J. Anjos, Felipe Lima De Oliveira, W. M. Lira, J. P. L. Santos","doi":"10.4043/29866-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29866-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 It is proposed a new methodology for calculating safety factors in triaxial casing design, regarding Ultimate Limit State (ULS) models. The definition of an equivalent axial force allows an unified graphical approach, in which both ULS and Serviceability Limit State (SLS) envelopes are represented in the same space. A review of the ULS casing design proposed in the API TR 5C3 (2008) standard is presented, and some considerations are made on the usage of Klever-Stewart and Kever-Tamano models. Both are defined for combined load analysis but are not effective for triaxial casing design routine, for they only compare the applied internal/external pressures to the design limit. Thus, two additional limit states are verified: axial and triaxial. Furthermore, the ULS envelopes (Klever-Stewart and Klever-Tamano) are plotted in the same load space as the SLS envelopes, allowing for an analysis on both limit states in a single graphic. During studies of the Klever-Stewart and Klever-Tamano formulations it was verified that, despite both being combined models (the external/internal pressure and axial load influence the internal/external pressure resistance), the consideration of their uniaxial safety factors might not be enough to ensure if the tubular is about to fail. There are some special load cases where other failures might occur prior to burst/collapse. The ULS envelopes are revisited, using the very same equations proposed by the API TR 5C3 (2008), but in a different load space, which also allows the representation of SLS envelopes, providing a complete evaluation of the tubular strength against the load scenario. The studies also revealed some drawbacks inherent to the Klever-Stewart and Klever-Tamano models, as the existence of inadmissible pressure resistance beyond the axial ultimate tensile strength. The new paradigm of ULS is challenging and it is not well established in terms of design practice. In the light of this, it is presented a new methodology for computing safety factors in ULS analysis, effectively comparing them to the SLS approach, in order to support the decision-making process in casing design and the well integrity verification.","PeriodicalId":415055,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 29, 2019","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115865360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Siqueira, C. Pedroso, F. Bastos, Helio Alves, A. Henriques, Stuart Wardlaw
The publication of ANP Resolution 41/2015, which established the Operational Safety Regulation for Subsea System – SGSS and ANP Resolution 46/2016, that established the Technical Regulation of the Well Integrity Management System - SGIP, defined that Operator Companies operating in Brazil must have integrity management programs for their assets, specifically related to wells and subsea system equipment. The Regulations are non-prescriptive, giving the Operators freedom to establish their own integrity management philosophy and methodology. On the other hand, a Company can choose how to set up its integrity management program. Furthermore, many technical decisions must be made to comply with the regulations. In a scenario where operational safety and integrity management can both further develop, implementing a system that manage and monitor all datas related to these issues is a big challenge. This paper shows how a Brazilian independent oil and gas Operator implemented these regulations and which technical solutions were considered in order to manage the integrity of its assets and maintain a high level of operational safety in its operations.
{"title":"Atlanta Field: Operational Safety and Integrity Management","authors":"J. Siqueira, C. Pedroso, F. Bastos, Helio Alves, A. Henriques, Stuart Wardlaw","doi":"10.4043/29686-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29686-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The publication of ANP Resolution 41/2015, which established the Operational Safety Regulation for Subsea System – SGSS and ANP Resolution 46/2016, that established the Technical Regulation of the Well Integrity Management System - SGIP, defined that Operator Companies operating in Brazil must have integrity management programs for their assets, specifically related to wells and subsea system equipment.\u0000 The Regulations are non-prescriptive, giving the Operators freedom to establish their own integrity management philosophy and methodology. On the other hand, a Company can choose how to set up its integrity management program. Furthermore, many technical decisions must be made to comply with the regulations.\u0000 In a scenario where operational safety and integrity management can both further develop, implementing a system that manage and monitor all datas related to these issues is a big challenge.\u0000 This paper shows how a Brazilian independent oil and gas Operator implemented these regulations and which technical solutions were considered in order to manage the integrity of its assets and maintain a high level of operational safety in its operations.","PeriodicalId":415055,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 29, 2019","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121768878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J.C. Vargas, Leidy J. Roldán, S. H. Lopera, Jose Cardenas, R. Zabala, Camilo A. Franco, F. Cortés
In the Oil & Gas industry, preserve filtration properties of the drilling fluids based on the rheological behavior under prolonged exposure time, and temperature (aging process) are the most important challenges due to the implications that lead to the formation damage. The polymers as xanthan gum (XG) suffer degradation due to the drilling processes losing their viscosifying capacity, solid suspension, and subsequent the filtration control since the effective build-up of the mudcake is not possible. In this way, this study aims to evaluate the effect of SiO2 nanoparticles on thermal stability under thermal rolling process in the filtration properties through of the rheological behavior in bentonite-free water-based mud (BFWBM). Two kinds of SiO2 nanoparticles were evaluated: (1) synthesized through the sol-gel method and (2) fumed silica nanoparticles. SiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta potential (ZP). The SiO2 -XG interactions were evaluated through polymer adsorption onto nanoparticles using a batch-mode, rheological studies, and evaluation of thermal stability. Additionally, the effect of SiO2 nanoparticles on basic (pH, density, solid content, rheological, and filtration) properties in BFWBM were studied according to American Petroleum Institute (API) standard after aging through hot roller oven at 77°C for 16 hours. Results of adsorption experiments showed that adsorption isotherms of XG polymer onto silica followed a Type I behavior and these were modeled using solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE) model, showing an uptake adsorbed higher for the SiC nanoparticle than other materials. The rheological conduct of XG polymer - SiO2 nanoparticles system showed a pseudoplastic behavior with a high performance of SiC nanoparticles with an increase of 15% of the viscosity and inhibition of the degradation of the 32.2% compared with the polymer sample without nanoparticles. Also, the experimental results showed that the addition of SiO2 nanoparticles did not alter the basic properties such as pH, density, and solid content. Meanwhile, SiC increased the plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), yield stress (YS), and gel strength of the drilling fluid and reduced the filtration volume and the mudcake thickness of the drilling fluid after the thermal rolling process. Also, these nanoparticles showed the highest increase of the VP, YP, and YS by 12, 19, and 100%, respectively. Additionally, SiC nanoparticles reduced the spurt loss and total filtration volume by 67 and 49%, respectively. Nanoparticles strengthened the hydrogen bonds with polymer preventing the hydrolysis.
{"title":"Effect of Silica Nanoparticles on Thermal Stability in Bentonite Free Water-Based Drilling Fluids to Improve its Rheological and Filtration Properties After Aging Process","authors":"J.C. Vargas, Leidy J. Roldán, S. H. Lopera, Jose Cardenas, R. Zabala, Camilo A. Franco, F. Cortés","doi":"10.4043/29901-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29901-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In the Oil & Gas industry, preserve filtration properties of the drilling fluids based on the rheological behavior under prolonged exposure time, and temperature (aging process) are the most important challenges due to the implications that lead to the formation damage. The polymers as xanthan gum (XG) suffer degradation due to the drilling processes losing their viscosifying capacity, solid suspension, and subsequent the filtration control since the effective build-up of the mudcake is not possible. In this way, this study aims to evaluate the effect of SiO2 nanoparticles on thermal stability under thermal rolling process in the filtration properties through of the rheological behavior in bentonite-free water-based mud (BFWBM). Two kinds of SiO2 nanoparticles were evaluated: (1) synthesized through the sol-gel method and (2) fumed silica nanoparticles. SiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and zeta potential (ZP). The SiO2 -XG interactions were evaluated through polymer adsorption onto nanoparticles using a batch-mode, rheological studies, and evaluation of thermal stability. Additionally, the effect of SiO2 nanoparticles on basic (pH, density, solid content, rheological, and filtration) properties in BFWBM were studied according to American Petroleum Institute (API) standard after aging through hot roller oven at 77°C for 16 hours. Results of adsorption experiments showed that adsorption isotherms of XG polymer onto silica followed a Type I behavior and these were modeled using solid-liquid equilibrium (SLE) model, showing an uptake adsorbed higher for the SiC nanoparticle than other materials. The rheological conduct of XG polymer - SiO2 nanoparticles system showed a pseudoplastic behavior with a high performance of SiC nanoparticles with an increase of 15% of the viscosity and inhibition of the degradation of the 32.2% compared with the polymer sample without nanoparticles. Also, the experimental results showed that the addition of SiO2 nanoparticles did not alter the basic properties such as pH, density, and solid content. Meanwhile, SiC increased the plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), yield stress (YS), and gel strength of the drilling fluid and reduced the filtration volume and the mudcake thickness of the drilling fluid after the thermal rolling process. Also, these nanoparticles showed the highest increase of the VP, YP, and YS by 12, 19, and 100%, respectively. Additionally, SiC nanoparticles reduced the spurt loss and total filtration volume by 67 and 49%, respectively. Nanoparticles strengthened the hydrogen bonds with polymer preventing the hydrolysis.","PeriodicalId":415055,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 29, 2019","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128080185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Milton Simas G Torres, B. A. Rodrigues, Alexandre Rocha do Nascimento
During basic design development for new FPSO projects in Brazilian pre-salt exploration, digital technologies were employed, in order to achieve constructability design requirements, construction and commissioning specification checks. Due to its benefit cost, schedule, quality, and overall project objectives and deep influence in platform safety and operability, in a process explained in Figure 1. Those digital technologies, such as the use of databases, computer aided engineering (CAE), analysis tools, 3D simulations and consistency check, were identified in constructability reviews and were developed to achieve the best constructability procedures and solve construction inconsistencies between several involved disciplines in posterior detailed design, procurement and commissioning phases. This manuscript aims to present the use of digital technologies to support constructability analysis in offshore oil & gas production facility – surface installations - projects of Petrobras.
{"title":"Digital Technologies Used in Constructability Design for Surface Installations","authors":"Milton Simas G Torres, B. A. Rodrigues, Alexandre Rocha do Nascimento","doi":"10.4043/29763-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/29763-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 During basic design development for new FPSO projects in Brazilian pre-salt exploration, digital technologies were employed, in order to achieve constructability design requirements, construction and commissioning specification checks. Due to its benefit cost, schedule, quality, and overall project objectives and deep influence in platform safety and operability, in a process explained in Figure 1.\u0000 Those digital technologies, such as the use of databases, computer aided engineering (CAE), analysis tools, 3D simulations and consistency check, were identified in constructability reviews and were developed to achieve the best constructability procedures and solve construction inconsistencies between several involved disciplines in posterior detailed design, procurement and commissioning phases. This manuscript aims to present the use of digital technologies to support constructability analysis in offshore oil & gas production facility – surface installations - projects of Petrobras.","PeriodicalId":415055,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Tue, October 29, 2019","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128024286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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