Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.37839/mar2652-550x14.18
Stefan Kühner
{"title":"Measuring ‘what?’ and ‘how?’ Welfare development and the dependent variable problem within East Asian social policy analysis","authors":"Stefan Kühner","doi":"10.37839/mar2652-550x14.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37839/mar2652-550x14.18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415300,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Asia Review","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135404730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.37839/mar2652-550x14.16
J. Mok
{"title":"INTERVIEW: Is China’s welfare system changing and does it have capacity to properly care for its rapidly ageing population?","authors":"J. Mok","doi":"10.37839/mar2652-550x14.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37839/mar2652-550x14.16","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415300,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Asia Review","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122467921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.37839/mar2652-550x14.19
Q. Zhang
{"title":"Social service delivery for the marginalised in rural China: political will matters","authors":"Q. Zhang","doi":"10.37839/mar2652-550x14.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37839/mar2652-550x14.19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415300,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Asia Review","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115377158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.37839/mar2652-550x14.11
Phillip J. King, A. Rosser, Danang Widoyoko
{"title":"Predatory political, bureaucratic and corporate elites have been a core reason for Indonesia’s learning crisis","authors":"Phillip J. King, A. Rosser, Danang Widoyoko","doi":"10.37839/mar2652-550x14.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37839/mar2652-550x14.11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415300,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Asia Review","volume":"265 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121348612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.37839/mar2652-550x14.20
A. Rosser
{"title":"Rethinking World Bank Influence: Governance Reforms and the Ritual Aid Dance in Indonesia by D. Brent Edwards Jr","authors":"A. Rosser","doi":"10.37839/mar2652-550x14.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37839/mar2652-550x14.20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415300,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Asia Review","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116462813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.37839/mar2652-550x14.15
A. Bali
These efforts have contributed to improving health outcomes, better access to health services, and importantly lowering out-of-pocket (OOP) spending on healthcare. OOP expenditure on healthcare—the amount that individuals have to pay (for which they are not reimbursed) in accessing health services—is a metric to measure financial protection that health systems offer. High OOP spending can reduce access to needed services, and in some cases pushes vulnerable households into poverty or force families to borrow or sell assets to pay for medical expenses. China and Singapore, for example, have reduced OOP spending on healthcare by more than 50 percent, and Thailand from 30 percent to less than 10 percent over the past two decades. India has made similar gains in reducing maternal mortality rates in line to meet United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.
{"title":"The struggle for universal healthcare in Asia","authors":"A. Bali","doi":"10.37839/mar2652-550x14.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37839/mar2652-550x14.15","url":null,"abstract":"These efforts have contributed to improving health outcomes, better access to health services, and importantly lowering out-of-pocket (OOP) spending on healthcare. OOP expenditure on healthcare—the amount that individuals have to pay (for which they are not reimbursed) in accessing health services—is a metric to measure financial protection that health systems offer. High OOP spending can reduce access to needed services, and in some cases pushes vulnerable households into poverty or force families to borrow or sell assets to pay for medical expenses. China and Singapore, for example, have reduced OOP spending on healthcare by more than 50 percent, and Thailand from 30 percent to less than 10 percent over the past two decades. India has made similar gains in reducing maternal mortality rates in line to meet United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.","PeriodicalId":415300,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Asia Review","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128753971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.37839/mar2652-550x14.13
Jake Lin, Jingyu Mao
China and Vietnam have a relatively low proportion of tax revenue contributing to their public expenditure budgets. Various forms of tax incentive are given to investors, which has come at the expense of government fiscal revenue. Although this has facilitated fast economic growth, public expenditure on social protection in Vietnam and China has lagged behind most developed and developing economies, which constrains the scope and scale of social protection to citizens. The costs of social protection in both countries, particularly for the working population, have been mostly shouldered by employers and employees, with increasing involvement of the market players.
{"title":"More equitable fiscal systems are needed to improve welfare provision for migrant workers in China and Vietnam","authors":"Jake Lin, Jingyu Mao","doi":"10.37839/mar2652-550x14.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37839/mar2652-550x14.13","url":null,"abstract":"China and Vietnam have a relatively low proportion of tax revenue contributing to their public expenditure budgets. Various forms of tax incentive are given to investors, which has come at the expense of government fiscal revenue. Although this has facilitated fast economic growth, public expenditure on social protection in Vietnam and China has lagged behind most developed and developing economies, which constrains the scope and scale of social protection to citizens. The costs of social protection in both countries, particularly for the working population, have been mostly shouldered by employers and employees, with increasing involvement of the market players.","PeriodicalId":415300,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Asia Review","volume":"259 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126049051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.37839/mar2652-550x14.7
A. Rosser
Behind the rhetoric of inexorable economic growth and rising prosperity associated with notions of an ‘Asian Century’ lies a complex and contingent reality. While Asia’s economic rise has led to higher living standards, social exclusion remains a major challenge. Extreme poverty persists in South Asia and to a lesser extent Southeast Asia. At the same time, millions of people in these and some other parts of Asia live on incomes just above the extreme poverty line, leaving them vulnerable to falling back into extreme poverty due to economic crises, natural disasters, or other shocks. Illustrating this risk, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that COVID-19 drove 4.7 million people into extreme poverty in Southeast Asia alone. Many people in poorer parts of Asia also continue to lack access to basic services such as education and healthcare, notwithstanding dramatic improvements in this respect in recent decades, or only have access to poor quality services. In some Asian countries, including some of the wealthier ones within the region, rising inequality, aging populations, persistent labour precarity, and rural-urban migration have posed additional challenges with regards to poverty and social exclusion. Research and analysis by international organisations suggest that inequality in particular represents a key threat to the region, noting that it is producing political and social tensions that could undermine growth and stability. In response to this situation, many Asian governments have invested significant resources in new social welfare schemes in
{"title":"INTRODUCTION: The politics of social policy in Asia","authors":"A. Rosser","doi":"10.37839/mar2652-550x14.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37839/mar2652-550x14.7","url":null,"abstract":"Behind the rhetoric of inexorable economic growth and rising prosperity associated with notions of an ‘Asian Century’ lies a complex and contingent reality. While Asia’s economic rise has led to higher living standards, social exclusion remains a major challenge. Extreme poverty persists in South Asia and to a lesser extent Southeast Asia. At the same time, millions of people in these and some other parts of Asia live on incomes just above the extreme poverty line, leaving them vulnerable to falling back into extreme poverty due to economic crises, natural disasters, or other shocks. Illustrating this risk, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) estimates that COVID-19 drove 4.7 million people into extreme poverty in Southeast Asia alone. Many people in poorer parts of Asia also continue to lack access to basic services such as education and healthcare, notwithstanding dramatic improvements in this respect in recent decades, or only have access to poor quality services. In some Asian countries, including some of the wealthier ones within the region, rising inequality, aging populations, persistent labour precarity, and rural-urban migration have posed additional challenges with regards to poverty and social exclusion. Research and analysis by international organisations suggest that inequality in particular represents a key threat to the region, noting that it is producing political and social tensions that could undermine growth and stability. In response to this situation, many Asian governments have invested significant resources in new social welfare schemes in","PeriodicalId":415300,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Asia Review","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133756479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.37839/mar2652-550x14.12
Victoria Fanggidae
{"title":"Three reasons social insurance coverage in Indonesia is low.","authors":"Victoria Fanggidae","doi":"10.37839/mar2652-550x14.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37839/mar2652-550x14.12","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415300,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Asia Review","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124271792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.37839/mar2652-550x14.9
Kidjie Saguin
{"title":"How the Philippines achieved universal kindergarten and what it means for welfare expansion","authors":"Kidjie Saguin","doi":"10.37839/mar2652-550x14.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37839/mar2652-550x14.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":415300,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Asia Review","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122829541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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