Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0096
C. Jokerst, K. Cummings, A. Bierhals
The chest wall constitutes a relatively conspicuous space made up primarily of bones, muscles and fat. The chest wall also contains specialized tissues such as nerves, lymph nodes, blood vessels, and breast tissue. Abnormalities that lead to either masses or absence of these tissues are usually obvious upon visual inspection but occasionally imaging is required for evaluation. Differential diagnoses are very much based on the age, the symptoms and the tissue of origin. CT and MR are often both used as a result of their complementary nature. Congenital variations of the chest wall such as Poland syndrome, and Pectus Excavitum/carinatum must be understood to avoid confusion with pathology. Certain tumors are typical of the chest wall (Desmoid tumors and elastofibroma dorsi) and the thoracic radiologist should be familiar with their CT and MR appearances.
{"title":"Chest Wall Abnormalities","authors":"C. Jokerst, K. Cummings, A. Bierhals","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0096","url":null,"abstract":"The chest wall constitutes a relatively conspicuous space made up primarily of bones, muscles and fat. The chest wall also contains specialized tissues such as nerves, lymph nodes, blood vessels, and breast tissue. Abnormalities that lead to either masses or absence of these tissues are usually obvious upon visual inspection but occasionally imaging is required for evaluation. Differential diagnoses are very much based on the age, the symptoms and the tissue of origin. CT and MR are often both used as a result of their complementary nature. Congenital variations of the chest wall such as Poland syndrome, and Pectus Excavitum/carinatum must be understood to avoid confusion with pathology. Certain tumors are typical of the chest wall (Desmoid tumors and elastofibroma dorsi) and the thoracic radiologist should be familiar with their CT and MR appearances.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129274768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0077
S. Bhalla
The idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are a group of diffuse lung diseases that often manifest clinically with increasing dyspnea and hypoxemia. In the most recent revision of the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on IIPs, the major IIPs are divided into 3 groups: chronic fibrosing conditions (usual interstitial pneumonia and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia); smoking-related conditions (respiratory bronchiolitis and desquamative interstitial pneumonia) and acute/subacute IIPs (cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and acute interstitial pneumonia). Although some of these patterns may be seen with other conditions (e.g, NSIP with collagen vascular disease), the term IIP only refers to the idiopathic variants. Interestingly, the smoking-related conditions (RB-ILD and DIP) are included in this idiopathic grouping despite their association with cigarette use.
{"title":"Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias","authors":"S. Bhalla","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0077","url":null,"abstract":"The idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) are a group of diffuse lung diseases that often manifest clinically with increasing dyspnea and hypoxemia. In the most recent revision of the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on IIPs, the major IIPs are divided into 3 groups: chronic fibrosing conditions (usual interstitial pneumonia and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia); smoking-related conditions (respiratory bronchiolitis and desquamative interstitial pneumonia) and acute/subacute IIPs (cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and acute interstitial pneumonia). Although some of these patterns may be seen with other conditions (e.g, NSIP with collagen vascular disease), the term IIP only refers to the idiopathic variants. Interestingly, the smoking-related conditions (RB-ILD and DIP) are included in this idiopathic grouping despite their association with cigarette use.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131619725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0048
R. Benson
Lymphadenopathy and extrapulmonary involvement may be presenting manifestations of advanced lung cancer. Central tumors such as squamous cell carcinomas and small cell carcinomas often exhibit ipsilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Metastatic lymphadenopathy may exhibit subtle findings on radiography but is readily identified on CT, MRI and PET-CT. Lymphadenopathy in the setting of lung cancer portends a poorer prognosis compared with lung cancer without lymph node involvement. The differential diagnosis includes reactive lymphadenopathy from infection, granulomatous lymphadenopathy from sarcoidosis and malignant lymphadenopathy from metastatic disease and lymphoma. Advanced lung cancer may exhibit extrapulmonary involvement as the first manifestation of disease. Central lung cancers may directly invade the mediastinum and its organs and vessels. Peripheral lung cancers may invade the adjacent chest wall structures. Pleural and pericardial involvement may also occur and often manifests with effusion. Metastases to upper abdominal organs may be identified on chest CT. PET-CT allows identification of distant metastases.
{"title":"Lung Cancer: Lymphadenopathy and Extrapulmonary Involvement","authors":"R. Benson","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0048","url":null,"abstract":"Lymphadenopathy and extrapulmonary involvement may be presenting manifestations of advanced lung cancer. Central tumors such as squamous cell carcinomas and small cell carcinomas often exhibit ipsilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Metastatic lymphadenopathy may exhibit subtle findings on radiography but is readily identified on CT, MRI and PET-CT. Lymphadenopathy in the setting of lung cancer portends a poorer prognosis compared with lung cancer without lymph node involvement. The differential diagnosis includes reactive lymphadenopathy from infection, granulomatous lymphadenopathy from sarcoidosis and malignant lymphadenopathy from metastatic disease and lymphoma. Advanced lung cancer may exhibit extrapulmonary involvement as the first manifestation of disease. Central lung cancers may directly invade the mediastinum and its organs and vessels. Peripheral lung cancers may invade the adjacent chest wall structures. Pleural and pericardial involvement may also occur and often manifests with effusion. Metastases to upper abdominal organs may be identified on chest CT. PET-CT allows identification of distant metastases.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115763860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0054
A. Turakhia, B. Little, T. Henry
The etiologies of tracheal narrowing and stenosis are myriad. An important first step in formulating an imaging differential diagnosis is to divide tracheal narrowing into the following categories: neoplastic (benign and malignant), idiopathic, traumatic, inflammatory/infiltrative, and that caused by underlying pulmonary disease. Lesion location along the tracheobronchial wall, the presence or absence of calcifications, and evidence of extension through the tracheal wall are important characteristics that may help to further narrow the differential diagnosis. Post-intubation or post-traumatic tracheal stenosis is often treated by serial balloon dilatation, stenting, or segmental resection with re-anastamosis. Evaluation of both the length and degree of stenosis is important. Tracheomalacia is a dynamic process that is best evaluated with inspiratory and forced expiratory CT images to demonstrate tracheal collapse. Like other tracheal diseases, tracheomalacia may mimic asthma, or affected patient may present with non-specific symptoms. Significant respiratory dysfunction may result if tracheomalacia goes untreated. In the adult population, most tracheal tumors are malignant, and squamous cell carcinoma is the most common tumor detected.
{"title":"Tracheal Narrowing and Tracheomalacia","authors":"A. Turakhia, B. Little, T. Henry","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0054","url":null,"abstract":"The etiologies of tracheal narrowing and stenosis are myriad. An important first step in formulating an imaging differential diagnosis is to divide tracheal narrowing into the following categories: neoplastic (benign and malignant), idiopathic, traumatic, inflammatory/infiltrative, and that caused by underlying pulmonary disease. Lesion location along the tracheobronchial wall, the presence or absence of calcifications, and evidence of extension through the tracheal wall are important characteristics that may help to further narrow the differential diagnosis. Post-intubation or post-traumatic tracheal stenosis is often treated by serial balloon dilatation, stenting, or segmental resection with re-anastamosis. Evaluation of both the length and degree of stenosis is important. Tracheomalacia is a dynamic process that is best evaluated with inspiratory and forced expiratory CT images to demonstrate tracheal collapse. Like other tracheal diseases, tracheomalacia may mimic asthma, or affected patient may present with non-specific symptoms. Significant respiratory dysfunction may result if tracheomalacia goes untreated. In the adult population, most tracheal tumors are malignant, and squamous cell carcinoma is the most common tumor detected.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121518811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0084
B. Carter
Mediastinal cysts are fluid-filled lesions surrounded by a thin wall with an epithelial lining. These cysts are typically congenital, account for approximately 15-20% of all mediastinal masses, and may be found in any mediastinal compartment. Although mediastinal cysts may be initially detected on chest radiography, these lesions are optimally evaluated with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cysts typically manifest as well-circumscribed, spherical lesions of water attenuation or signal, buy may appear heterogeneous when complicated by hemorrhage or infection. A focused differential diagnosis may be generated based on lesion location. For instance, bronchogenic cysts are most common in the middle mediastinum and pericardial cysts are typically found in the right cardiophrenic angle. Other mediastinal cysts include esophageal duplication and neurenteric cyst. Although meningocele is not a true cyst, it exhibits a cystic appearance on imaging.
{"title":"Cysts of the Mediastinum","authors":"B. Carter","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0084","url":null,"abstract":"Mediastinal cysts are fluid-filled lesions surrounded by a thin wall with an epithelial lining. These cysts are typically congenital, account for approximately 15-20% of all mediastinal masses, and may be found in any mediastinal compartment. Although mediastinal cysts may be initially detected on chest radiography, these lesions are optimally evaluated with computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cysts typically manifest as well-circumscribed, spherical lesions of water attenuation or signal, buy may appear heterogeneous when complicated by hemorrhage or infection. A focused differential diagnosis may be generated based on lesion location. For instance, bronchogenic cysts are most common in the middle mediastinum and pericardial cysts are typically found in the right cardiophrenic angle. Other mediastinal cysts include esophageal duplication and neurenteric cyst. Although meningocele is not a true cyst, it exhibits a cystic appearance on imaging.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"221 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122853299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0058
S. Martinez-Jiménez
A variety of pathologic processes affect the connective tissues. The chapters that follow this one address some of these conditions with special emphasis on autoimmune disorders (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, Sjögren syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, and vasculitis), amyloidosis and eosinophilic lung disease. An autoimmune response is an immune response that targets an antigen within the host and attacks healthy body tissues. This often involves T and B lymphocytes in a response that is very similar to an allergic reaction. While the presence of an auto-antibody is often an essential component of the autoimmune response, its mere presence does not define the disease. In addition to the presence of auto-antibodies, the presence of soft tissue damage is required, thus auto-antibodies may be present in the absence of an inflammatory process. Amyloidosis is a pathologic entity with protean manifestations, often thought of as a single disease rather a group of diseases that share a similar pathophysiologic event: the deposition of proteins within the soft tissues. The term eosinophilic lung disease encompasses a wide variety of pathologic conditions that range from idiopathic diseases to systemic vasculitides and, in some cases, a response to parasitic infestation.
{"title":"Introduction to Connective Tissue Disorders and Autoimmune Conditions","authors":"S. Martinez-Jiménez","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0058","url":null,"abstract":"A variety of pathologic processes affect the connective tissues. The chapters that follow this one address some of these conditions with special emphasis on autoimmune disorders (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis/polymyositis, Sjögren syndrome, mixed connective tissue disease, and vasculitis), amyloidosis and eosinophilic lung disease. An autoimmune response is an immune response that targets an antigen within the host and attacks healthy body tissues. This often involves T and B lymphocytes in a response that is very similar to an allergic reaction. While the presence of an auto-antibody is often an essential component of the autoimmune response, its mere presence does not define the disease. In addition to the presence of auto-antibodies, the presence of soft tissue damage is required, thus auto-antibodies may be present in the absence of an inflammatory process. Amyloidosis is a pathologic entity with protean manifestations, often thought of as a single disease rather a group of diseases that share a similar pathophysiologic event: the deposition of proteins within the soft tissues. The term eosinophilic lung disease encompasses a wide variety of pathologic conditions that range from idiopathic diseases to systemic vasculitides and, in some cases, a response to parasitic infestation.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"431 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116724562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0073
J. Bueno
Ground-glass opacity (GGO) is defined at thin-section CT as abnormally increased lung density in which vascular and bronchial margins remain visible. This contrasts with consolidation in which those margins are obscured. In the setting of diffuse lung disease, GGO may be related to airspace filling, interstitial thickening or both. Pathologic processes manifesting as diffuse GGO have widely varied symptoms according to the etiology. The assessment of diffuse GGO is primarily achieved with HRCT. Helpful features in establishing a differential diagnosis include: chronicity, distribution of opacities and ancillary findings. Differential diagnosis of acute GGO includes infection, alveolar hemorrhage and pulmonary edema. Chronic GGO may be seen in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, organizing pneumonia, acute or chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP). GGO is a nonspecific HRCT pattern that should always be interpreted in light of acuity of symptoms, specific clinical presentation and laboratory results.
{"title":"Ground-Glass Opacities","authors":"J. Bueno","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0073","url":null,"abstract":"Ground-glass opacity (GGO) is defined at thin-section CT as abnormally increased lung density in which vascular and bronchial margins remain visible. This contrasts with consolidation in which those margins are obscured. In the setting of diffuse lung disease, GGO may be related to airspace filling, interstitial thickening or both. Pathologic processes manifesting as diffuse GGO have widely varied symptoms according to the etiology. The assessment of diffuse GGO is primarily achieved with HRCT. Helpful features in establishing a differential diagnosis include: chronicity, distribution of opacities and ancillary findings. Differential diagnosis of acute GGO includes infection, alveolar hemorrhage and pulmonary edema. Chronic GGO may be seen in hypersensitivity pneumonitis, organizing pneumonia, acute or chronic eosinophilic pneumonia, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and desquamative interstitial pneumonia (DIP). GGO is a nonspecific HRCT pattern that should always be interpreted in light of acuity of symptoms, specific clinical presentation and laboratory results.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126724358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0005
G. Abbott
The basic “signs” in chest radiology are each formed by a combination of imaging findings that are known to be characteristic for a specific observation, often leading the radiologist to a more precise conclusion. Many of these signs were developed in the earliest decades of chest radiographic interpretation; others have been recognized in more recent years in the era of chest CT. Radiologists who are familiar with imaging signs facilitate the rapid recognition of complex imaging patterns, enabling the suggestion of a specific diagnosis, or a narrowed differential of diagnostic possibilities to be considered.
{"title":"Basic Signs in Chest Radiology: Silhouette, Hilar Overlay, and Hilar Convergence Signs","authors":"G. Abbott","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780199858064.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"The basic “signs” in chest radiology are each formed by a combination of imaging findings that are known to be characteristic for a specific observation, often leading the radiologist to a more precise conclusion. Many of these signs were developed in the earliest decades of chest radiographic interpretation; others have been recognized in more recent years in the era of chest CT. Radiologists who are familiar with imaging signs facilitate the rapid recognition of complex imaging patterns, enabling the suggestion of a specific diagnosis, or a narrowed differential of diagnostic possibilities to be considered.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126296000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0097
N. Parkar, A. Bierhals
The diaphragm abnormalities chapter discusses a variety of acquired and congenital conditions of the diaphragm, the principal muscle of respiration. Most diaphragmatic abnormalities encountered on imaging relate to abnormal contour or abnormal function. The latter is usually due to phrenic nerve palsy or neoplastic involvement. Abnormal contour often results from congenital thinning (eventration). Herniation and rupture following trauma are associated with a high risk of gastric ischemia and require prompt diagnosis and treatment. Thus, radiologists must be familiar with CT findings of traumatic diaphragmatic injury. Nontraumatic hernias (namely, Bochdalek, foramen of Morgagni and hiatal hernias) have typical imaging appearances as well. Rarely, a subpulmonic pleural effusion may mimic an elevated hemidiaphragm on radiography. A pleural effusion may also invert the diaphragm and impair respiration.
{"title":"Diaphragmatic Abnormalities","authors":"N. Parkar, A. Bierhals","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0097","url":null,"abstract":"The diaphragm abnormalities chapter discusses a variety of acquired and congenital conditions of the diaphragm, the principal muscle of respiration. Most diaphragmatic abnormalities encountered on imaging relate to abnormal contour or abnormal function. The latter is usually due to phrenic nerve palsy or neoplastic involvement. Abnormal contour often results from congenital thinning (eventration). Herniation and rupture following trauma are associated with a high risk of gastric ischemia and require prompt diagnosis and treatment. Thus, radiologists must be familiar with CT findings of traumatic diaphragmatic injury. Nontraumatic hernias (namely, Bochdalek, foramen of Morgagni and hiatal hernias) have typical imaging appearances as well. Rarely, a subpulmonic pleural effusion may mimic an elevated hemidiaphragm on radiography. A pleural effusion may also invert the diaphragm and impair respiration.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128855955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-01DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0080
Cylen Javidan-Nejad
Organizing pneumonia (OP) is a nonfibrotic form of interstitial pneumonia that represents a manifestation of lung injury. It may be secondary to another process (such as vasculitis, collagen vascular disease, or drug therapy). When no inciting cause is found, the OP is believed to cryptogenic and the term Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP) may be used clinically. Various patterns of OP may be encountered on imaging including classic (peripheral or bronchiolocentric consolidation), focal, crescentic, multinodular and fibrotic. The classic pattern is the most common, but the crescentic form (often known as the atoll or reverse halo sign) can be the most striking. The latter two patterns are more typical of OP associated with collagen vascular disease, most notably dermatomyositis and polymyositis.
{"title":"Organizing Pneumonia","authors":"Cylen Javidan-Nejad","doi":"10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199858064.003.0080","url":null,"abstract":"Organizing pneumonia (OP) is a nonfibrotic form of interstitial pneumonia that represents a manifestation of lung injury. It may be secondary to another process (such as vasculitis, collagen vascular disease, or drug therapy). When no inciting cause is found, the OP is believed to cryptogenic and the term Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia (COP) may be used clinically. Various patterns of OP may be encountered on imaging including classic (peripheral or bronchiolocentric consolidation), focal, crescentic, multinodular and fibrotic. The classic pattern is the most common, but the crescentic form (often known as the atoll or reverse halo sign) can be the most striking. The latter two patterns are more typical of OP associated with collagen vascular disease, most notably dermatomyositis and polymyositis.","PeriodicalId":415668,"journal":{"name":"Chest Imaging","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124170572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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