Telecommunication in India saw a tremendous boost after liberalization. Communication service in India has a strong and healthy competition and this is the service which will continue to rise in future as well as this service has brought the world so close that now you can contact anyone within seconds without paying high charges unlike the scenario which was present before liberalization that if you want to contact someone who have to wait for long hours and the price of communication at that time was very high. After liberalization there has been increase in the number of telecom service providers after liberalization and a lot of reforms have also taken place. The reforms have proven to be beneficial for the consumers as it has increased the competition. The competitive environment has led to conflict between service providers which includes predatory pricing. In order to make sure fair competition in this sector both the TRAI and CCI should work jointly with each other. The Competition Commission should focus that competition prevails in general and also look and bring measures to curb the anti competitive practices in various sectors of the market. In the telecommunication sector there have been cases where the cases of cartelization. The long distance segment of telecommunication was professed of cartel formations by the ministers of the telecommunication in the year 2005. Anti competitive agreements and abuse of dominant position are the major distress for the commission. A practice is adopted by countries where a regulator is appointed and the regulation of the regulator are similar to that of the competition commission. Regulation in telecom sector is in the hands of TRAI and DoT and the fact is that it is not known that how much attention is given to the competition however sec 11 of the TRAI Act talk about promoting fair competition. The annual reports, visions, consultation paper, recommendation talks about protecting the interest of the consumer and growth in this sector but it fails to talk about the competition practices. Section 18 of the Competition Act 2002 entrusts a duty on the commission to encourage fair competition and protecting the interest of participants. Competition Commission of India control and curb the illegal practices or the anti competitive practices on the other promote competition and protect the interest of the consumers. Section 11 of Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997 talks about the objectives. The objective of the TRAI Act is to promote the telecom industry by ensuring competition and optimum utilization of the telecommunication services. The two statues talk about the same objective i.e. fair competition, protection of the interest of the participants and the consumers and building up an environment which promotes healthy competition. However the 2 legislation imbricate and this has led to conflicts in the jurisdiction
{"title":"CCI vs TRAI","authors":"Dhruv Dhawan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3898366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3898366","url":null,"abstract":"Telecommunication in India saw a tremendous boost after liberalization. Communication service in India has a strong and healthy competition and this is the service which will continue to rise in future as well as this service has brought the world so close that now you can contact anyone within seconds without paying high charges unlike the scenario which was present before liberalization that if you want to contact someone who have to wait for long hours and the price of communication at that time was very high. After liberalization there has been increase in the number of telecom service providers after liberalization and a lot of reforms have also taken place. The reforms have proven to be beneficial for the consumers as it has increased the competition. The competitive environment has led to conflict between service providers which includes predatory pricing. In order to make sure fair competition in this sector both the TRAI and CCI should work jointly with each other. The Competition Commission should focus that competition prevails in general and also look and bring measures to curb the anti competitive practices in various sectors of the market. In the telecommunication sector there have been cases where the cases of cartelization. The long distance segment of telecommunication was professed of cartel formations by the ministers of the telecommunication in the year 2005. Anti competitive agreements and abuse of dominant position are the major distress for the commission. A practice is adopted by countries where a regulator is appointed and the regulation of the regulator are similar to that of the competition commission. Regulation in telecom sector is in the hands of TRAI and DoT and the fact is that it is not known that how much attention is given to the competition however sec 11 of the TRAI Act talk about promoting fair competition. The annual reports, visions, consultation paper, recommendation talks about protecting the interest of the consumer and growth in this sector but it fails to talk about the competition practices. Section 18 of the Competition Act 2002 entrusts a duty on the commission to encourage fair competition and protecting the interest of participants. Competition Commission of India control and curb the illegal practices or the anti competitive practices on the other promote competition and protect the interest of the consumers. Section 11 of Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997 talks about the objectives. The objective of the TRAI Act is to promote the telecom industry by ensuring competition and optimum utilization of the telecommunication services. The two statues talk about the same objective i.e. fair competition, protection of the interest of the participants and the consumers and building up an environment which promotes healthy competition. However the 2 legislation imbricate and this has led to conflicts in the jurisdiction","PeriodicalId":415834,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Comparative Case Studies of Industrial Policies & Regulatory Experiences in Emerging Markets (Topic)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125376244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chao-Yo Cheng, Y. Lee, Galen Murray, Yuree Noh, Johannes Urpelainen, Joseph Van Horn
Abstract Why do power sector reform succeed and fail in democratic contexts? We conduct comparative case studies of these reforms in the largest 20 Indian states. These states have responded to India’s electricity generation, transmission, and distribution crises in different ways. Similar to conventional case studies, our research design has the virtue of allowing us to explore historical processes. However, having a large number of cases also enables us to consider multiple causal factors at the same time. Both the findings and non-findings speak to the broad debate on the possible causes of reform failure. We find support for hypotheses emphasizing electoral opportunism and the politics of interest group (organized labor, agricultural interests). In contrast, partisan cleavages do not seem to explain reform failure. These findings offer new insights into politically feasible reform strategies for India.
{"title":"Vested Interests: Examining the Political Obstacles to Power Sector Reform in Twenty Indian States","authors":"Chao-Yo Cheng, Y. Lee, Galen Murray, Yuree Noh, Johannes Urpelainen, Joseph Van Horn","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3682758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3682758","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Why do power sector reform succeed and fail in democratic contexts? We conduct comparative case studies of these reforms in the largest 20 Indian states. These states have responded to India’s electricity generation, transmission, and distribution crises in different ways. Similar to conventional case studies, our research design has the virtue of allowing us to explore historical processes. However, having a large number of cases also enables us to consider multiple causal factors at the same time. Both the findings and non-findings speak to the broad debate on the possible causes of reform failure. We find support for hypotheses emphasizing electoral opportunism and the politics of interest group (organized labor, agricultural interests). In contrast, partisan cleavages do not seem to explain reform failure. These findings offer new insights into politically feasible reform strategies for India.","PeriodicalId":415834,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Comparative Case Studies of Industrial Policies & Regulatory Experiences in Emerging Markets (Topic)","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121928457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
French Abstract: L’étude du cas algérien en matière de politique publique industrielle en faveur des PME pharmaceutiques fait ressortir un paradoxe. D’un côté, la taille du marché est considérable en termes de volumes (importations et exportations) ; de l’autre, faible compétitivité des PME locales, malgré l’émergence de quelques PME compétitives. Ceci nous a amenés à nous poser la question suivante : la politique industrielle pharmaceutique en Algérie est-elle responsable de la faiblesse de compétitivité des PME pharmaceutiques locales ? Notre approche est historique cherchant à étudier le lien étroit entre politique industrielle et les PME pharmaceutiques s’étendant de 1962 à nos jours. La méthodologie adoptée est de nature qualitative permettant de mieux saisir la complexité du contexte institutionnel au sein duquel évoluent les différents acteurs du médicament. Plusieurs sources de données ont été utilisées : données primaires (réalisation d’entretiens) et secondaires (documents et études ministériels, rapports d’activité des entreprises). Les principaux résultats révèlent un faible potentiel compétitif des PME nationales face à aux Big Pharmas implantées en Algérie en raison d’une absence d’une politique d’accompagnement de ces entreprises.
English Abstract: The study of the Algerian case in industrial public policy in favor of pharmaceutical SMEs brings out a paradox. On the one hand, the size of the market is considerable in terms of volumes (imports and exports); on the other, weak competitiveness of local SMEs, despite the emergence of a few competitive SMEs. This led us to ask the following question: is the Algerian pharmaceutical industrial policy responsible for the weak competitiveness of local pharmaceutical SMEs? Our historical approach seeks to study the close link between industrial policy and pharmaceutical SMEs extending from 1962 to the present day. The methodology adopted is of a qualitative nature, making it possible to better understand the complexity of the institutional context within which the different actors of the drug evolve. Several sources of data were used: primary data (conducting interviews) and secondary data (ministerial documents and studies, business activity reports). The main results reveal a weak competitive potential of national SMEs vis-à-vis Big Pharmas established in Algeria because of a lack of a policy of support for these companies.
英文摘要:对阿尔及利亚制药中小企业公共产业政策案例的研究揭示了一个悖论。一方面，就数量(进口和出口)而言，市场规模相当大;另一方面，尽管出现了一些有竞争力的中小企业，但本地中小企业的竞争力较低。这使我们提出以下问题:阿尔及利亚的制药产业政策是否导致当地制药中小企业竞争力低下?我们的方法是历史性的，试图研究工业政策和制药中小企业之间的密切联系，从1962年至今。所采用的方法本质上是定性的，它使我们能够更好地理解不同药物参与者运作的制度背景的复杂性。使用了几个数据来源:主要数据(访谈)和次要数据(部门文件和研究、公司活动报告)。主要结果表明，由于缺乏支持这些企业的政策，国家中小企业相对于阿尔及利亚大型企业的竞争潜力较低。英文摘要:阿尔及利亚对有利于制药中小企业的工业公共政策案例的研究揭示了一个悖论。一方面，就数量(进口和出口)而言，市场的规模是相当大的;另一方面，尽管出现了少数具有竞争力的中小企业，但本地中小企业的竞争力很弱。这使我们提出以下问题:阿尔及利亚制药工业政策是否对当地制药中小企业竞争力薄弱负责?我们的历史方法旨在研究从1962年至今工业政策与制药中小企业之间的密切联系。所采用的方法是定性的，使我们能够更好地理解药物发展的不同行动者所处体制环境的复杂性。使用了若干数据来源:主要数据(进行面谈)和次要数据(部长文件和研究、商业活动报告)。主要结果显示，由于缺乏对这些公司的支助政策，阿尔及利亚国内中小企业相对于- a -vis大公司的竞争潜力很弱。
{"title":"Politique publique industrielle en faveur des PMEs Pharmaceutiques algériennes (Industrial Public Policy for SMEs Algerian Pharmaceuticals)","authors":"A. Hamadi, Aimad Datoussaid, Ahmed Dif","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3427742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3427742","url":null,"abstract":"<b>French Abstract:</b> L’étude du cas algérien en matière de politique publique industrielle en faveur des PME pharmaceutiques fait ressortir un paradoxe. D’un côté, la taille du marché est considérable en termes de volumes (importations et exportations) ; de l’autre, faible compétitivité des PME locales, malgré l’émergence de quelques PME compétitives. Ceci nous a amenés à nous poser la question suivante : la politique industrielle pharmaceutique en Algérie est-elle responsable de la faiblesse de compétitivité des PME pharmaceutiques locales ? Notre approche est historique cherchant à étudier le lien étroit entre politique industrielle et les PME pharmaceutiques s’étendant de 1962 à nos jours. La méthodologie adoptée est de nature qualitative permettant de mieux saisir la complexité du contexte institutionnel au sein duquel évoluent les différents acteurs du médicament. Plusieurs sources de données ont été utilisées : données primaires (réalisation d’entretiens) et secondaires (documents et études ministériels, rapports d’activité des entreprises). Les principaux résultats révèlent un faible potentiel compétitif des PME nationales face à aux Big Pharmas implantées en Algérie en raison d’une absence d’une politique d’accompagnement de ces entreprises.<br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> The study of the Algerian case in industrial public policy in favor of pharmaceutical SMEs brings out a paradox. On the one hand, the size of the market is considerable in terms of volumes (imports and exports); on the other, weak competitiveness of local SMEs, despite the emergence of a few competitive SMEs. This led us to ask the following question: is the Algerian pharmaceutical industrial policy responsible for the weak competitiveness of local pharmaceutical SMEs? Our historical approach seeks to study the close link between industrial policy and pharmaceutical SMEs extending from 1962 to the present day. The methodology adopted is of a qualitative nature, making it possible to better understand the complexity of the institutional context within which the different actors of the drug evolve. Several sources of data were used: primary data (conducting interviews) and secondary data (ministerial documents and studies, business activity reports). The main results reveal a weak competitive potential of national SMEs vis-à-vis Big Pharmas established in Algeria because of a lack of a policy of support for these companies.<br>","PeriodicalId":415834,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Comparative Case Studies of Industrial Policies & Regulatory Experiences in Emerging Markets (Topic)","volume":"390 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127964814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The spread of competition law across southern and East Africa is considered in light of issues raised by research done across the region in recent years in key markets. This research considers the nature and extent of competition in practice, and the role, if any, played by competition law and policy. The selected markets are for two commodities, cement and fertilizer, which can be considered the ‘bread and butter’ of competition enforcement, and the markets for services in telecommunications and finance commonly described under the heading of ‘mobile money’. East Africa, specifically Kenya and Tanzania, are global leaders in the development of these services. The paper also reflects on work relating to barriers to entry in South Africa. Conclusions are drawn as to a competition policy and enforcement agenda to foster competitive markets in African countries.
{"title":"Competition Law Prescriptions and Competitive Outcomes: Insights from Southern and East Africa","authors":"S. Roberts","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2982387","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2982387","url":null,"abstract":"The spread of competition law across southern and East Africa is considered in light of issues raised by research done across the region in recent years in key markets. This research considers the nature and extent of competition in practice, and the role, if any, played by competition law and policy. The selected markets are for two commodities, cement and fertilizer, which can be considered the ‘bread and butter’ of competition enforcement, and the markets for services in telecommunications and finance commonly described under the heading of ‘mobile money’. East Africa, specifically Kenya and Tanzania, are global leaders in the development of these services. The paper also reflects on work relating to barriers to entry in South Africa. Conclusions are drawn as to a competition policy and enforcement agenda to foster competitive markets in African countries.","PeriodicalId":415834,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Comparative Case Studies of Industrial Policies & Regulatory Experiences in Emerging Markets (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121194526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2013–2014, the government undertook a reform of the taxation system applied in the oil industry, which was called ‘the tax maneuver’ by the expert community. Essentially, the reform is aimed at equalizing the domestic and world prices of oil (less transport costs): the reduced rates of export duties and excise taxes on petroleum products will be offset by the correspondingly increased rate of the mineral extraction tax (MET) (the revenues generated by the new MET are expected to be approximately twice as high as the lost amount of export duty). As a result of the tax maneuver, the subsidizing of the domestic oil-refining sector, which is producing negative value added in terms of world prices, should be scaled down. When the domestic and world prices of oil and petroleum products become equal, the prices of the latter will soar in the domestic market, if excise taxes are not reduced by way of compensation. However, the excise taxes on petroleum products are continually being raised, and this may forestall the implementation of the entire reform in the nearest future.
{"title":"The Raise of Excise Tax Rates Will Hamper the Tax Maneuver","authors":"D. Gordeev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2842155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2842155","url":null,"abstract":"In 2013–2014, the government undertook a reform of the taxation system applied in the oil industry, which was called ‘the tax maneuver’ by the expert community. Essentially, the reform is aimed at equalizing the domestic and world prices of oil (less transport costs): the reduced rates of export duties and excise taxes on petroleum products will be offset by the correspondingly increased rate of the mineral extraction tax (MET) (the revenues generated by the new MET are expected to be approximately twice as high as the lost amount of export duty). As a result of the tax maneuver, the subsidizing of the domestic oil-refining sector, which is producing negative value added in terms of world prices, should be scaled down. When the domestic and world prices of oil and petroleum products become equal, the prices of the latter will soar in the domestic market, if excise taxes are not reduced by way of compensation. However, the excise taxes on petroleum products are continually being raised, and this may forestall the implementation of the entire reform in the nearest future.","PeriodicalId":415834,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Comparative Case Studies of Industrial Policies & Regulatory Experiences in Emerging Markets (Topic)","volume":"251 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133583661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seung Lee, Hyun-Tai Lee, Su Yeob Na, Koun Cho, Yunmi Oh, Joonkoo Lee
Korean Abstract: 한국과 대만의 중소기업은 매우 유사한 문제점을 안고 있다. 양국 모두 국내시장이 협소하고, 자국 내 중소기업의 입지가 좁은 편이다. 따라서 양국 기업의 대부분을 차지하는 중소기업의 활로는 해외시장 진출에 있다고 할 수 있다. 특히 기업 생산활동이 국제적으로 다양화되는 상황을 고려할 때 중소기업의 글로벌 가치사슬(GVC) 참여를 통한 해외진출은 매우 중요하다. 수출 데이터로 본 양국 중소기업의 직접수출은 글로벌 금융위기 이후 세계경제 성장이 둔화되는 가운데 전체 수출에서 차지하는 비중이 축소되고 있다.그러나 생산과정이 복잡해진 지금 직접수출비중 축소가 중소기업의 해외 경쟁력 저하를 의미한다고 볼 수는 없다. 본 보고서에서는 많은 중소기업이 대기업 가치사슬을 통해 간접수출을 하고 있음에 주목하고, 이를 포함한 한국과 대만 중소기업의 전체 수출비중을 계산하고 비교하였다. 그 결과 대만 중소기업의 간접수출비중은 크게 증가하고 있는 반면 한국 중소기업의 간접수출비중은 큰변화가 없었다. 이는 대만 중소기업의 전체 수출비중은 증가하지만 한국 중소기업의 전체 수출비중은 하락하는 결과로 이어졌다. 이 결과는 양국의 산업구조 변화와 중소기업과 대기업의 GVC 참여 상황 변화로 설명할 수 있다. 2000년대 대만의 급속한 대기업화는 중소기업이 대기업에 수출용 중간재를 공급하는 구조를 강화하면서 중소기업의 간접수출비중을 늘렸다. 반면 한국은 대기업 위주의 수출구조 및 수직계열화 구조가 계속 유지되면서 중소기업과 대기업 간 GVC 관계가 심화되지 못했기에, 2000년대 총수출 증가가 중소기업 수출비중을 늘리는 방향으로 이어지지 못했다. 휴대폰 산업의 한 · 대만 GVC 참여상황 분석에서도 이러한 특징이 뚜렷이 나타난다. 한국과 대만은 휴대폰 산업의 GVC 참여 형태가 다르다. 한국은 대기업이 가치사슬을 대부분 내부화시켰고 최종 브랜드 생산에 직접 임하고 있지만, 대만은 다수의 중소기업이 중저가 위주의 표준화된 부품분야에서 주로 다국적기업과 가치사슬로 연결되어 있다. 이런 구조하에서 한국 중소기업은 대만 중소기업에 비해서 GVC에 직접 연결되어 세계시장 참여도를 높이거나 고부가가치 영역을 개척하기가 쉽지 않았다. GVC에 성공적으로 진입한 대만과 한국 중소기업의 사례를 종합해보면 몇가지 시사점을 발견할 수 있다. 첫째, 다국적기업에 부품을 납품하거나 OEM, ODM으로 해외 주문을 수주하는 등 다양한 GVC 진입 방법이 있으나, 이런 글로벌화의 성공을 위해서는 중소기업 자체의 기술력이 바탕이 되어야 한다는 것이다. 또 이를 위해서는 RD both suffer from relatively small domestic markets and limited positions in the respective markets.Therefore, the survival of SMEs in both Korea and Taiwan-which take up the largest portion in both economies-depends on their capacity for increased overseas expansion. In today’s world where the production cycle of companies is becoming increasingly internationalized, the SMEs’ overseas expansion through participation in the global value chains (GVCs) becomes all the more important.Due to the economic recession, the direct exports of SMEs in proportion to the total direct exports are decreasing in both economies. But the complex production cycle of companies indicates that this does not necessarily point to a decrease in SMEs’ overseas competitiveness. This research focused on the fact that actually, many SMEs engage in indirect exporting by participating in value chains of major companies, and compared the total exports(including both the direct and indirect exports) of SMEs in Korea and Taiwan. The results showed that while the proportion of indirect exports to total exports in Taiwan SMEs has greatly increased over time, that of Korean SMEs has shown little difference.This has led the total exports of Taiwanese companies to increase while the total exports of Korean SMEs decreased. This phenomenon can be explained by two factors: the changes in the industry structures in the two countries and the changes in the participation rate of SMEs and major companies in GVCs. In the 2000s, the proportion of major companies in the Taiwanese economies grew rapidly, intensifying the relationship between major companies and SMEs, under which SMEs provided for the intermediate goods for exports to major compa
Korean Abstract:韩国和台湾的中小企业存在非常相似的问题。两国国内市场都比较狭小，本国中小企业的立足之地也比较狭窄。因此可以说，占据两国企业大部分的中小企业的出路在于进军海外市场。特别是考虑到企业生产活动在国际上变得多样化的情况，中小企业通过参与全球价值链(GVC)进军海外非常重要。从出口数据来看，全球金融危机以后，在世界经济增长趋缓的情况下，两国中小企业的直接出口在整体出口中所占比重正在缩小。但是，在生产过程变得复杂的今天，缩小直接出口比重并不意味着中小企业的海外竞争力下降。本报告注意到许多中小企业通过大企业价值链进行间接出口，并计算和比较了包括这些在内的韩国和台湾中小企业的整体出口比重。结果，台湾中小企业的间接出口比重大幅增加，而韩国中小企业的间接出口比重却没有太大变化。这导致了台湾中小企业的整体出口比重增加，但韩国中小企业的整体出口比重下降的结果。这一结果可以用两国的产业结构变化和中小企业和大企业参与GVC状况的变化来解释。2000年代，台湾的大企业化迅速加强了中小企业向大企业供应出口用中间材料的结构，增加了中小企业的间接出口比重。相反，韩国继续维持以大企业为主的出口结构及垂直系列化结构，中小企业和大企业之间的GVC关系没能深化，因此，21世纪总出口的增加没能向增加中小企业出口比重的方向发展。在分析韩国和台湾GVC参与手机产业的情况时，这一特点也非常明显。韩国和台湾的手机产业参与GVC的形式不同。在韩国，大部分价值链由大企业内部化，并直接投入最终品牌的生产，但在台湾，多数中小企业在以中低价为主的标准化配件领域，主要与跨国企业形成价值链。在这种结构下，韩国中小企业与台湾中小企业相比，直接与GVC连接，很难提高世界市场参与度或开拓高附加值领域。综合成功进入GVC的台湾和韩国中小企业的事例，可以发现几点启示。第一，虽然有向跨国企业提供配件或通过OEM、ODM承揽海外订单等多种进入GVC的方法，但要想成功实现全球化，必须以中小企业自身的技术力量为基础。RD both suffer from relatively small domestic markets and limited positions in the respective markets。Therefore, the survival of SMEs in both Korea and Taiwan-which take up the largest portion in both economies-depends on their capacity for increased overseas expansion。In today ' s world where the production cycle of companies is becoming increasingly internationalized，the SMEs ' overseas expansion through participation in the global value chains (GVCs) becomes all the more importantDue to the economic recession, the direct exports of SMEs in proportion to the total direct exports are decreasing in both economies。But the complex production cycle of companies indicates that this does not necessarily point to a decrease in SMEs ' overseas competitiveness。This research focused on the fact that actually, many SMEs engage in indirect exporting by participating in value chains of major companies, many SMEs engage in indirect exportingand compared the total exports(including both the direct and indirect exports) of SMEs in Korea and Taiwan。The results showed that while The proportion of indirect exports to total exports in Taiwan SMEs has greatly increased over time, that of Korean SMEs has shown little difference。This has led the total exports of Taiwanese companies to increase while the total exports of Korean SMEs decreased。the changes in the industry structures in the two countries and the changes in the participation rate of SMEs and major companies in GVCs。In the 2000s, the proportion of major companies In the Taiwanese economies grew rapidly, intensifying the relationship between major companies and SMEs，under which SMEs provided for the intermediate goods for exports to major companies。这是practice increased indirect exports of Taiwanese SMEs。On the other hand, in Korea, major company-oriented export structure and vertical integration structure persisted, with no progress in the GVC relations between major companies and SMEs。This meant that the increase in Korea ' s total exports in the 2000s did not lead to an increase in the total exports of Korean SMEs。These characteristics are clearly visible in the two countries
{"title":"뉴노멀 시대 중소기업의 대외경쟁력 제고를 위한 정책과제 연구: 한국과 대만을 중심으로 (Policy Challenges for Supporting the Internationalization of SMEs in the New Normal Era: Focusing on Taiwan's Case )","authors":"Seung Lee, Hyun-Tai Lee, Su Yeob Na, Koun Cho, Yunmi Oh, Joonkoo Lee","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2844046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2844046","url":null,"abstract":"Korean Abstract: 한국과 대만의 중소기업은 매우 유사한 문제점을 안고 있다. 양국 모두 국내시장이 협소하고, 자국 내 중소기업의 입지가 좁은 편이다. 따라서 양국 기업의 대부분을 차지하는 중소기업의 활로는 해외시장 진출에 있다고 할 수 있다. 특히 기업 생산활동이 국제적으로 다양화되는 상황을 고려할 때 중소기업의 글로벌 가치사슬(GVC) 참여를 통한 해외진출은 매우 중요하다. 수출 데이터로 본 양국 중소기업의 직접수출은 글로벌 금융위기 이후 세계경제 성장이 둔화되는 가운데 전체 수출에서 차지하는 비중이 축소되고 있다.그러나 생산과정이 복잡해진 지금 직접수출비중 축소가 중소기업의 해외 경쟁력 저하를 의미한다고 볼 수는 없다. 본 보고서에서는 많은 중소기업이 대기업 가치사슬을 통해 간접수출을 하고 있음에 주목하고, 이를 포함한 한국과 대만 중소기업의 전체 수출비중을 계산하고 비교하였다. 그 결과 대만 중소기업의 간접수출비중은 크게 증가하고 있는 반면 한국 중소기업의 간접수출비중은 큰변화가 없었다. 이는 대만 중소기업의 전체 수출비중은 증가하지만 한국 중소기업의 전체 수출비중은 하락하는 결과로 이어졌다. 이 결과는 양국의 산업구조 변화와 중소기업과 대기업의 GVC 참여 상황 변화로 설명할 수 있다. 2000년대 대만의 급속한 대기업화는 중소기업이 대기업에 수출용 중간재를 공급하는 구조를 강화하면서 중소기업의 간접수출비중을 늘렸다. 반면 한국은 대기업 위주의 수출구조 및 수직계열화 구조가 계속 유지되면서 중소기업과 대기업 간 GVC 관계가 심화되지 못했기에, 2000년대 총수출 증가가 중소기업 수출비중을 늘리는 방향으로 이어지지 못했다. 휴대폰 산업의 한 · 대만 GVC 참여상황 분석에서도 이러한 특징이 뚜렷이 나타난다. 한국과 대만은 휴대폰 산업의 GVC 참여 형태가 다르다. 한국은 대기업이 가치사슬을 대부분 내부화시켰고 최종 브랜드 생산에 직접 임하고 있지만, 대만은 다수의 중소기업이 중저가 위주의 표준화된 부품분야에서 주로 다국적기업과 가치사슬로 연결되어 있다. 이런 구조하에서 한국 중소기업은 대만 중소기업에 비해서 GVC에 직접 연결되어 세계시장 참여도를 높이거나 고부가가치 영역을 개척하기가 쉽지 않았다. GVC에 성공적으로 진입한 대만과 한국 중소기업의 사례를 종합해보면 몇가지 시사점을 발견할 수 있다. 첫째, 다국적기업에 부품을 납품하거나 OEM, ODM으로 해외 주문을 수주하는 등 다양한 GVC 진입 방법이 있으나, 이런 글로벌화의 성공을 위해서는 중소기업 자체의 기술력이 바탕이 되어야 한다는 것이다. 또 이를 위해서는 RD both suffer from relatively small domestic markets and limited positions in the respective markets.Therefore, the survival of SMEs in both Korea and Taiwan-which take up the largest portion in both economies-depends on their capacity for increased overseas expansion. In today’s world where the production cycle of companies is becoming increasingly internationalized, the SMEs’ overseas expansion through participation in the global value chains (GVCs) becomes all the more important.Due to the economic recession, the direct exports of SMEs in proportion to the total direct exports are decreasing in both economies. But the complex production cycle of companies indicates that this does not necessarily point to a decrease in SMEs’ overseas competitiveness. This research focused on the fact that actually, many SMEs engage in indirect exporting by participating in value chains of major companies, and compared the total exports(including both the direct and indirect exports) of SMEs in Korea and Taiwan. The results showed that while the proportion of indirect exports to total exports in Taiwan SMEs has greatly increased over time, that of Korean SMEs has shown little difference.This has led the total exports of Taiwanese companies to increase while the total exports of Korean SMEs decreased. This phenomenon can be explained by two factors: the changes in the industry structures in the two countries and the changes in the participation rate of SMEs and major companies in GVCs. In the 2000s, the proportion of major companies in the Taiwanese economies grew rapidly, intensifying the relationship between major companies and SMEs, under which SMEs provided for the intermediate goods for exports to major compa","PeriodicalId":415834,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Comparative Case Studies of Industrial Policies & Regulatory Experiences in Emerging Markets (Topic)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122704307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-12-22DOI: 10.18045/ZBEFRI.2015.2.299
Jian-bai Huang, Chuan Liu, Daguo Lü, Xiaoping Li
This study aims to investigate the characteristics of the efficient evolution of China’s iron and steel industry against the backdrop of limited openness and regulation and to discuss the important effects of regulatory policy and total factor productivity (TFP) of China’s iron and steel industry. The method adopted the Cobb–Douglas production function combined with a semi-parametric method to decompose productivity. This study based on the micro-level dataset of iron and steel enterprises in the database of China’s industrial enterprises between 1998 and 2007 that investigated the intrinsic correlation among corporate entry and exit, market competition of existing enterprises, and TFP growth in the iron and steel industry. The results of the research show that the entry-exit would promote the growth of the aggregate productivity, while the low efficiency of resource allocation would significantly inhibit the TFP growth. The basic conclusion is that, with substantial government intervention in enterprise investments, marketcompetition may not promote optimal resource allocation efficiency in China’s iron and steel industry, but make the allocation less efficient.
{"title":"Industry Regulation, Competition, and the Dynamics of Productivity Growth: Evidence from China’s Iron and Steel Industry","authors":"Jian-bai Huang, Chuan Liu, Daguo Lü, Xiaoping Li","doi":"10.18045/ZBEFRI.2015.2.299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18045/ZBEFRI.2015.2.299","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate the characteristics of the efficient evolution of China’s iron and steel industry against the backdrop of limited openness and regulation and to discuss the important effects of regulatory policy and total factor productivity (TFP) of China’s iron and steel industry. The method adopted the Cobb–Douglas production function combined with a semi-parametric method to decompose productivity. This study based on the micro-level dataset of iron and steel enterprises in the database of China’s industrial enterprises between 1998 and 2007 that investigated the intrinsic correlation among corporate entry and exit, market competition of existing enterprises, and TFP growth in the iron and steel industry. The results of the research show that the entry-exit would promote the growth of the aggregate productivity, while the low efficiency of resource allocation would significantly inhibit the TFP growth. The basic conclusion is that, with substantial government intervention in enterprise investments, marketcompetition may not promote optimal resource allocation efficiency in China’s iron and steel industry, but make the allocation less efficient.","PeriodicalId":415834,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Comparative Case Studies of Industrial Policies & Regulatory Experiences in Emerging Markets (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128259577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the paper was to introduce anti money laundering regulations in the European countries. It was made an analysis of existing researches on the presented topics. There were presented law determinants which can influence on the number of transactions suspected for money laundering. The phenomenon of reporting suspicious transactions of money laundering in the banking sector is dependent on factors such as: variables connected with transactions, the policy restrictiveness against money laundering, the risks of money laundering and the level of economic development. In the article were analysed 47 European countries and received findings were compared with the emerging markets. For better understanding problem were used panel data estimation methods.
{"title":"Anti – Money Laundering Regulations in Europe – Comparative Analysis","authors":"Patrycja Chodnicka-Jaworska","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2854089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2854089","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the paper was to introduce anti money laundering regulations in the European countries. It was made an analysis of existing researches on the presented topics. There were presented law determinants which can influence on the number of transactions suspected for money laundering. The phenomenon of reporting suspicious transactions of money laundering in the banking sector is dependent on factors such as: variables connected with transactions, the policy restrictiveness against money laundering, the risks of money laundering and the level of economic development. In the article were analysed 47 European countries and received findings were compared with the emerging markets. For better understanding problem were used panel data estimation methods.","PeriodicalId":415834,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Comparative Case Studies of Industrial Policies & Regulatory Experiences in Emerging Markets (Topic)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126633125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study computes measures of the degree of independence in practice of telecommunications regulators for Latin American and Caribbean countries in a new data set for 23 countries between 1990 and 2004. We focus on the degree to which governments are able to commit to preserve regulator independence. We combine this information with data on legal independence to construct indices of regulator independence that are more realistic than those used by the existing literature. Econometric results confirm that regulator independence has a positive impact on telecommunications performance, but purely legal indices appear to under-estimate this impact.
{"title":"The Degree of Commitment to Regulator Independence: Measurement and Impact","authors":"M. Montoya, Francesc Trillas","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2398524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2398524","url":null,"abstract":"This study computes measures of the degree of independence in practice of telecommunications regulators for Latin American and Caribbean countries in a new data set for 23 countries between 1990 and 2004. We focus on the degree to which governments are able to commit to preserve regulator independence. We combine this information with data on legal independence to construct indices of regulator independence that are more realistic than those used by the existing literature. Econometric results confirm that regulator independence has a positive impact on telecommunications performance, but purely legal indices appear to under-estimate this impact.","PeriodicalId":415834,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Comparative Case Studies of Industrial Policies & Regulatory Experiences in Emerging Markets (Topic)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114085769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A sweeping and protracted reform of corporate law took place in Finland in the 1970s. We document how the reform brought significant improvements to investor protection and tightened disclosure rules at the cost of increasing the workload in corporate reporting. To study the economic consequences of the reform we develop a simple coordination game where the effects of investor protection on corporate valuation vary with equilibria. Then, using firm‐level daily stock return data, we find that the Finnish stock market generally reacts negatively to news of increased investor protection and workload, whereas news of delays in implementation of reform generate largely positive market responses. These results raise the question of whether stronger investor protection and greater transparency unambiguously promote development of stock markets.
{"title":"Reforming Corporate Law in an Emerging Market","authors":"Timo P. Korkeamaki, E. Rainio, T. Takalo","doi":"10.1111/ecot.12020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/ecot.12020","url":null,"abstract":"A sweeping and protracted reform of corporate law took place in Finland in the 1970s. We document how the reform brought significant improvements to investor protection and tightened disclosure rules at the cost of increasing the workload in corporate reporting. To study the economic consequences of the reform we develop a simple coordination game where the effects of investor protection on corporate valuation vary with equilibria. Then, using firm‐level daily stock return data, we find that the Finnish stock market generally reacts negatively to news of increased investor protection and workload, whereas news of delays in implementation of reform generate largely positive market responses. These results raise the question of whether stronger investor protection and greater transparency unambiguously promote development of stock markets.","PeriodicalId":415834,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Comparative Case Studies of Industrial Policies & Regulatory Experiences in Emerging Markets (Topic)","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127355290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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