Pub Date : 2019-03-26DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0007
Keisha N. Blain
This chapter explores the political ideas of women in Garveyism, based on their writings in several global black newspapes of the 1940s, including the African: Journal of African Affairs and the New Negro World. It shows how women in the Universal Negro Improvement Association, from diverse backgrounds and writing from various locales, promoted a global black liberationist vision and added distinctive voices to discourses surrounding pan-Africanism. Maintaining cultural and racial bonds with Africans throughout the African diaspora, these women skillfully used the black press—on local, national, and international levels—to endorse anticolonial politics, challenge global white supremacy, and counter negative images and stereotypical depictions of African history and culture. Yet, while committed to that mission, these black women also embraced imperialist, civilizationist, and patriarchal views that promoted some of the same ideals they rejected. Examining the largely overlooked writings of Garveyite women (such as Amy Jacques Garvey and her involvement in the Fifth Pan-African Congress) in the United States and other parts of the globe captures the richness and complexities of black nationalist women’s ideas and activism during the twentieth century.
{"title":"“The Language of Freedom”","authors":"Keisha N. Blain","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the political ideas of women in Garveyism, based on their writings in several global black newspapes of the 1940s, including the African: Journal of African Affairs and the New Negro World. It shows how women in the Universal Negro Improvement Association, from diverse backgrounds and writing from various locales, promoted a global black liberationist vision and added distinctive voices to discourses surrounding pan-Africanism. Maintaining cultural and racial bonds with Africans throughout the African diaspora, these women skillfully used the black press—on local, national, and international levels—to endorse anticolonial politics, challenge global white supremacy, and counter negative images and stereotypical depictions of African history and culture. Yet, while committed to that mission, these black women also embraced imperialist, civilizationist, and patriarchal views that promoted some of the same ideals they rejected. Examining the largely overlooked writings of Garveyite women (such as Amy Jacques Garvey and her involvement in the Fifth Pan-African Congress) in the United States and other parts of the globe captures the richness and complexities of black nationalist women’s ideas and activism during the twentieth century.","PeriodicalId":416937,"journal":{"name":"Global Garveyism","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130355119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-26DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0011
J. M. D. Oca
In the past, authors have emphasized the importance of Marcus Garvey’s ideas and organization, the Universal Negro Improvement Association, in the development of the labor movement in Trinidad after 1919. In so doing, they have often overlooked a more complex reality on the ground. This chapter examines the ways in which the Trinidad Workingmen’s Association (TWA) combined Garveyism and labor politics, and how they navigated the potential contradictions between class-based and race-based organizing more broadly. It adds to the existing literature on Garveyism and race consciousness in Trinidad, a perspective that situates the TWA’s ideas on race and class as a local dialogue interacting with global discussions among black radicals about labor organizing, socialism, communism, black internationalism, and pan-Africanism.
{"title":"“No Race Question”","authors":"J. M. D. Oca","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"In the past, authors have emphasized the importance of Marcus Garvey’s ideas and organization, the Universal Negro Improvement Association, in the development of the labor movement in Trinidad after 1919. In so doing, they have often overlooked a more complex reality on the ground. This chapter examines the ways in which the Trinidad Workingmen’s Association (TWA) combined Garveyism and labor politics, and how they navigated the potential contradictions between class-based and race-based organizing more broadly. It adds to the existing literature on Garveyism and race consciousness in Trinidad, a perspective that situates the TWA’s ideas on race and class as a local dialogue interacting with global discussions among black radicals about labor organizing, socialism, communism, black internationalism, and pan-Africanism.","PeriodicalId":416937,"journal":{"name":"Global Garveyism","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117112401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-26DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0002
M. O. West
The Garvey movement was at once an end and a beginning. Although very much a product of its time – the immediate post-World War I era – Garveyism was an end in that it summarized much of the thought and struggle of nineteenth-century pan-Africanism and black nationalism. Marcus Garvey, not so much the man as the metaphor, and the United Negro Improvement Association, not so much the institution as the inspiration, sealed up a certain tradition (which included Toussaint Louverture’s Haitian Revolution and black revivalists) in the movement for black liberation in the modern world. At the same time, Garveyism was also a beginning, casting a long shadow on contemporary and subsequent movements against colonialism and white supremacy throughout the black world, including phenomena such as the Moorish Science Temple and Rastafari. This chapter places Garveyism at the center of a narrative spanning from the emergence of pan-Africanism in the eighteenth century to the Ethiopian crisis of 1935.
{"title":"Garveyism Root and Branch","authors":"M. O. West","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The Garvey movement was at once an end and a beginning. Although very much a product of its time – the immediate post-World War I era – Garveyism was an end in that it summarized much of the thought and struggle of nineteenth-century pan-Africanism and black nationalism. Marcus Garvey, not so much the man as the metaphor, and the United Negro Improvement Association, not so much the institution as the inspiration, sealed up a certain tradition (which included Toussaint Louverture’s Haitian Revolution and black revivalists) in the movement for black liberation in the modern world. At the same time, Garveyism was also a beginning, casting a long shadow on contemporary and subsequent movements against colonialism and white supremacy throughout the black world, including phenomena such as the Moorish Science Temple and Rastafari. This chapter places Garveyism at the center of a narrative spanning from the emergence of pan-Africanism in the eighteenth century to the Ethiopian crisis of 1935.","PeriodicalId":416937,"journal":{"name":"Global Garveyism","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122687085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-26DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0009
Adam Ewing
The success of Garveyism in Africa, the Caribbean, the United States, and elsewhere in the African diaspora calls attention to the manner in which pan-Africanism has spread not merely through the flow of ideas, associations, and cultural traditions generated and sustained by intellectual elites, but through modes of popular knowledge production. Following the spread of Garveyism beyond the organizational limits of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and in the guise of rumor and millenial prophecy offers scholars a method of tracking the breadth and depth of the movement’s wide-ranging influence. It helps us understand precisely why white authorities across the colonial world viewed Garveyism (and its publication Negro World) with such alarm. It invites a larger rethinking of the trajectories of pan-Africanism as a political device and about the parameters of the black global imagination more broadly. This chapter pays specific attention to the dynamics of Garveyism’s spread in South West Africa (Namibia).
{"title":"Popular Pan-Africanism","authors":"Adam Ewing","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The success of Garveyism in Africa, the Caribbean, the United States, and elsewhere in the African diaspora calls attention to the manner in which pan-Africanism has spread not merely through the flow of ideas, associations, and cultural traditions generated and sustained by intellectual elites, but through modes of popular knowledge production. Following the spread of Garveyism beyond the organizational limits of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and in the guise of rumor and millenial prophecy offers scholars a method of tracking the breadth and depth of the movement’s wide-ranging influence. It helps us understand precisely why white authorities across the colonial world viewed Garveyism (and its publication Negro World) with such alarm. It invites a larger rethinking of the trajectories of pan-Africanism as a political device and about the parameters of the black global imagination more broadly. This chapter pays specific attention to the dynamics of Garveyism’s spread in South West Africa (Namibia).","PeriodicalId":416937,"journal":{"name":"Global Garveyism","volume":"175 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122716447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-26DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0008
R. Vinson
This chapter is an initial attempt to recover the overlooked histories of Garveyite women in Africa. During the 1920s and 1930s, working within the South African Garveyite movement inaugurated by Wellington Buthelezi, African women in the Transkei indigenized global Garveyism to further their objective of African self-determination, particularly in their political, religious and educational lives. Regarded as apolitical tribal “natives” by government officials and as legal minors and social children by both black and white men, Garveyite women adopted transnational “American” identities to assert themselves as political actors, moving freely throughout the country to prophesy “American Negro” deliverance and to organize hundreds of independent churches and independent schools.
{"title":"“Hidden” in Plain Sight","authors":"R. Vinson","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is an initial attempt to recover the overlooked histories of Garveyite women in Africa. During the 1920s and 1930s, working within the South African Garveyite movement inaugurated by Wellington Buthelezi, African women in the Transkei indigenized global Garveyism to further their objective of African self-determination, particularly in their political, religious and educational lives. Regarded as apolitical tribal “natives” by government officials and as legal minors and social children by both black and white men, Garveyite women adopted transnational “American” identities to assert themselves as political actors, moving freely throughout the country to prophesy “American Negro” deliverance and to organize hundreds of independent churches and independent schools.","PeriodicalId":416937,"journal":{"name":"Global Garveyism","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128807907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-26DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0003
F. Sullivan
British West Indian migrants spread Garveyism across the circum-Caribbean in the late 1910s and early 1920s. Indeed, the organization was particularly important for those women and men who found themselves on the move. A core tenant and achievement of the United Negro Improvement Association was its portability and reliability. While spreading a powerful message of black racial uplift, Garveyites built an association that afforded members concrete benefits measurable in their day-to-day lives. Garveyism offered a degree of social capital for migrant laborers, as well as communities and networks that eased the impact of their move. This chapter examines the mechanics of this process in Cuba.
{"title":"“No Surrender”","authors":"F. Sullivan","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"British West Indian migrants spread Garveyism across the circum-Caribbean in the late 1910s and early 1920s. Indeed, the organization was particularly important for those women and men who found themselves on the move. A core tenant and achievement of the United Negro Improvement Association was its portability and reliability. While spreading a powerful message of black racial uplift, Garveyites built an association that afforded members concrete benefits measurable in their day-to-day lives. Garveyism offered a degree of social capital for migrant laborers, as well as communities and networks that eased the impact of their move. This chapter examines the mechanics of this process in Cuba.","PeriodicalId":416937,"journal":{"name":"Global Garveyism","volume":"187 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134255520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-26DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0010
J. Maynard
Writing in the aftermath of World War I, Marcus Garvey argued, “Never before in the history of the world has the spirit of unrest swept over as it has during the past two years”. He declared the era “the age of unrest, the age of dissatisfaction”. In Australia there emerged a vibrant pan-Aboriginal political movement, typified by Fred Maynard’s Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association, intent on demanding Aboriginal rights to land, opposing the government’s removal policy, defending an Indigenous cultural identity, demanding citizenship rights, and calling for self-determination and autonomy over Aboriginal affairs. This chapter examines Aboriginal political protest during this time of global upheaval, and examines the long-forgotten influence of Garveyism and the United Negro Improvement Association in the genesis of Aboriginal political mobilization during the 1920s.
{"title":"“The Age of Unrest, the Age of Dissatisfaction”","authors":"J. Maynard","doi":"10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Writing in the aftermath of World War I, Marcus Garvey argued, “Never before in the history of the world has the spirit of unrest swept over as it has during the past two years”. He declared the era “the age of unrest, the age of dissatisfaction”. In Australia there emerged a vibrant pan-Aboriginal political movement, typified by Fred Maynard’s Australian Aboriginal Progressive Association, intent on demanding Aboriginal rights to land, opposing the government’s removal policy, defending an Indigenous cultural identity, demanding citizenship rights, and calling for self-determination and autonomy over Aboriginal affairs. This chapter examines Aboriginal political protest during this time of global upheaval, and examines the long-forgotten influence of Garveyism and the United Negro Improvement Association in the genesis of Aboriginal political mobilization during the 1920s.","PeriodicalId":416937,"journal":{"name":"Global Garveyism","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121635226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-03-26DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0004
Erik S. McDuffie
This chapter examines the underappreciated impact of Garveyism in shaping Liberian politics and life during the 1970s. This work was spearheaded by Rev. Clarence W. Harding Jr., a dynamic Chicago-born African American leader, who relocated to Monrovia in 1966 and headed the local division of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) until his passing in 1978. Through the local division, and through the Marcus Garvey Memorial Institute, a UNIA-affiliated elementary and secondary school, Harding successfully disseminated the principles of Garveyism widely among working-class and indigenous Liberians living in Monrovia and collaborated with the emergent Movement for Justice in Africa. In tracing Harding’s work in Liberia, the chapter also highlights connections between Liberia and the U.S. Midwest—or what the author has fashioned as the “diasporic Midwest.”
本章考察了加维主义在20世纪70年代塑造利比里亚政治和生活方面未被充分认识的影响。这项工作由小克拉伦斯·w·哈丁牧师(Rev. Clarence W. Harding Jr.)带头，他是一位充满活力的非裔美国人领袖，出生于芝加哥，1966年移居蒙罗维亚，在1978年去世前一直领导着全球黑人改善协会(Universal Negro Improvement Association, UNIA)在当地的分部。通过当地分部和马库斯·加维纪念学院(一所联合国下属的小学和中学)，哈丁成功地在居住在蒙罗维亚的工人阶级和利比里亚土著中广泛传播了加维主义的原则，并与新兴的非洲正义运动合作。在追溯哈丁在利比里亚的工作时，本章还强调了利比里亚与美国中西部之间的联系——或者作者所塑造的“散居的中西部”。
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Pub Date : 2019-03-26DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0005
Ronald J. Stephens
This chapter explores the clash between global Garveyism and local Garveyism by investigating the practice of Garveyism on the ground. It does so by focusing on the work of Joseph Alexander Craigen, the executive secretary of the Detroit Chapter of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and a leading UNIA official, who maintained a professional relationship with Marcus Garvey from 1919 to 1931, but who was sometimes in disagreement with Garvey’s down- to-earth leadership and management style. It also examines Craigen’s split with Garvey in 1929, and follows Craigen’s career beyond his formal association with the UNIA, both in Detroit and in Idlewild, Michigan. This chapter enables scholars to better understand how the practical operation of the UNIA—despite Garvey’s efforts to establish a clear chain of command—encouraged the creation of local centers of power. By charting Craigen’s post-UNIA career, it also demonstrates the manner in which the mass movement sustained by the UNIA in the United States during the 1920s continued to reverberate in the activities of talented men and women like Craigen who gained a political education in the organization.
本章通过实地考察Garveyism的实践，探讨了全球Garveyism和地方Garveyism之间的冲突。该书通过关注约瑟夫·亚历山大·克雷根(Joseph Alexander Craigen)的工作来做到这一点，他是全球黑人改善协会(UNIA)底特律分会的执行秘书，也是UNIA的主要官员，他在1919年至1931年期间与马库斯·加维(Marcus Garvey)保持着专业关系，但有时与加维的务实领导和管理风格存在分歧。它还考察了克雷根在1929年与加维的分裂，并跟随克雷根在底特律和密歇根州爱德怀尔德与美国大学协会正式合作之后的职业生涯。这一章使学者们能够更好地理解联合国的实际运作——尽管加维努力建立一个明确的指挥链——是如何鼓励地方权力中心的建立的。通过描绘克雷根在UNIA之后的职业生涯，它也展示了在20世纪20年代，美国UNIA所支持的群众运动如何继续在克雷根这样的有才华的人的活动中产生反响，他们在这个组织中接受了政治教育。
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Pub Date : 2019-03-26DOI: 10.5744/florida/9780813056210.003.0006
N. Bourbonnais
This chapter uses the Jamaican Garveyite weekly New Negro Voice to examine gender dynamics and gender politics in the Harmony Division of the Universal Negro Improvement Association in the early 1940s. While the UNIA promoted patriarchal structure and binary gender roles, the pages of the New Negro Voice and the meetings of the Harmony Division also provided space for alternative visions of gender roles and critiques of women’s subordination by both female and male Garveyites who valued women’s broader activities outside the home, argued that women’s full equality was pivotal to the future of the race, and praised Jamaican women’s political leadership. Similarly, alongside images of the nurturing, caretaking “race mother” or patriarchal “race man,” the sources highlight other means of status-claiming within the organization that were more gender-neutral, based on a member’s militarism, sense of justice, their level of commitment to the organization, etc. These principles allowed women like Maymie L.T. de Mena Aiken to exercise considerable authority at Liberty Hall and beyond. The complexity of these dynamics are explored in an examination of the debate over birth control, which split the leadership of the Harmony Division among rigid gender lines and tested the flexibility of Garvey’s ideology.
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