Pub Date : 2013-05-12DOI: 10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602358
Fadi T. Jaber, F. Labeed, M. Hughes
In this article, which is related to the biomedical signal processing applications area of the workshop, we present a system for positioning a single-neuron inside each micro-well of a 4-by-4 planar microelectrode array (MEA). Neurons are moved toward the electrode sites of the MEA (located at the bottom of the wells) using dielectrophoresis. The system utilizes the image acquisition and processing capabilities of MATLAB to detect the presence of a neuron inside each micro-well and stop the dielectrophoretic force, thus preventing more cells from being loaded. This method provides a fast, simple and relatively inexpensive way for loading cells on MEAs embedded with micro-wells for the purpose of acquiring and processing action potentials from geometrically defined biological neural networks at the single-cell level. Recordings from neurons that were positioned using this system have been obtained and are presented.
{"title":"A dielectrophoresis and image processing based system for loading single-neurons per micro-well in planar microelectrode arrays","authors":"Fadi T. Jaber, F. Labeed, M. Hughes","doi":"10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602358","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, which is related to the biomedical signal processing applications area of the workshop, we present a system for positioning a single-neuron inside each micro-well of a 4-by-4 planar microelectrode array (MEA). Neurons are moved toward the electrode sites of the MEA (located at the bottom of the wells) using dielectrophoresis. The system utilizes the image acquisition and processing capabilities of MATLAB to detect the presence of a neuron inside each micro-well and stop the dielectrophoretic force, thus preventing more cells from being loaded. This method provides a fast, simple and relatively inexpensive way for loading cells on MEAs embedded with micro-wells for the purpose of acquiring and processing action potentials from geometrically defined biological neural networks at the single-cell level. Recordings from neurons that were positioned using this system have been obtained and are presented.","PeriodicalId":417940,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications (WoSSPA)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130292687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-12DOI: 10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602412
Messai Mohamed-Lamine
A challenging issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is the energy saving to extend the networks lifetime. In this paper, we propose a novel Energy-Aware Clustering algorithm (EAC) for prolong the wireless sensor network lifetime, EAC achieves a good performance in terms of lifetime by balancing the energy load among all the sensor nodes in the network. EAC introduces the energy factor for cluster head selection and distance factor for non-cluster heads to select its cluster head. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm increases the network lifetime in compare of the well-known LEACH protocol.
{"title":"New clustering scheme for wireless sensor networks","authors":"Messai Mohamed-Lamine","doi":"10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602412","url":null,"abstract":"A challenging issue in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is the energy saving to extend the networks lifetime. In this paper, we propose a novel Energy-Aware Clustering algorithm (EAC) for prolong the wireless sensor network lifetime, EAC achieves a good performance in terms of lifetime by balancing the energy load among all the sensor nodes in the network. EAC introduces the energy factor for cluster head selection and distance factor for non-cluster heads to select its cluster head. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm increases the network lifetime in compare of the well-known LEACH protocol.","PeriodicalId":417940,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications (WoSSPA)","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128539442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-12DOI: 10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602394
F. Kerouh, A. Serir
Blind image deblurring algorithms (BIDA) constitute a subset of image restoration algorithms used to solve ill-posed inverse problems, which can be challenging in low SNR situations. Those iterative methods usually impose some regularization upon the deconvolution process in order to constrain the problem and reduce the size of solution space. In this paper, we propose to use a new stopping criterion for iterative deblurring algorithms based on our previously published no reference blur image quality measure. The rationale behind the proposed stopping criterion is to control the deconvolution process by estimating the reminding blur quantity. For test, two iterative deblurring algorithms are considered. The Lucy Richardson [1,2] and the Shock Filters methods [3,4]. The proposed adaptive approach has been tested on blurred images from LIVE database (Gblur).
{"title":"A quality measure based stopping criterion for iterative deblurring algorithms","authors":"F. Kerouh, A. Serir","doi":"10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602394","url":null,"abstract":"Blind image deblurring algorithms (BIDA) constitute a subset of image restoration algorithms used to solve ill-posed inverse problems, which can be challenging in low SNR situations. Those iterative methods usually impose some regularization upon the deconvolution process in order to constrain the problem and reduce the size of solution space. In this paper, we propose to use a new stopping criterion for iterative deblurring algorithms based on our previously published no reference blur image quality measure. The rationale behind the proposed stopping criterion is to control the deconvolution process by estimating the reminding blur quantity. For test, two iterative deblurring algorithms are considered. The Lucy Richardson [1,2] and the Shock Filters methods [3,4]. The proposed adaptive approach has been tested on blurred images from LIVE database (Gblur).","PeriodicalId":417940,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications (WoSSPA)","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132783137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-12DOI: 10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602408
M. Oularbi, S. Gazor, A. Aíssa-El-Bey, S. Houcke
In a recent work [1, 2], we proposed a GLR (Generalized Likelihood Ratio) test dedicated to the identification of OFDM systems. In the present paper, we show that the proposed technique can be extended for the estimation of the number of antennas used by a base station. This extension is made possible thanks to the orthogonality property that exhibits the pilot pattern associated to the different antennas. Thanks to a multi-hypothesis testing we show that the number of transmitting antennas is estimated using only one antenna at the receiver and without any knowledge of the pilot sequence.
{"title":"Exploiting the pilot pattern orthogonality of OFDMA signals for the estimation of base stations number of antennas","authors":"M. Oularbi, S. Gazor, A. Aíssa-El-Bey, S. Houcke","doi":"10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602408","url":null,"abstract":"In a recent work [1, 2], we proposed a GLR (Generalized Likelihood Ratio) test dedicated to the identification of OFDM systems. In the present paper, we show that the proposed technique can be extended for the estimation of the number of antennas used by a base station. This extension is made possible thanks to the orthogonality property that exhibits the pilot pattern associated to the different antennas. Thanks to a multi-hypothesis testing we show that the number of transmitting antennas is estimated using only one antenna at the receiver and without any knowledge of the pilot sequence.","PeriodicalId":417940,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications (WoSSPA)","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123533245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-12DOI: 10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602335
M. Ammar, K. Abed-Meraim, A. Belouchrani
Recently, many non orthogonal joint diagonalization (NOJD) algorithms have been developed and applied in several applications including blind source separation (BSS) problems. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of major complex NOJD (CNOJD) algorithm and to study and compare their performance in adverse scenarios. This performance analysis reveals many interesting features that help the non expert user to select the CNOJD method depending on the application conditions.
{"title":"Comparative performance analysis of non orthogonal joint diagonalization algorithms","authors":"M. Ammar, K. Abed-Meraim, A. Belouchrani","doi":"10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602335","url":null,"abstract":"Recently, many non orthogonal joint diagonalization (NOJD) algorithms have been developed and applied in several applications including blind source separation (BSS) problems. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of major complex NOJD (CNOJD) algorithm and to study and compare their performance in adverse scenarios. This performance analysis reveals many interesting features that help the non expert user to select the CNOJD method depending on the application conditions.","PeriodicalId":417940,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications (WoSSPA)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129945625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-12DOI: 10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602374
K. Loukhaoukha, M. Nabti, Khalil Zebbiche
This paper proposes an efficient image cryptosystem based on permutation and diffusion operations in order to enhance the protection of iris-based systems against replay attacks. These attacks have been identified and located in different points by Ratha et al. [1]. First, the original image is partitioned into blocks, which are then permuted using a permutation key. After that, the Rubik's cube principle is applied to each block in order to obtain a scrambled image. Finally, the pixels values of rows and columns of the scrambled image are changed using XOR operator to generate the encrypted image. Experimental tests and security analysis have been carried out on iris images, chosen from CASIA database [2]. The obtained results clearly show the robustness of the proposed image cryptosystem against common attacks, namely exhaustive, differential and statistical attacks and also reveal the high security level achieved by the proposed algorithm.
{"title":"An efficient image encryption algorithm based on blocks permutation and Rubik's cube principle for iris images","authors":"K. Loukhaoukha, M. Nabti, Khalil Zebbiche","doi":"10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602374","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes an efficient image cryptosystem based on permutation and diffusion operations in order to enhance the protection of iris-based systems against replay attacks. These attacks have been identified and located in different points by Ratha et al. [1]. First, the original image is partitioned into blocks, which are then permuted using a permutation key. After that, the Rubik's cube principle is applied to each block in order to obtain a scrambled image. Finally, the pixels values of rows and columns of the scrambled image are changed using XOR operator to generate the encrypted image. Experimental tests and security analysis have been carried out on iris images, chosen from CASIA database [2]. The obtained results clearly show the robustness of the proposed image cryptosystem against common attacks, namely exhaustive, differential and statistical attacks and also reveal the high security level achieved by the proposed algorithm.","PeriodicalId":417940,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications (WoSSPA)","volume":"14 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121015549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-12DOI: 10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602359
Mourad Bouzegza, M. Elarbi-Boudihir
Real-time understanding of human behavior in video streams is presently one of the most active areas of research in Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence. Its purpose is to automatically detect, track and describe human activities in a sequence of image frames. Challenges in this topic of research are numerous and sometimes very difficult to work out. Consequently, the progress is very slow and the results are not very satisfactory. This paper aims to survey the methods used in human behavior understanding, showing their strengths and weaknesses. This small “toolbox” of methods and strategies could be very useful to the researcher and the engineer alike.
{"title":"Automatic understanding of human behavior in videos: A review","authors":"Mourad Bouzegza, M. Elarbi-Boudihir","doi":"10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602359","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time understanding of human behavior in video streams is presently one of the most active areas of research in Computer Vision and Artificial Intelligence. Its purpose is to automatically detect, track and describe human activities in a sequence of image frames. Challenges in this topic of research are numerous and sometimes very difficult to work out. Consequently, the progress is very slow and the results are not very satisfactory. This paper aims to survey the methods used in human behavior understanding, showing their strengths and weaknesses. This small “toolbox” of methods and strategies could be very useful to the researcher and the engineer alike.","PeriodicalId":417940,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications (WoSSPA)","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122986509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-12DOI: 10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602389
A. Meftah, S. Selouani, Y. Alotaibi
This paper investigates the relationship between speakers' gender and rhythm metrics (i.e., %V, ΔC, and ΔV) for three Arabic dialects, namely Modern Standard Arabic, Saudi Arabic, and Levantine. To carry out this study, three corpora have been used: the West Point, Saudi Accented Arabic Voice Bank (SAAVB), and BBN/AUB DARPA Babylon, for Modern Standard Arabic, Saudi Arabic, and Levantine, respectively. Because of differences (e.g., in the language of the spoken content) among the corpora, we compare genders within each specific corpus. Variations are found in speech rate between the three dialects and even within the same dialect between males and females. Rhythm metrics can be used to identify the gender and dialect.
{"title":"Investigating speaker gender using rhythm metrics in Arabic dialects","authors":"A. Meftah, S. Selouani, Y. Alotaibi","doi":"10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602389","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the relationship between speakers' gender and rhythm metrics (i.e., %V, ΔC, and ΔV) for three Arabic dialects, namely Modern Standard Arabic, Saudi Arabic, and Levantine. To carry out this study, three corpora have been used: the West Point, Saudi Accented Arabic Voice Bank (SAAVB), and BBN/AUB DARPA Babylon, for Modern Standard Arabic, Saudi Arabic, and Levantine, respectively. Because of differences (e.g., in the language of the spoken content) among the corpora, we compare genders within each specific corpus. Variations are found in speech rate between the three dialects and even within the same dialect between males and females. Rhythm metrics can be used to identify the gender and dialect.","PeriodicalId":417940,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications (WoSSPA)","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115769725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-12DOI: 10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602352
Hamza Bendaoudi, A. Khouas
Stereo vision IP (Intellectual Property) modules and obstacle detection systems using stereo vision is an important issue in intelligent vehicle, robots navigation and automotive. In this paper, we proposed an IP module with four (4) known stereo vision algorithms. The four algorithms architectures are compared in term of resources utilization and processing speed (frequency). We developed a software interface for VHDL code generation with needed IP parameters. The proposed IP-Based hardware architecture combines the stereo vision IP to compute the disparity map with V-disparity image and simplified Hough transform for obstacle detection. The proposed system was tested using Virtex-Il FPGA based prototyping board. Resources utilization and speed are estimated for different parameters of the disparity map algorithm.
{"title":"Stereo vision IP design for FPGA implementation of obstacle detection system","authors":"Hamza Bendaoudi, A. Khouas","doi":"10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602352","url":null,"abstract":"Stereo vision IP (Intellectual Property) modules and obstacle detection systems using stereo vision is an important issue in intelligent vehicle, robots navigation and automotive. In this paper, we proposed an IP module with four (4) known stereo vision algorithms. The four algorithms architectures are compared in term of resources utilization and processing speed (frequency). We developed a software interface for VHDL code generation with needed IP parameters. The proposed IP-Based hardware architecture combines the stereo vision IP to compute the disparity map with V-disparity image and simplified Hough transform for obstacle detection. The proposed system was tested using Virtex-Il FPGA based prototyping board. Resources utilization and speed are estimated for different parameters of the disparity map algorithm.","PeriodicalId":417940,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications (WoSSPA)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125650612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-05-12DOI: 10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602357
S. Hussain, Salleh, I. Kamarulafizam, A. M. Noor, Arief A. Harris, H. Oemar, Khalid Yusoff
Heart disorder can be diagnosed by listening to the heart sound that is recorded using stethoscope on the human chest. However, human interpretation and diagnosis based on auscultation is somewhat subjective and vary depending on the skill and hearing ability of the physician. Studies have been focusing on the development and evaluation of methods in detecting the various components of the heart sound at a specific auscultation point. The principle interest of this paper is, however focused towards finding the optimal auscultation point which involves placing the stethoscope at different position namely at the aortic valve and pulmonary valve which provide better quality of the second heart sound component (S2) and mitral valve and tricuspid valve where the first heart sound component (Sl) can be heard more clearly. Comparative experiments using to Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC) property, variation of the number of Hidden markov Model (HMM) states and variation of the number of gaussian mixtures were conducted to measure the offects of these factors to the classification performance at the four locations of auscultation point. Further works was also carried out with time-frequency distribution which is known to provide information about how the spectral content of the signal evolves with time. The Extended Modified B-distribution was chosen from a number of time-frequency methods due to its ability to represent the signal in the most efficient way in term of noise and cross term elimination.
{"title":"Classification of heart sound based on multipoint auscultation system","authors":"S. Hussain, Salleh, I. Kamarulafizam, A. M. Noor, Arief A. Harris, H. Oemar, Khalid Yusoff","doi":"10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/WOSSPA.2013.6602357","url":null,"abstract":"Heart disorder can be diagnosed by listening to the heart sound that is recorded using stethoscope on the human chest. However, human interpretation and diagnosis based on auscultation is somewhat subjective and vary depending on the skill and hearing ability of the physician. Studies have been focusing on the development and evaluation of methods in detecting the various components of the heart sound at a specific auscultation point. The principle interest of this paper is, however focused towards finding the optimal auscultation point which involves placing the stethoscope at different position namely at the aortic valve and pulmonary valve which provide better quality of the second heart sound component (S2) and mitral valve and tricuspid valve where the first heart sound component (Sl) can be heard more clearly. Comparative experiments using to Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficient (MFCC) property, variation of the number of Hidden markov Model (HMM) states and variation of the number of gaussian mixtures were conducted to measure the offects of these factors to the classification performance at the four locations of auscultation point. Further works was also carried out with time-frequency distribution which is known to provide information about how the spectral content of the signal evolves with time. The Extended Modified B-distribution was chosen from a number of time-frequency methods due to its ability to represent the signal in the most efficient way in term of noise and cross term elimination.","PeriodicalId":417940,"journal":{"name":"2013 8th International Workshop on Systems, Signal Processing and their Applications (WoSSPA)","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124626450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：