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A Good(s) Decision for Agents? 代理商的好决策?
IF 0.4 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.54648/bula2022007
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引用次数: 0
Rise of the ‘Gig Worker’ Economy or Just Mending the Legislative Leak? 零工经济的兴起还是修补立法漏洞?
IF 0.4 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.54648/bula2022002
S. Hardy
This article assesses the extent to which the UK’s Supreme Court (UKSC) rulings in Uber and Pimlico Plumbers have resolved the long-standing conundrum facing employers of the label ‘worker’. This analysis raises critical issues relating to the effectiveness or otherwise of regulation of the gig economy. Furthermore, it seeks to question how the gig economy is reframing employment law.Employment law, employment status, worker status, gig economy, employment rights
本文评估了英国最高法院(UKSC)在优步和皮姆利科水管工的裁决在多大程度上解决了雇主长期面临的“工人”标签难题。这一分析提出了与零工经济监管的有效性或其他方面有关的关键问题。此外,它还试图质疑零工经济是如何重塑就业法的。劳动法,就业状况,工人地位,零工经济,就业权利
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引用次数: 0
The Limits of Privilege: Joint Interest and Indirect Shareholders 特权的限制:共同利益与间接股东
IF 0.4 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.54648/bula2022005
Under English law, direct shareholders are considered to have a joint interest in the privileged materials of their subsidiaries. However, for reasons of policy, this same right has been denied to indirect shareholders. This distinction, and so the current law on joint interest privilege, fails to take into account the complexity of contemporary corporate structures and the dynamics of modern shareholder litigation. Given the trend of increasing shareholder litigation, it is a matter of time until the common law is found wanting and the rights of an indirect shareholder to the inspection of the privileged material of its subsidiary are limited unfairly. It is this article’s contention that indirect shareholders should be given limited rights to inspection of the privileged materials of their subsidiaries and the denial of such rights should not be waived away by the blunt instrument of policy. Instead, it proposes a new model based on a rebuttable presumption that the materials of a company are privileged against indirect shareholders unless they can demonstrate ‘good cause’ in line with well-defined criteria. It is hoped this model will provide greater legal certainty to this area and ensure a more robust foundation for so important a legal right.Law of privilege, shareholder litigation, shareholder rights, indirect shareholders, joint interest, subsidiaries, ‘good cause’
根据英国法律,直接股东被认为对其子公司的特权材料具有共同利益。然而,由于政策原因,间接股东被剥夺了同样的权利。这种区分,以及现行有关共同利益特权的法律,未能考虑到当代公司结构的复杂性和现代股东诉讼的动态。鉴于股东诉讼日益增多的趋势,发现普通法的不足是时间问题,间接股东审查子公司特权材料的权利受到不公平的限制。本文的论点是,应赋予间接股东有限的权利来检查其子公司的特权材料,并且不应通过生硬的政策工具放弃对这种权利的剥夺。相反,它提出了一个基于一个可反驳的假设的新模型,即公司的材料对间接股东有特权,除非他们能证明符合明确定义的标准的“正当理由”。希望这一模式将为这一领域提供更大的法律确定性,并确保为如此重要的法律权利提供更坚实的基础。特权法,股东诉讼,股东权利,间接股东,共同利益,子公司,正当理由
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引用次数: 0
Nominee Directors: Caught Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea 提名导演:《夹在魔鬼与深蓝海之间
IF 0.4 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2022-02-01 DOI: 10.54648/bula2022006
A nominee director stands somewhat apart from the other directors by virtue of having been nominated by a shareholder, or other stakeholder of the company, to represent the shareholder’s particular interest. Nominee directors are de jure directors of the companies to whose board they have been appointed. They are not a distinct class of directors and they owe the same duties to the company as other directors, whilst at the same time, representing through expectation of loyalty or legal duty, the interests of the appointer. The difficulty that arises for a nominee director is that in the eyes of the law they are treated like any other director, but there is usually an expectation that they will act with some awareness of their appointer’s interest. This article discusses the role of the nominee director with a particular focus on the English and Cayman Islands legal position.Nominee directors, English and Cayman Islands legal position, duties, conflict of interest
被提名董事由股东或公司的其他利益相关者提名,代表股东的特定利益,因此与其他董事有所区别。被提名董事是他们被任命为董事会成员的公司在法律上的董事。他们不是一个独特的董事类别,他们对公司负有与其他董事相同的责任,同时,通过对忠诚或法律责任的期望,代表任命者的利益。被提名董事面临的困难在于,从法律的角度来看,他们和其他董事一样被对待,但人们通常期望他们会在一定程度上意识到任命者的利益。本文讨论了提名董事的作用,特别关注英国和开曼群岛的法律地位。提名董事,英国和开曼群岛的法律地位,职责,利益冲突
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引用次数: 0
A study on the Financial Consumer Protection Act and the possibility of granting liability for damages to large GA 《金融消费者保护法》与给予大型金融机构损害赔偿责任的可能性研究
IF 0.4 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.24886/blr.2021.12.35.4.9
Byeong-gyu Choi
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引用次数: 0
Highlights of Nigeria’s Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2018: An Overview 2018年尼日利亚联邦竞争和消费者保护法的要点:概述
IF 0.4 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/bula2021041
D. O. Adetoro
The Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act 2018 (FCCPA) was eventually signed into law in April 2019 and same is to be known as the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act. The Act repealed the Consumer Protection Act, Cap. 25, laws of the Federation of Nigeria, 2014 and established the Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (FCCPC) and the Competition and Consumer Protection Tribunal for the development and promotion of fair, efficient and competitive markets in the Nigerian economy. This prized enactment came after a painstaking drafting process, which was saddled with many drafts, seminars, debates, and ‘behind-the-scenes maneuvers’. It remains to be seen whether it is now respite to the consumers or yet another regulatory hype. (There are yet to be any real judicial proceedings in this matter save for some administrative measures that have been taken in recent times.) Consumer Protection, competition law, Nigeria, commercial transactions, Federal Competition and Consumer Protection Act.
《2018年联邦竞争与消费者保护法》(FCCPA)最终于2019年4月签署成为法律,该法案被称为《联邦竞争与消费者保护法》。该法案废除了2014年尼日利亚联邦法律第25章“消费者保护法”,并成立了联邦竞争和消费者保护委员会(FCCPC)和竞争和消费者保护法庭,以发展和促进尼日利亚经济中的公平,高效和竞争市场。这一珍贵的法案是经过了艰苦的起草过程,经历了许多草案、研讨会、辩论和“幕后操纵”。这究竟是对消费者的喘息,还是又一次监管炒作,还有待观察。(除了最近采取的一些行政措施外,这件事还没有任何真正的司法程序。)消费者保护,竞争法,尼日利亚,商业交易,联邦竞争和消费者保护法。
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引用次数: 0
Sustainability of Environmental, Social and Governance The Sustainability of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) Reporting in the US and the UK 环境、社会和治理的可持续性美国和英国的环境、社会和治理(ESG)报告的可持续性
IF 0.4 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/bula2021038
Peter Yeoh
Regardless of the controversy over the impact of environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues on the fates or fortunes of business corporations, calls whether from policymakers (I. Mirza, ‘Congress a step closer to making corporate ESG disclosure mandatory’ (2021), JD Supra, 28 June 2021, https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/congress-a-step-closer-tomaking- 9721287/ (accessed 8 Aug. 2021), social advocates (J. Jaeger, ‘Activist investor win at ExxonMobil should be wake-up call for companies’ (2021), Compliance Week, 15 June 2021, https://www.complianceweek.com/boards-andshareholders/ activist-investor-win-at-exxonmobil-should-bewake- up-call-for-companies/30475.article (accessed 8 Aug. 2021), and from businesses itself (A. Murray & K. Dunn, ‘CEOs are calling for more regulation-of ESG standards’, Fortune, 12 August 2021, https://fortune. com/2021/08/12/ceos-are-calling-for-more-regulationof-esgstandards/ (accessed 12 Aug. 2021), are increasingly made throughout the course of the present COVID-19 pandemic cycle for regulatory actions (C.A. Adams & S. Abhayawansa, ‘Connecting the COVID-19 pandemic, environmental, social and governance (ESG) investing and calls for “harmonisation” of sustainability reporting’, Critical Perspectives on Accounting, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa. 2021.10230908/08/21 (accessed 9 Aug. 2021). Various facets of the COVID-19 pandemic have been blamed for their impacts on the lives and livelihoods of people across the world (OECD, ‘Coronavirus: The world economy at risk’ (2020), OECD Interim Economic Assessment (2 Mar. 2020), https://www.oecd.org/berlin/publikationen/Interim- Economic-Assessment-2-March-2020.pdf (accessed 8 Aug. 2021), including those in the US and the UK, but equally business corporations (E. Reicin, ‘Businesses should be held accountable for their ESG claims’ (2021), Forbes (23 Mar. 2021), https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesnonprofitcouncil/ 2021/03/23/businesses-should-be-held-accountable-for-theiresg- claims/?sh=67265fd25679 (accessed 8 Aug. 2021) and governments (K.P. Pucker, ‘Overselling sustainability reporting’ (2020), Harvard Business Review, May–June 2020, https://hbr.org/2021/05/overselling-sustainability-reporting (accessed 8 Aug. 2021) have also been blamed for their respective failures to do their parts in addressing ESG challenges that have become more prominent.Trust law, commercial trust, evolution of the role of a trustee, rule of law, whether a commercial trust is in the essence of a trust
尽管环境、社会和治理(ESG)问题对商业公司命运或财富的影响存在争议,但无论是政策制定者(I. Mirza,“国会离强制要求企业披露ESG更近了一步”(2021),JD Supra, 2021年6月28日,https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/congress-a-step-closer-tomaking- 9721287/(访问日期为2021年8月8日),还是社会倡导者(J. Jaeger,“激进投资者在埃克森美孚的胜利应该为公司敲响警钟”(2021),合规周刊,2021年6月15日,https://www.complianceweek.com/boards-andshareholders/ Activist -investor-win-at- ExxonMobil -should- wake-up -call-for-companies/30475。A. Murray & K. Dunn,“ceo们呼吁加强ESG标准监管”,《财富》杂志,2021年8月12日,https://fortune。/2021/08/12/ceos-are- callingfor -more- regulatory - of- esgstands.com /(可于2021年8月12日访问),在当前COVID-19大流行周期中越来越多地提出监管行动(C.A. Adams & S. Abhayawansa,“将COVID-19大流行、环境、社会和治理(ESG)投资联系起来,并呼吁可持续发展报告的“统一”),Critical Perspectives on Accounting, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpa。2021.10230908/08/21(2021年8月9日访问)。人们认为,COVID-19大流行的各个方面对世界各地人民的生活和生计造成了影响(经合组织,冠状病毒:“世界经济面临风险”(2020),经合组织中期经济评估(2020年3月2日),https://www.oecd.org/berlin/publikationen/Interim- Economic-Assessment-2- march -2020.pdf(2021年8月8日访问),包括美国和英国的企业,但同样是商业公司(E. Reicin,“企业应该对其ESG主张负责”(2021),福布斯(2021年3月23日),https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesnonprofitcouncil/ 2021/03/23/商业-应该对其ESG主张负责/?sh=67265fd25679(访问日期为2021年8月8日)和政府(K.P. Pucker,“过度销售可持续发展报告”(2020年),哈佛商业评论,2020年5月至6月,https://hbr.org/2021/05/overselling-sustainability-reporting(访问日期为2021年8月8日))也因各自未能在应对日益突出的ESG挑战方面尽自己的一份力而受到指责。信托法,商业信托,受托人角色的演变,法治,商业信托是否具有信托的本质
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引用次数: 0
The Influence of Game Theory in HM Revenue and Customs’ Choice of Civil or Criminal Enforcement 博弈论对海关税收和海关民事执法或刑事执法选择的影响
IF 0.4 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/bula2021039
James Marson, Hamza Khan
This article outlines the method by which self-employed individuals assess and fulfil their income tax obligations. The civil and criminal investigative powers available to Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC) are analysed, adopting a comparative approach, following which we present an application of game theory in determining the strategy for the most advantageous options available to both the taxpayer and HMRC for payment and recovery, respectively. Game theory provides an explanation for the conscious and purposeful decision-making of competing parties, based often on incomplete information and/or the intentions of the parties. This is particularly apt given the nature of the self-assessment tax regime in England and Wales with the choice of the taxpayer to fairly and honestly disclose their income and the tax to be paid, and equally HMRC with its choice to accept or challenge the details in the taxpayer’s return. As such, we use game theory as a means for determining optimal behaviours in difficult circumstances.Criminal and civil enforcement, Fraud, Game theory, HMRC, Tax returns.
本文概述了自雇人士评估和履行其所得税义务的方法。本文采用比较方法对英国税务海关总署(HMRC)的民事和刑事调查权进行了分析,随后我们提出了博弈论的应用,以确定纳税人和HMRC在支付和追回税款方面最有利的选择策略。博弈论为竞争各方的有意识和有目的的决策提供了一种解释,这种决策通常基于不完全的信息和/或各方的意图。考虑到英格兰和威尔士的自我评估税收制度的性质,纳税人可以选择公平诚实地披露自己的收入和要缴纳的税款,而英国税务海关总署也可以选择接受或质疑纳税人报税表中的细节,这一点尤其合适。因此,我们使用博弈论作为在困难情况下确定最佳行为的手段。刑事和民事执法,欺诈,博弈论,英国税务海关总署,纳税申报表。
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引用次数: 0
The Controversy of Executive Remuneration: Pay Ratios and Other Approaches 高管薪酬之争:薪酬比率与其他途径
IF 0.4 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/bula2021040
Demetra Arsalidou, Clément Labi
The regulation of executive pay needs a radical rethinking. Due to the current emphasis on the consequences of the pandemic on companies, and the calls for fairer pay designs, increased scrutiny of pay, pay gap reporting and accompanying narratives is inevitable. Adopting a clear policy on pay can prove a solid tool in promoting positive perceptions and encouraging a persuasive response to any adverse scrutiny of pay issues. Yet, regulating executive pay is a balancing act. Societies and the law must preserve companies’ freedom to decide their own executives’ pay whilst safeguarding fairness within pay structures. Clearly, in making laws on executive pay, governments in western economies must accommodate for many conflicting policy views and variables: whether to allow company boards to exercise their powers of management free of (further) government limitation, or to extend regulation in order to tackle the general public’s concern over executive greed and unethical pay structures.Criminal and civil enforcement, Fraud, Game theory, HMRC, Tax returns.
对高管薪酬的监管需要进行彻底的反思。由于目前强调疫情对公司的影响,并呼吁更公平的薪酬设计,因此加强对薪酬、薪酬差距报告和相关叙述的审查是不可避免的。采用一项明确的薪酬政策,可以证明是促进积极看法和鼓励对薪酬问题的任何不利审查作出有说服力的回应的坚实工具。然而,监管高管薪酬是一种平衡行为。社会和法律必须维护公司决定自己高管薪酬的自由,同时维护薪酬结构的公平性。显然,在制定有关高管薪酬的法律时,西方经济体的政府必须考虑到许多相互矛盾的政策观点和变量:是允许公司董事会不受(进一步)政府限制地行使其管理权力,还是扩大监管,以解决公众对高管贪婪和不道德薪酬结构的担忧。刑事和民事执法,欺诈,博弈论,英国税务海关总署,纳税申报表。
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引用次数: 0
Beneficial Ownership and Corporate Governance in Ghana 加纳的实益拥有权和公司治理
IF 0.4 Q3 LAW Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.54648/bula2021042
Gertrude Amorkor Amarh
One of Ghana’s most recent innovations in corporate law is the introduction of a statutory beneficial ownership disclosure regime. This article explores the contribution of the regime to corporate governance in Ghana. The article examines whether the disclosure regime would in any way enhance the relationship among the various stakeholders in both listed and private companies. It is argued that while the newly introduced statutory disclosure regime is likely to contribute towards promoting good corporate governance of companies in Ghana, that alone may be insufficient to protect the interests of a company’s stakeholders in the absence of other safeguards.Ghana, beneficial ownership disclosure, corporate governance, Act 992, Act 920, financial and economic crimes, central register, anti-money laundering, abuse of the corporate form
加纳在公司法方面的最新创新之一是引入了法定的受益所有人披露制度。本文探讨了该制度对加纳公司治理的贡献。本文考察了披露制度是否会以任何方式加强上市公司和私营公司各利益相关者之间的关系。有人认为,虽然新引入的法定披露制度可能有助于促进加纳公司的良好公司治理,但在缺乏其他保障措施的情况下,仅凭这一点可能不足以保护公司利益相关者的利益。加纳,受益所有权披露,公司治理,992法,920法,金融和经济犯罪,中央登记,反洗钱,滥用公司形式
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引用次数: 0
期刊
AUSTRALIAN BUSINESS LAW REVIEW
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