This paper estimates the effect of patent pledges, commitments made voluntarily by patent holders to limit the enforcement of their patents, on follow-on inventions. Patent pledges have been gaining popularity in recent years thanks to the highly visible pledges of companies such as Google and Tesla. Nascent literature discusses the legal and strategic implications of patent pledges, but we know very little about the societal aspects of such pledges. The empirical analysis exploits original data on more than 1,200 patents pledged from across technological fields between 2005 and 2017. We implement recent advances in conditional difference-in-differences estimators for staggered, dynamic event study settings to account for unobserved endogenous selection. We build the matched control group based on similarity measures of the full text of patent documents. The results suggest that patent pledges spur technological progress as reflected by increased citations received by the pledged patents, especially for high-quality pledged patents. The effect, however, appears to be much more limited for software patent pledges, perhaps because they often come with more restrictive use conditions. The results bear implications for discussions about competition policy and the role of intellectual property on technology diffusion.
{"title":"Do patent pledges accelerate innovation?","authors":"Gaétan de Rassenfosse, Alfons Palangkaraya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3897360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3897360","url":null,"abstract":"This paper estimates the effect of patent pledges, commitments made voluntarily by patent holders to limit the enforcement of their patents, on follow-on inventions. Patent pledges have been gaining popularity in recent years thanks to the highly visible pledges of companies such as Google and Tesla. Nascent literature discusses the legal and strategic implications of patent pledges, but we know very little about the societal aspects of such pledges. The empirical analysis exploits original data on more than 1,200 patents pledged from across technological fields between 2005 and 2017. We implement recent advances in conditional difference-in-differences estimators for staggered, dynamic event study settings to account for unobserved endogenous selection. We build the matched control group based on similarity measures of the full text of patent documents. The results suggest that patent pledges spur technological progress as reflected by increased citations received by the pledged patents, especially for high-quality pledged patents. The effect, however, appears to be much more limited for software patent pledges, perhaps because they often come with more restrictive use conditions. The results bear implications for discussions about competition policy and the role of intellectual property on technology diffusion.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134614096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We describe a method to allocate U.S. credit union deposits to the credit union branch level. Credit union deposit data is only available at the aggregate firm level. Our method takes advantage of FFIEC Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) to identify loans at the credit union branch level. We show that credit union deposits at the branch level are highly correlated with credit union loans at the branch level for 2010-2012. We then allocate aggregate firm level credit union deposits to the credit union branch level based on the proportion of total loan portfolio at each branch for 2004-2012.
{"title":"Assigning Credit Union Deposits to Credit Union Branches","authors":"A. Chatterji, Jiao Luo, Robert C. Seamans","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3558882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3558882","url":null,"abstract":"We describe a method to allocate U.S. credit union deposits to the credit union branch level. Credit union deposit data is only available at the aggregate firm level. Our method takes advantage of FFIEC Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) to identify loans at the credit union branch level. We show that credit union deposits at the branch level are highly correlated with credit union loans at the branch level for 2010-2012. We then allocate aggregate firm level credit union deposits to the credit union branch level based on the proportion of total loan portfolio at each branch for 2004-2012.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124347438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In our opinion, the key role in the spread of innovations and their rooting in society belongs to the mechanisms of diffusion. The role of mechanisms of diffusion of innovations in the sphere of economic activity of the countries of the world is very significant and complicated. So what are the mechanisms of diffusion of innovations? Why is this phenomenon given much attention in the diffusion processes? The social statement of these questions is conditioned by the fact that the use of diffusion ideas is primarily focused on regional markets. Mechanisms of diffusion of innovations are systems of organized interrelations which carry out penetration of innovations and promote their implementation in practice. Mechanisms for diffusion of innovation are complex and multidimensional. These include: the state and administrative apparatus, legislation, education system, education, upbringing, medical care, production, army, living environment, migration, commercialization, where innovations, propaganda, fashion, sports, exhibitions, associations, society, etc. are spread. Paradoxically, but the mechanism of innovation dissemination may be a borrowed tradition, in which case innovation through cultural tradition itself becomes a tradition. A part of the mechanism of diffusion of innovations is channels - ways of penetration of innovations. They can be subdivided into interpersonal (transfer of information from person to person directly) and indirect (new objects, symbolic and technical means of information transfer, etc.). Live professional and personal contacts of representatives of different environments - joint work - writing articles; preparation of reports for conferences, writing scientific reports, sending preprints, living together; travel, etc. Of course, the list of examples could be continued, taking into account, for example, the phenomenon of media and the possibilities of digital technologies and the Internet for communication.
{"title":"Mechanisms, Channels, Agents of Diffusion of Innovations","authors":"L. Spankulova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3481105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3481105","url":null,"abstract":"In our opinion, the key role in the spread of innovations and their rooting in society belongs to the mechanisms of diffusion. The role of mechanisms of diffusion of innovations in the sphere of economic activity of the countries of the world is very significant and complicated. So what are the mechanisms of diffusion of innovations? Why is this phenomenon given much attention in the diffusion processes? The social statement of these questions is conditioned by the fact that the use of diffusion ideas is primarily focused on regional markets. Mechanisms of diffusion of innovations are systems of organized interrelations which carry out penetration of innovations and promote their implementation in practice. Mechanisms for diffusion of innovation are complex and multidimensional. These include: the state and administrative apparatus, legislation, education system, education, upbringing, medical care, production, army, living environment, migration, commercialization, where innovations, propaganda, fashion, sports, exhibitions, associations, society, etc. are spread. Paradoxically, but the mechanism of innovation dissemination may be a borrowed tradition, in which case innovation through cultural tradition itself becomes a tradition. A part of the mechanism of diffusion of innovations is channels - ways of penetration of innovations. They can be subdivided into interpersonal (transfer of information from person to person directly) and indirect (new objects, symbolic and technical means of information transfer, etc.). Live professional and personal contacts of representatives of different environments - joint work - writing articles; preparation of reports for conferences, writing scientific reports, sending preprints, living together; travel, etc. Of course, the list of examples could be continued, taking into account, for example, the phenomenon of media and the possibilities of digital technologies and the Internet for communication.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133152799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Alekseeva, José Azar, M. Giné, S. Samila, Bledi Taska
We document a dramatic increase in the demand for AI skills in online job postings over the period 2010-2019. The demand for AI skills is highest in IT occupations, followed by architecture/engineering, life/physical/social sciences, and management. The sectors with the highest demand for AI are information, professional services, and finance. At the firm level, higher demand for AI skills is associated in the cross-section with larger market capitalization, higher cash holdings, and higher investments in R&D. We also document a large wage premium for job postings that require AI skills, as well as a wage premium for non-AI vacancies posted by firms with a high share of AI vacancies. Interestingly, managerial occupations have the highest wage premium for AI skills.
{"title":"The Demand for AI Skills in the Labor Market","authors":"L. Alekseeva, José Azar, M. Giné, S. Samila, Bledi Taska","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3470610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3470610","url":null,"abstract":"We document a dramatic increase in the demand for AI skills in online job postings over the period 2010-2019. The demand for AI skills is highest in IT occupations, followed by architecture/engineering, life/physical/social sciences, and management. The sectors with the highest demand for AI are information, professional services, and finance. At the firm level, higher demand for AI skills is associated in the cross-section with larger market capitalization, higher cash holdings, and higher investments in R&D. We also document a large wage premium for job postings that require AI skills, as well as a wage premium for non-AI vacancies posted by firms with a high share of AI vacancies. Interestingly, managerial occupations have the highest wage premium for AI skills.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127600120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The open internet is plagued by congestion that restricts the development of sophisticated internet-based services. Broadband and edge providers have proposed a two-tier internet with a fee-based f...
{"title":"Balancing Openness and Prioritization in a Two-Tier Internet","authors":"B. Nault, Steffen Zimmermann","doi":"10.1287/ISRE.2018.0828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1287/ISRE.2018.0828","url":null,"abstract":"The open internet is plagued by congestion that restricts the development of sophisticated internet-based services. Broadband and edge providers have proposed a two-tier internet with a fee-based f...","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122003846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Simultaneous spark plasma sintering (SPS) of metal powders (Fe and Ni) with their respective aluminide powders (FeAl and NiAl) was attempted to produce a cylindrical aluminide coating on a cylindrical metal core. The interdiffusion zone (IDZ) formed between the metal and the aluminide was analyzed to evaluate the diffusion coefficient. The composition variation and the actual temperature estimated at the interface were taken into consideration while evaluating the diffusion coefficient. The diffusion coefficients estimated based on the IDZ are found to be higher than those obtained by conventional methods but are in agreement with those obtained from previous SPS studies.
{"title":"An Investigation on Diffusivity While Achieving a Cylindrical Aluminide Coating on Metals Using Simultaneous Spark Plasma Sintering of Powders","authors":"N. Chawake, P. Ghosh, J. Eckert, R. S. Kottada","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3389517","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3389517","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Simultaneous spark plasma sintering (SPS) of metal powders (Fe and Ni) with their respective aluminide powders (FeAl and NiAl) was attempted to produce a cylindrical aluminide coating on a cylindrical metal core. The interdiffusion zone (IDZ) formed between the metal and the aluminide was analyzed to evaluate the diffusion coefficient. The composition variation and the actual temperature estimated at the interface were taken into consideration while evaluating the diffusion coefficient. The diffusion coefficients estimated based on the IDZ are found to be higher than those obtained by conventional methods but are in agreement with those obtained from previous SPS studies.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117328474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Precision technologies have been available at the farm level for decades. However, the rate at which adoption occurs varies. Some technologies have been readily adopted while others lagged. Analysis of 608 Kansas farms provided insights regarding duration of adoption. The lag, in years, between technologies becoming commercially available and adopted were evaluated using non-parametric duration analysis. Duration for embodied-knowledge technologies were statistically sooner than for information-intensive technologies, indicating farmers adopt automated guidance ‘quicker’ than yield monitors. Duration was indirectly (directly) proportional to commercialization date of embodied-knowledge (information-intensive) technology. Results are useful to farmers considering adoption, retailers targeting customers, and manufacturers managing supply chains.
{"title":"How Quickly Do Farmers Adopt Technology? A Non-Parametric Duration Analysis of Kansas Farmers’ Adoption","authors":"T. Griffin, E. Yeager","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3387434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3387434","url":null,"abstract":"Precision technologies have been available at the farm level for decades. However, the rate at which adoption occurs varies. Some technologies have been readily adopted while others lagged. Analysis of 608 Kansas farms provided insights regarding duration of adoption. The lag, in years, between technologies becoming commercially available and adopted were evaluated using non-parametric duration analysis. Duration for embodied-knowledge technologies were statistically sooner than for information-intensive technologies, indicating farmers adopt automated guidance ‘quicker’ than yield monitors. Duration was indirectly (directly) proportional to commercialization date of embodied-knowledge (information-intensive) technology. Results are useful to farmers considering adoption, retailers targeting customers, and manufacturers managing supply chains.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129656826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Not often is a general-purpose technology created that can disrupt numerous markets and significantly affect social welfare. 3D printing fits this description. It promises to improve the quality of some goods and to greatly increase the efficiency of their production processes. More importantly, it holds potential to reshape entire supply chains, including the design, manufacture, assembly, distribution, warehousing, and marketing of some goods, potentially even eliminating some parts of such chains. By changing the Coasian tradeoff, it also re-shapes relationships between market players. In this article, we re-view the potential disruptive effects of 3D technology, analyzing the ways it affects market dynamics and social welfare. We then consider the policy and institutional responses that may be required as 3D printing comes into its own, focusing on regulatory tools that foster competition and innovation. We identify three main regulatory tasks that are affected by the unique characteristics of 3D printing technology.
{"title":"3D Challenges: Ensuring Competition and Innovation in 3D Printing","authors":"M. Gal","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3356891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3356891","url":null,"abstract":"Not often is a general-purpose technology created that can disrupt numerous markets and significantly affect social welfare. 3D printing fits this description. It promises to improve the quality of some goods and to greatly increase the efficiency of their production processes. More importantly, it holds potential to reshape entire supply chains, including the design, manufacture, assembly, distribution, warehousing, and marketing of some goods, potentially even eliminating some parts of such chains. By changing the Coasian tradeoff, it also re-shapes relationships between market players. In this article, we re-view the potential disruptive effects of 3D technology, analyzing the ways it affects market dynamics and social welfare. We then consider the policy and institutional responses that may be required as 3D printing comes into its own, focusing on regulatory tools that foster competition and innovation. We identify three main regulatory tasks that are affected by the unique characteristics of 3D printing technology.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133864318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
After a number of AI-winters, AI is back with a boom. There are concerns that it will disrupt society. The immediate concern is whether labor can win a `race against the robots' and the longer-term concern is whether an artificial general intelligence (super-intelligence) can be controlled. This paper describes the nature and context of these concerns, reviews the current state of the empirical and theoretical literature in economics on the impact of AI on jobs and inequality, and discusses the challenge of AI arms races. It is concluded that despite the media hype neither massive jobs losses nor a `Singularity' are imminent. In part, this is because current AI, based on deep learning, is expensive and dificult for (especially small) businesses to adopt, can create new jobs, and is an unlikely route to the invention of a super-intelligence. Even though AI is unlikely to have either utopian or apocalyptic impacts, it will challenge economists in coming years. The challenges include regulation of data and algorithms; the (mis-) measurement of value added; market failures, anti-competitive behaviour and abuse of market power; surveillance, censorship, cybercrime; labor market discrimination, declining job quality; and AI in emerging economies.
{"title":"The Race Against the Robots and the Fallacy of the Giant Cheesecake: Immediate and Imagined Impacts of Artificial Intelligence","authors":"W. Naudé","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3390207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3390207","url":null,"abstract":"After a number of AI-winters, AI is back with a boom. There are concerns that it will disrupt society. The immediate concern is whether labor can win a `race against the robots' and the longer-term concern is whether an artificial general intelligence (super-intelligence) can be controlled. This paper describes the nature and context of these concerns, reviews the current state of the empirical and theoretical literature in economics on the impact of AI on jobs and inequality, and discusses the challenge of AI arms races. It is concluded that despite the media hype neither massive jobs losses nor a `Singularity' are imminent. In part, this is because current AI, based on deep learning, is expensive and dificult for (especially small) businesses to adopt, can create new jobs, and is an unlikely route to the invention of a super-intelligence. Even though AI is unlikely to have either utopian or apocalyptic impacts, it will challenge economists in coming years. The challenges include regulation of data and algorithms; the (mis-) measurement of value added; market failures, anti-competitive behaviour and abuse of market power; surveillance, censorship, cybercrime; labor market discrimination, declining job quality; and AI in emerging economies.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123983393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines the concept of Innovation from two different conceptual and theoretical prisms: the science of economics and the theoretical tradition of entrepreneurship and organizational theory which both offer a remarkable distance in the way in which innovation is perceived. This study supports the notion that, by pointing a theoretical focus based on a co-evolutionary approach, centered on the "evolutionary heart" of the capitalist business, modern economic science and business thinking will gain from bridging the study of the innovative phenomenon with analytical fertility. To achieve this, the physiological structure and organic evolution of Strategy-Technology-Management (Stra.Tech.Man) synthesis of business becomes the center of attention, perceiving ultimately the firm as an active actor and even as a major structural co-creator of the sectors of industries and the socio-economic systems which is hosted in.
{"title":"The ‘Mystery’ of Innovation: Bridging the Economic and Business Thinking and the Stra.Tech.Man Approach","authors":"Charis Vlados, F. Katimertzopoulos","doi":"10.5296/BER.V9I1.14452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5296/BER.V9I1.14452","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the concept of Innovation from two different conceptual and theoretical prisms: the science of economics and the theoretical tradition of entrepreneurship and organizational theory which both offer a remarkable distance in the way in which innovation is perceived. This study supports the notion that, by pointing a theoretical focus based on a co-evolutionary approach, centered on the \"evolutionary heart\" of the capitalist business, modern economic science and business thinking will gain from bridging the study of the innovative phenomenon with analytical fertility. To achieve this, the physiological structure and organic evolution of Strategy-Technology-Management (Stra.Tech.Man) synthesis of business becomes the center of attention, perceiving ultimately the firm as an active actor and even as a major structural co-creator of the sectors of industries and the socio-economic systems which is hosted in.","PeriodicalId":421837,"journal":{"name":"Diffusion of Innovation eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121079903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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