Some aspects of the confrontation between Armenian and Azerbaijani historians in the assessments of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict are highlighted. The roots of this conflict should be sought in the events of the early twentieth century related to the mutual pogroms and murders of the Armenian-Christian and Turkic-Muslim population of the Transcaucasian territories of the Russian Empire. The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict had its continuation during the events of 1917−1920, as well as at the end of the existence of the Soviet Union. It was during the Russian revolution that the first war broke out between Armenians and Azerbaijanis for the Nagorno-Karabakh. The war became a national affair of both nations, as they took part in it as regular and paramilitary units. With the collapse of the Soviet Union the conflict not only escalated but also turned back into war. Under current conditions this conflict has acquired geopolitical significance. All these events have become a stumbling block for Armenian and Azerbaijani historians. Using history facts, Transcaucasian scholars, are trying to prove the superiority of their peoples and their right to own certain lands, including Nagorno-Karabakh. The connection between government policy and the position of historians of both countries depend on the results of their researches. The prerequisites for establishing a constructive dialogue between Armenian and Azerbaijani researchers in the context of a possible political solution to the Nagorno-Karabakh problem are shown.
{"title":"Nagorno-Karabakh: to the problems of Armenian and Azerbaijani historiography","authors":"D. Arkhireyskyi, O. B. Ivashkina","doi":"10.15421/311809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/311809","url":null,"abstract":"Some aspects of the confrontation between Armenian and Azerbaijani historians in the assessments of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict are highlighted. The roots of this conflict should be sought in the events of the early twentieth century related to the mutual pogroms and murders of the Armenian-Christian and Turkic-Muslim population of the Transcaucasian territories of the Russian Empire. The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict had its continuation during the events of 1917−1920, as well as at the end of the existence of the Soviet Union. It was during the Russian revolution that the first war broke out between Armenians and Azerbaijanis for the Nagorno-Karabakh. The war became a national affair of both nations, as they took part in it as regular and paramilitary units. With the collapse of the Soviet Union the conflict not only escalated but also turned back into war. Under current conditions this conflict has acquired geopolitical significance. All these events have become a stumbling block for Armenian and Azerbaijani historians. Using history facts, Transcaucasian scholars, are trying to prove the superiority of their peoples and their right to own certain lands, including Nagorno-Karabakh. The connection between government policy and the position of historians of both countries depend on the results of their researches. The prerequisites for establishing a constructive dialogue between Armenian and Azerbaijani researchers in the context of a possible political solution to the Nagorno-Karabakh problem are shown.","PeriodicalId":422792,"journal":{"name":"Modern Studies in German History","volume":"93 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125208186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article studies the history of the foundation and the first years of activity of the Molochnaia Department (1904 – 1919) of the “Emperor Russian Society of Fruit Growing” (ERSFG). It was founded in the Mennonite colonies of the Black Sea region. The society extended its activity to Berdyansk and Melitopol districts of Tavrida gubernia. The author pays special attention to P. P. Vibe`s activity, who was the head of the Department. Industrial gardening began its developing in Russia after the abolition of serfdom and it was one of the forms of the former landlord farms modernization. It required special knowledge, special organization of farmkeeping, maintenance of gardens and nurseries assortment. It was considered as a prospective branch of agriculture development. Molochnaia department was set up to develop and spread industrial fruit growing among the colonists. Despite the fruit growing had a long tradition in the southern colonies, it had been focused on personal needs of local farms before. The attempts to introduce some new forms of management can be considered as one of the ways to intensify agriculture and expand its structure. Gardening could also solve the problem of landlessness. Despite it required less land space than crops growing gardening was a reliable source of income. The Molochnaia Department became one of the most important subdivisions of ERSFG that took active part in the exhibition activities and held local exhibitions of fruit and trees for educational purposes. It offered study program for the population where the students could learn modern agrotechniques. They also published important informative articles in local newspapers. To develop its own gardens and nurseries the Department relied on the assistance of ERSFG and Zemstvos. At the period of First World War the Molochnaia Department was actively involved into army and hospitals supplying. However, anty-German legislation prevented its activities. They had to close the nursery and give up educational programs. The Department stopped its activity during the Civil War.
{"title":"Molotchnaia Department of the Russian Emperor Society of Fruit Growing","authors":"Irina Cherkazianova","doi":"10.15421/311803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/311803","url":null,"abstract":"The article studies the history of the foundation and the first years of activity of the Molochnaia Department (1904 – 1919) of the “Emperor Russian Society of Fruit Growing” (ERSFG). It was founded in the Mennonite colonies of the Black Sea region. The society extended its activity to Berdyansk and Melitopol districts of Tavrida gubernia. The author pays special attention to P. P. Vibe`s activity, who was the head of the Department. \u0000Industrial gardening began its developing in Russia after the abolition of serfdom and it was one of the forms of the former landlord farms modernization. It required special knowledge, special organization of farmkeeping, maintenance of gardens and nurseries assortment. It was considered as a prospective branch of agriculture development. \u0000Molochnaia department was set up to develop and spread industrial fruit growing among the colonists. Despite the fruit growing had a long tradition in the southern colonies, it had been focused on personal needs of local farms before. The attempts to introduce some new forms of management can be considered as one of the ways to intensify agriculture and expand its structure. Gardening could also solve the problem of landlessness. Despite it required less land space than crops growing gardening was a reliable source of income. \u0000The Molochnaia Department became one of the most important subdivisions of ERSFG that took active part in the exhibition activities and held local exhibitions of fruit and trees for educational purposes. It offered study program for the population where the students could learn modern agrotechniques. They also published important informative articles in local newspapers. To develop its own gardens and nurseries the Department relied on the assistance of ERSFG and Zemstvos. \u0000At the period of First World War the Molochnaia Department was actively involved into army and hospitals supplying. However, anty-German legislation prevented its activities. They had to close the nursery and give up educational programs. The Department stopped its activity during the Civil War.","PeriodicalId":422792,"journal":{"name":"Modern Studies in German History","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132772606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the study is to find out the amount of losses inflicted in 1918 to the Ukrainian treasury and private individuals by Austro-Hungarian and German troops. The research is based on the data that had been collected by Hetman P. Skoropadsky`s Ukrainian Government. In 1918 the population of Ukraine was subjected to penalties by the troops of the Central States in Ukraine. The military units seized the property of the former tsarist army as military loot, requisitioned and confiscated property of the local population. In some cases, in this way the troops carried out orders of their military command about using of coercive measures in food procurement and protective actions conducting. In other cases, soldiers and officers acted according to their own initiative using their official position for enrichment and their benefit. Both cases contradicted Ukrainian laws and agreements about procedure of Central States troops staying in Ukraine. According to the hetman authorities, the most common violation of law was committed by withdrawal of food. Among the incidents related to foreign troops, the greatest damage was caused by explosions at ammunition depots in Kiev (6 of June, 1918) and Odessa (31st of August – 1st of September, 1918). Since the troops of the Central States were responsible for protection of ammunition in both Kiev and Odessa, they were responsible for the incident and for damage recovery. The Ukrainian authorities calculated that the total amount of losses that the Austro-Hungarian and German troops had inflicted to Ukraine in 1918 was 6 921 520 241 rubles (DM 7 690 578 046).
这项研究的目的是查明1918年奥匈帝国和德国军队给乌克兰国库和个人造成的损失数额。这项研究是基于Hetman P. Skoropadsky领导的乌克兰政府收集的数据。1918年，乌克兰人民受到乌克兰中部国家军队的惩罚。军队夺取了前沙皇军队的财产作为军事战利品，征用和没收了当地居民的财产。在某些情况下，部队以这种方式执行其军事指挥部关于在粮食采购和采取保护行动时使用强制措施的命令。在其他情况下，士兵和军官根据自己的主动行动，利用他们的官方职位来致富和谋取利益。这两起案件都违反了乌克兰法律和关于驻乌中部国家部队程序的协定。根据酋长当局的说法，最常见的违法行为是收回食物。在与外国军队有关的事件中，基辅(1918年6月6日)和敖德萨(1918年8月31日至9月1日)的弹药库爆炸造成的破坏最大。由于中部国家的部队负责保护基辅和敖德萨的弹药，他们对这一事件和损害的恢复负有责任。乌克兰当局计算出，1918年奥匈和德国军队给乌克兰造成的损失总额为6 921 520 241卢布(7 690 578 046马克)。
{"title":"Troops of the Central States in Ukraine (1918): cases of violations and material damage","authors":"T. Malynovska, B. Malynovsky","doi":"10.15421/311808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/311808","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study is to find out the amount of losses inflicted in 1918 to the Ukrainian treasury and private individuals by Austro-Hungarian and German troops. The research is based on the data that had been collected by Hetman P. Skoropadsky`s Ukrainian Government. \u0000In 1918 the population of Ukraine was subjected to penalties by the troops of the Central States in Ukraine. The military units seized the property of the former tsarist army as military loot, requisitioned and confiscated property of the local population. In some cases, in this way the troops carried out orders of their military command about using of coercive measures in food procurement and protective actions conducting. In other cases, soldiers and officers acted according to their own initiative using their official position for enrichment and their benefit. Both cases contradicted Ukrainian laws and agreements about procedure of Central States troops staying in Ukraine. \u0000According to the hetman authorities, the most common violation of law was committed by withdrawal of food. Among the incidents related to foreign troops, the greatest damage was caused by explosions at ammunition depots in Kiev (6 of June, 1918) and Odessa (31st of August – 1st of September, 1918). Since the troops of the Central States were responsible for protection of ammunition in both Kiev and Odessa, they were responsible for the incident and for damage recovery. \u0000The Ukrainian authorities calculated that the total amount of losses that the Austro-Hungarian and German troops had inflicted to Ukraine in 1918 was 6 921 520 241 rubles (DM 7 690 578 046).","PeriodicalId":422792,"journal":{"name":"Modern Studies in German History","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116182465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article offers a psychological approach to the analysis of the situation of ethnic Germans in the South of Ukraine in 1920s. It was a period when the policy of the new power intended to change the self-consciousness of the Germans. The legislative actions of the Russian state and then of the Soviet power had a negative consequences for both local economic and political-moral position of this category of population. The famine had objective reasons: history, policy, natural disaster. The author uses sources from the state region archives of Nikolaev, Kherson, Dnipro and Kiev to show her personal perceptions of the events. She tells about the policy of the Soviet government, its often criminal actions, biased attitude, manifested against German speaking population. The new approach is to identify the perception of hunger and all that was associated with it by the German population themselves. The author shows that the mobilization of the German communities was their way to overcome the tragedy and survivе. The time period of the famine has been clarified.
{"title":"The moral and psychological state of the German population of the South of Ukraine during the famine of the 20s in the XXth century","authors":"S. Bobyleva","doi":"10.15421/311805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/311805","url":null,"abstract":"The article offers a psychological approach to the analysis of the situation of ethnic Germans in the South of Ukraine in 1920s. It was a period when the policy of the new power intended to change the self-consciousness of the Germans. The legislative actions of the Russian state and then of the Soviet power had a negative consequences for both local economic and political-moral position of this category of population. The famine had objective reasons: history, policy, natural disaster. The author uses sources from the state region archives of Nikolaev, Kherson, Dnipro and Kiev to show her personal perceptions of the events. She tells about the policy of the Soviet government, its often criminal actions, biased attitude, manifested against German speaking population. The new approach is to identify the perception of hunger and all that was associated with it by the German population themselves. The author shows that the mobilization of the German communities was their way to overcome the tragedy and survivе. The time period of the famine has been clarified.","PeriodicalId":422792,"journal":{"name":"Modern Studies in German History","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124414635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Immediately after the October Revolution, in addition to the military front (against the enemies of the Bolshevik power) and the economic front (against famine and economic collapse), a third front was opened: the struggle for general literacy. Even though the attempt of the Soviet power to overcome illiteracy in the country within a short period of time was not successful, the network of literacy centers was being steadily expanded and more and more “instructors„ were being trained. The situation among German and other national minorities was far from ideal, even though the minorities had been traditionally among the most culturally advanced and most literate part of the populations in the former Russian empire. The facts show that while the Authorities focused on culture and education levels of «backward» nationalities rising, the number of illiterates among the “culturally-developed„ nationalities was steadily increasing. Even at the beginning of the 1930s the sovetization of the national minorities` educational institutions was still far from being implemented into practice. That was due to the fact that the Commissariats for Education from the autonomous Republics did no t coordinate their efforts and ignored cultural differentiations. Number of highly qualified and loyal teachers from different national minorities backgrounds was not enough, it was almost impossible to combine native language schools system and the spirit of “Soviet pedagogy„.
{"title":"“The illiterate people are out of politics„: Elimination of illiteracy and the national minorities of the USSR","authors":"V. Denninghaus","doi":"10.15421/311806","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/311806","url":null,"abstract":"Immediately after the October Revolution, in addition to the military front (against the enemies of the Bolshevik power) and the economic front (against famine and economic collapse), a third front was opened: the struggle for general literacy. Even though the attempt of the Soviet power to overcome illiteracy in the country within a short period of time was not successful, the network of literacy centers was being steadily expanded and more and more “instructors„ were being trained. The situation among German and other national minorities was far from ideal, even though the minorities had been traditionally among the most culturally advanced and most literate part of the populations in the former Russian empire. The facts show that while the Authorities focused on culture and education levels of «backward» nationalities rising, the number of illiterates among the “culturally-developed„ nationalities was steadily increasing. Even at the beginning of the 1930s the sovetization of the national minorities` educational institutions was still far from being implemented into practice. That was due to the fact that the Commissariats for Education from the autonomous Republics did no t coordinate their efforts and ignored cultural differentiations. Number of highly qualified and loyal teachers from different national minorities backgrounds was not enough, it was almost impossible to combine native language schools system and the spirit of “Soviet pedagogy„.","PeriodicalId":422792,"journal":{"name":"Modern Studies in German History","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124938688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article is devoted to the biography of professor D. B. Frank who was a well-known scholar and psychiatrist. Frank graduated from medical faculty of Yurivski university. Later he worked in the leading clinics of the Russian empire. At the beginning of XX century he went abroad to take over the experience of theprominent European specialists. His aim was to enhance his professional level. As a doctor he participated in Russian-Japanese War and World War First. After the Soviet rule had been established, Frank worked in Kharkiv. In 1921 he got professor position in Katerynoslav Medical Institute. There he headed the Department of Psychology and later the Department of Psychiatry. During his Katerynoslav period he researched the phenomenon of cannibalism and then he published a monograph on this topic. He also worked in Igren psychiatric clinic that was in Dniproprtrovsk. During the Nazi occupation the physicians of that hospital had to kill mentally ill patients according to the order of the Nazis. Patients were given morphine, ammonia and other medical preparations. During the years of occupation, 1,200 patients were killed in this way. At the first stages of euthanasia program Franck's task was to select candidates for it – Jewish people, seriously ill patients and the communists. Nevertheless the cooperation with the Germans did not save his life. D. Frank was executed by shooting during the Holocaust as he was a Jew.
{"title":"The Choice Without Real Chance to Choice: Hatches to the Portrait of professor D. Frank","authors":"A. Venger","doi":"10.15421/311811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15421/311811","url":null,"abstract":" The article is devoted to the biography of professor D. B. Frank who was a well-known scholar and psychiatrist. Frank graduated from medical faculty of Yurivski university. Later he worked in the leading clinics of the Russian empire. At the beginning of XX century he went abroad to take over the experience of theprominent European specialists. His aim was to enhance his professional level. As a doctor he participated in Russian-Japanese War and World War First. After the Soviet rule had been established, Frank worked in Kharkiv. In 1921 he got professor position in Katerynoslav Medical Institute. There he headed the Department of Psychology and later the Department of Psychiatry. During his Katerynoslav period he researched the phenomenon of cannibalism and then he published a monograph on this topic. He also worked in Igren psychiatric clinic that was in Dniproprtrovsk. During the Nazi occupation the physicians of that hospital had to kill mentally ill patients according to the order of the Nazis. Patients were given morphine, ammonia and other medical preparations. During the years of occupation, 1,200 patients were killed in this way. At the first stages of euthanasia program Franck's task was to select candidates for it – Jewish people, seriously ill patients and the communists. Nevertheless the cooperation with the Germans did not save his life. D. Frank was executed by shooting during the Holocaust as he was a Jew.","PeriodicalId":422792,"journal":{"name":"Modern Studies in German History","volume":"91 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126166340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：