Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_46_21
Haneesh Thakur, Nidhi Singh, J. Makkar, K. Jain
{"title":"Persistent guidewire-induced arrhythmias following central venous catheterization in traumatic brain injury","authors":"Haneesh Thakur, Nidhi Singh, J. Makkar, K. Jain","doi":"10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_46_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_46_21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42359,"journal":{"name":"Indian Anaesthetists Forum","volume":"22 1","pages":"195 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47634303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_74_21
Geeta Singariya, Himani Pahuja, M. Kamal, Kusum Choudhary, S. Meena, P. Saini
Background and Aims: Modified radical mastectomy (MRM) is the commonest surgical procedure performed for carcinoma breasts. MRM is associated with considerable postoperative pain. This study was aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy of erector spinae plane (ESP) block and pectoral nerve (PECS) block. Materials and Methods: A total 70 female patients, American Society of Anesthesiologist Physical Status I-II, aged between 18 and 65 years, undergoing MRM surgery. Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups of 35 each, by computer-generated random number table. Group E patients, received ESP block with 20 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine, and Group P patients, received PECS block with 30 mL of 0.25% of levobupivacaine. The surgical procedure was conducted under general anesthesia in both groups. The primary objective was total morphine consumption in the first 24 h and secondary objectives were intraoperative fentanyl needed, duration of analgesia, numeric rating scale (NRS) score, postoperative complications, and patient's satisfaction. The Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software version 22.0 used for statistical analysis. Results: Demographic data, hemodynamic parameters, and intraoperative fentanyl consumption were comparable between the two groups (P > 0.05). Postoperative morphine consumed in the first 24 h was less in the Group P compared to Group E (P = 0.018). The duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in the Group P than Group E (P < 0.0001). The NRS score, postoperative complications, and patient's satisfaction were comparable. Conclusion: The PECS block is more effective analgesic modality compared to ESP blocks in patients undergoing MRM surgeries.
背景和目的：改良根治性乳房切除术（MRM）是治疗乳腺癌最常见的手术方法。MRM与相当大的术后疼痛有关。本研究旨在比较竖脊肌平面（ESP）阻滞和胸神经（PECS）阻滞的镇痛效果。材料和方法：共有70名女性患者，美国麻醉师协会，身体状况I-II，年龄在18至65岁之间，正在接受MRM手术。通过计算机生成的随机数表，将患者随机分为两组，每组35人。E组患者接受20 mL 0.25%左旋布比卡因的ESP阻滞，P组患者接受30 mL 0.25%左旋布比卡因的PECS阻滞。两组均在全身麻醉下进行手术。主要目标是前24小时的吗啡总消耗量，次要目标是术中所需芬太尼、镇痛持续时间、数字评分量表（NRS）评分、术后并发症和患者满意度。用于统计分析的社会科学统计软件包（SPSS）软件版本22.0。结果：两组患者的人口学数据、血液动力学参数和术中芬太尼消耗量具有可比性（P>0.05）。P组术后前24小时的吗啡消耗量低于E组（P=0.018），患者满意度相当。结论：在接受MRM手术的患者中，PECS阻滞比ESP阻滞更有效。
{"title":"Analgesic efficacy of ultrasound-guided erector spinae block and pectoral nerve block in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy: A randomized control trial","authors":"Geeta Singariya, Himani Pahuja, M. Kamal, Kusum Choudhary, S. Meena, P. Saini","doi":"10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_74_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_74_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aims: Modified radical mastectomy (MRM) is the commonest surgical procedure performed for carcinoma breasts. MRM is associated with considerable postoperative pain. This study was aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy of erector spinae plane (ESP) block and pectoral nerve (PECS) block. Materials and Methods: A total 70 female patients, American Society of Anesthesiologist Physical Status I-II, aged between 18 and 65 years, undergoing MRM surgery. Patients were randomly divided into two equal groups of 35 each, by computer-generated random number table. Group E patients, received ESP block with 20 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine, and Group P patients, received PECS block with 30 mL of 0.25% of levobupivacaine. The surgical procedure was conducted under general anesthesia in both groups. The primary objective was total morphine consumption in the first 24 h and secondary objectives were intraoperative fentanyl needed, duration of analgesia, numeric rating scale (NRS) score, postoperative complications, and patient's satisfaction. The Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software version 22.0 used for statistical analysis. Results: Demographic data, hemodynamic parameters, and intraoperative fentanyl consumption were comparable between the two groups (P > 0.05). Postoperative morphine consumed in the first 24 h was less in the Group P compared to Group E (P = 0.018). The duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in the Group P than Group E (P < 0.0001). The NRS score, postoperative complications, and patient's satisfaction were comparable. Conclusion: The PECS block is more effective analgesic modality compared to ESP blocks in patients undergoing MRM surgeries.","PeriodicalId":42359,"journal":{"name":"Indian Anaesthetists Forum","volume":"22 1","pages":"129 - 135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46715039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_9_21
Payal Berawala, S. Mehta, M. Chaudhari, Mayura U. Shinde
Context and Aims: Among vasopressors used to treat postspinal hypotension (PSH) in cesarean sections (CS), phenylephrine (PE) is the preferred drug at present but reflex bradycardia and thus reduction in cardiac output still pose a concern. Norepinephrine (NE), with its better pharmacological properties, may be a better alternative to overcome this risk. Hence, we did this study intending to compare both the drugs. Materials and Methods: A double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial (RCT) was carried out on 70 patients, 35 in each group-group P (PE) and group N (NE) undergoing CS, to compare and evaluate the efficacy of both drugs for preventing and treating PSH. Patients in Group P and Group N were given intravenous infusion of PE at the rate of 50 μg/min and NE at the rate of 2.5 μg/min, respectively, after the intrathecal injection of bupivacaine. The number of intermittent bolus doses required, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) at predefined intervals were noted. Results: The incidence of hypotension calculated from the number of bolus doses required was lower in Group N than in Group P for the initial 15 min (P < 0.05). The incidence of bradycardia and vomiting was higher in Group P but were not statistically significant, while the incidences of nausea (P = 0.004) and oxygen requirement (P = 0.03) were statistically significantly higher in Group P. Conclusion: This study suggests that NE infusion is superior to PE infusion when used in the potency ratio of 20:1, to prevent and treat PSH in CS, with a lesser number of side effects.
{"title":"A randomized, double-blinded comparative study of phenylephrine infusion and norepinephrine infusion for the prevention and treatment of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension in elective and emergency cesarean deliveries","authors":"Payal Berawala, S. Mehta, M. Chaudhari, Mayura U. Shinde","doi":"10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_9_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_9_21","url":null,"abstract":"Context and Aims: Among vasopressors used to treat postspinal hypotension (PSH) in cesarean sections (CS), phenylephrine (PE) is the preferred drug at present but reflex bradycardia and thus reduction in cardiac output still pose a concern. Norepinephrine (NE), with its better pharmacological properties, may be a better alternative to overcome this risk. Hence, we did this study intending to compare both the drugs. Materials and Methods: A double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial (RCT) was carried out on 70 patients, 35 in each group-group P (PE) and group N (NE) undergoing CS, to compare and evaluate the efficacy of both drugs for preventing and treating PSH. Patients in Group P and Group N were given intravenous infusion of PE at the rate of 50 μg/min and NE at the rate of 2.5 μg/min, respectively, after the intrathecal injection of bupivacaine. The number of intermittent bolus doses required, heart rate, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) at predefined intervals were noted. Results: The incidence of hypotension calculated from the number of bolus doses required was lower in Group N than in Group P for the initial 15 min (P < 0.05). The incidence of bradycardia and vomiting was higher in Group P but were not statistically significant, while the incidences of nausea (P = 0.004) and oxygen requirement (P = 0.03) were statistically significantly higher in Group P. Conclusion: This study suggests that NE infusion is superior to PE infusion when used in the potency ratio of 20:1, to prevent and treat PSH in CS, with a lesser number of side effects.","PeriodicalId":42359,"journal":{"name":"Indian Anaesthetists Forum","volume":"22 1","pages":"136 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42339911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_49_21
M. Abosamak, Ivan Szergyuk, Maria Helena Santos de Oliveira, G. Lippi, Ahmed Al-Jabbary, A. Al-Najjar, M. Albadi, B. Henry
Background: Emerging evidence suggests that liver dysfunction in the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness is a critical prognostic factor for mortality in COVID-19 patients, and the Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score, developed to reflect level of hepatic fibrosis, has been associated with adverse outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to investigate intensive care unit (ICU) admitted patients, a high-risk subpopulation, research on which is lacking. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study examined FIB-4 scores and clinical endpoints including death, acute cardiac injury (ACI), acute kidney injury, and need for mechanical ventilation in critically ill COVID-19 patients, without prior hepatic disease, throughout ICU stay. Results: Of 60 patients enrolled, 35% had ICU admission FIB-4 >2.67. Among nonsurvivors, FIB-4 was significantly higher at admission (median 3.19 vs. 1.44; P < 0.001) and only a minority normalized <1.45 (36.0%). Each one-unit increment in admission FIB-4 was associated with 67.4% increased odds of death (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.8%–162.6%; P = 0.017). FIB-4 >2.67 was associated with a median survival time of 18 days from ICU admission versus 40 days with FIB-4 <2.67 (P = 0.016). Admission FIB-4 was also higher in patients developing ACI (median 4.99 vs. 1.76; P < 0.001). FIB-4 correlated with age (r = 0.449; P < 0.001), and aspartate transaminase with alanine transaminase (r = 0.674; P < 0.001) and lactate dehydrogenase (r = 0.618; P < 0.001). Conclusion: High ICU admission FIB-4 is associated with mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients, with failure to normalize at time of death, however, the high score is likely a result of generalized cytotoxicity rather than advanced hepatic fibrosis.
{"title":"Liver fibrosis-4 score predicts mortality in critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019","authors":"M. Abosamak, Ivan Szergyuk, Maria Helena Santos de Oliveira, G. Lippi, Ahmed Al-Jabbary, A. Al-Najjar, M. Albadi, B. Henry","doi":"10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_49_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_49_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Emerging evidence suggests that liver dysfunction in the course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) illness is a critical prognostic factor for mortality in COVID-19 patients, and the Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) score, developed to reflect level of hepatic fibrosis, has been associated with adverse outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. This study aimed to investigate intensive care unit (ICU) admitted patients, a high-risk subpopulation, research on which is lacking. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study examined FIB-4 scores and clinical endpoints including death, acute cardiac injury (ACI), acute kidney injury, and need for mechanical ventilation in critically ill COVID-19 patients, without prior hepatic disease, throughout ICU stay. Results: Of 60 patients enrolled, 35% had ICU admission FIB-4 >2.67. Among nonsurvivors, FIB-4 was significantly higher at admission (median 3.19 vs. 1.44; P < 0.001) and only a minority normalized <1.45 (36.0%). Each one-unit increment in admission FIB-4 was associated with 67.4% increased odds of death (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.8%–162.6%; P = 0.017). FIB-4 >2.67 was associated with a median survival time of 18 days from ICU admission versus 40 days with FIB-4 <2.67 (P = 0.016). Admission FIB-4 was also higher in patients developing ACI (median 4.99 vs. 1.76; P < 0.001). FIB-4 correlated with age (r = 0.449; P < 0.001), and aspartate transaminase with alanine transaminase (r = 0.674; P < 0.001) and lactate dehydrogenase (r = 0.618; P < 0.001). Conclusion: High ICU admission FIB-4 is associated with mortality in critically ill COVID-19 patients, with failure to normalize at time of death, however, the high score is likely a result of generalized cytotoxicity rather than advanced hepatic fibrosis.","PeriodicalId":42359,"journal":{"name":"Indian Anaesthetists Forum","volume":"22 1","pages":"149 - 156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47291704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_4_21
I. Sen, Anju Gupta, Y. Chandrika, G. Nath, E. Varghese
In the past, management of pain in neonates was regarded as unnecessary, with the belief that neonates have an immature nervous system and do not perceive pain. Later studies confirmed that neonates certainly do feel pain, though they lack the inhibitory mechanisms that modulate excruciating stimuli, unlike in older children. Repeated painful encounters experienced in the newborn period are associated with poor cognitive and motor development by 1 year of age. Pain in preverbal infants and children is also poorly recognized and often undertreated. Neonates and preverbal children cannot verbally communicate their pain and discomfort but express them through specific behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses. Several pain measurement tools have been developed for young children as surrogate measures of pain. To achieve optimum postoperative or procedural pain relief, easily understandable tools and a multimodal treatment module should be tailor-made for each health-care facility that cares for neonates and young infants. The aim of this advisory is to outline key concepts of pain assessment in neonates and preverbal children and suggest a rational approach to its management by all anesthesiologists, pediatricians, nursing staff, and other medical personnel caring for these children. The Indian Association of Paediatric Anaesthesia (IAPA) convened an online meeting in April 2020 to formulate the advisory on pain management in neonates and preverbal children under the chairmanship of Dr. Elsa Varghese, President IAPA, and members of the guideline committee. After several such meetings and revisions using feedback from IAPA members, the final guidelines were released in October 2020 on the IAPA website. Recommendations: Pain relief should generally be accomplished with a combination of nonpharmacologic approaches and pharmacologic techniques in a stepwise tiered manner by escalating type and dose of analgesia with anticipated increases in procedural pain. Nonpharmacological distraction measures may be sufficient for minor needle procedures like vaccination and venipuncture and may be offered as a first step and to complement other pain management remedies. An interdisciplinary approach involving pharmacologic, cognitive-behavioral, psychologic, and physical treatments should be employed whenever feasible.
{"title":"Indian association of paediatric anaesthesia advisory for pain management in neonates and preverbal children","authors":"I. Sen, Anju Gupta, Y. Chandrika, G. Nath, E. Varghese","doi":"10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_4_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_4_21","url":null,"abstract":"In the past, management of pain in neonates was regarded as unnecessary, with the belief that neonates have an immature nervous system and do not perceive pain. Later studies confirmed that neonates certainly do feel pain, though they lack the inhibitory mechanisms that modulate excruciating stimuli, unlike in older children. Repeated painful encounters experienced in the newborn period are associated with poor cognitive and motor development by 1 year of age. Pain in preverbal infants and children is also poorly recognized and often undertreated. Neonates and preverbal children cannot verbally communicate their pain and discomfort but express them through specific behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses. Several pain measurement tools have been developed for young children as surrogate measures of pain. To achieve optimum postoperative or procedural pain relief, easily understandable tools and a multimodal treatment module should be tailor-made for each health-care facility that cares for neonates and young infants. The aim of this advisory is to outline key concepts of pain assessment in neonates and preverbal children and suggest a rational approach to its management by all anesthesiologists, pediatricians, nursing staff, and other medical personnel caring for these children. The Indian Association of Paediatric Anaesthesia (IAPA) convened an online meeting in April 2020 to formulate the advisory on pain management in neonates and preverbal children under the chairmanship of Dr. Elsa Varghese, President IAPA, and members of the guideline committee. After several such meetings and revisions using feedback from IAPA members, the final guidelines were released in October 2020 on the IAPA website. Recommendations: Pain relief should generally be accomplished with a combination of nonpharmacologic approaches and pharmacologic techniques in a stepwise tiered manner by escalating type and dose of analgesia with anticipated increases in procedural pain. Nonpharmacological distraction measures may be sufficient for minor needle procedures like vaccination and venipuncture and may be offered as a first step and to complement other pain management remedies. An interdisciplinary approach involving pharmacologic, cognitive-behavioral, psychologic, and physical treatments should be employed whenever feasible.","PeriodicalId":42359,"journal":{"name":"Indian Anaesthetists Forum","volume":"22 1","pages":"120 - 128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47300078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_44_21
Sarfaraz Ahmad, S. Naaz, Neeraj Kumar, Amarjeet Kumar
{"title":"A migrated guidewire of a hemodialysis catheter in a COVID-19 patient","authors":"Sarfaraz Ahmad, S. Naaz, Neeraj Kumar, Amarjeet Kumar","doi":"10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_44_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_44_21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42359,"journal":{"name":"Indian Anaesthetists Forum","volume":"22 1","pages":"192 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48039450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_103_21
S. Sanghavi, G. Biyani
{"title":"Perfusion index as a monitor to determine the success of a peripheral nerve block: Is the truth subjective or objective?","authors":"S. Sanghavi, G. Biyani","doi":"10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_103_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_103_21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42359,"journal":{"name":"Indian Anaesthetists Forum","volume":"22 1","pages":"117 - 119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45236477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-01DOI: 10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_13_21
A. Aggarwal, Rohit Balyan, Varun Suresh, B. Gupta
Enhanced electrical activity, ventricular arrhythmia (VA), and cardiac instability due to increased sympathetic tone may be refractory to standard medical treatment and ablation procedures. Stellate ganglion block (SGB) has been used to treat refractory VA; however, there is insufficient information in the literature on its long-term outcome. Herein, we described three patients that were successfully treated with ultrasound-guided left SGB (LSGB) and chemical neurolysis. Ultrasound-guided LSGB may be considered as rescue or bridge therapy for stabilizing ventricular rhythm before a definitive procedure is planned.
{"title":"Stellate ganglion block and neurolysis for refractory ventricular arrhythmia","authors":"A. Aggarwal, Rohit Balyan, Varun Suresh, B. Gupta","doi":"10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_13_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/TheIAForum.TheIAForum_13_21","url":null,"abstract":"Enhanced electrical activity, ventricular arrhythmia (VA), and cardiac instability due to increased sympathetic tone may be refractory to standard medical treatment and ablation procedures. Stellate ganglion block (SGB) has been used to treat refractory VA; however, there is insufficient information in the literature on its long-term outcome. Herein, we described three patients that were successfully treated with ultrasound-guided left SGB (LSGB) and chemical neurolysis. Ultrasound-guided LSGB may be considered as rescue or bridge therapy for stabilizing ventricular rhythm before a definitive procedure is planned.","PeriodicalId":42359,"journal":{"name":"Indian Anaesthetists Forum","volume":"22 1","pages":"183 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44310395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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