Pub Date : 2021-07-22DOI: 10.1017/9781139051590.003
J. Grotberg
What are biofluids? There is a long list to answer this question, but a modest attempt would include: air, water, blood, mucus, urine, gastrointestinal (saliva, bile, chyme, stool), lymph, ocular (aqueous humor, vitreous humor), synovial, reproductive, cerebrospinal, milk, auditory and vestibular, intracellular, interstitial, venom, odorants, sap, nectar. These are fluids produced or used by living organisms. Of course, if we introduce a foreign fluid we need to consider it as a biofluid since it interacts with the organism. For example, perfluorocarbon liquids have been used as an artificial blood due to their ability to carry relatively large amounts of oxygen (Leach, 1996; Bull et al., 2009). They do not derive from a life form, but are inserted into one. So, one can think of a biofluid as a fluid involved in a living system. Medical devices and drug delivery often involve biofluid mechanics. An intravenous drip, artificial heart, coronary stent, mechanical ventilator, barium swallow, magnetic resonance imaging with contrast, and inhaled bronchodilator aerosols, are all examples of therapies and diagnostics involving biofluid mechanics and transport processes. The analysis of cells and molecules in microfluidic and array devices for high throughput also are dependent on the flow of fluids within the construct which carry the target objects (Huh et al., 2005; Whitesides, 2006; Tavana et al., 2009). Then there are fluids that are man-made from biological materials. This is most evident in the field of food processing, where biofluids such as mayonnaise, ketchup, apple sauce, peanut butter, melted chocolate and soft serve ice cream flow in pipes and devices to end up in containers or cones. What are some functions of biofluids? Life depends inherently on fluid mechanics. Land animals and plants are all immersed in the atmospheric air, for example. So we rely on it for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. The same is true for aquatic life forms, though their fluid is much more dense and viscous. Animals and plants also have internal fluids. In general, biofluids maintain internal milieu (chemicals, temperature); transport of metabolic gases, nutrients and waste; provide means of locomotion for finding food or prey, avoiding predators, mating, temperature regulation, migration; reproduction; protection; communication (mechanical, acoustic, chemical, visual). And one cannot view a frisky dolphin without acknowledging that biofluids can provide an outlet for “play.”
什么是生物体液?回答这个问题的清单很长，但一个适度的尝试应该包括:空气、水、血液、粘液、尿液、胃肠道(唾液、胆汁、食糜、粪便)、淋巴、眼(房水、玻璃体)、滑膜、生殖、脑脊液、乳汁、听觉和前庭、细胞内、间质、毒液、气味剂、汁液、花蜜。这些是生物体产生或使用的液体。当然，如果我们引入外来流体，我们需要将其视为生物流体，因为它与生物体相互作用。例如，全氟化碳液体被用作人造血液，因为它们能够携带相对大量的氧气(Leach, 1996;Bull et al.， 2009)。它们不是来自某种生命形式，而是被植入其中的。所以，我们可以把生物流体看作是生命系统中的一种流体。医疗设备和药物输送经常涉及生物流体力学。静脉滴注、人工心脏、冠状动脉支架、机械呼吸机、吞钡、磁共振造影剂成像和吸入支气管扩张剂气溶胶，都是涉及生物流体力学和运输过程的治疗和诊断的例子。微流体和阵列设备中细胞和分子的高通量分析也依赖于携带目标物体的结构内的流体流动(Huh等人，2005;怀特赛兹教授,2006;Tavana et al.， 2009)。还有一种液体是由生物材料制成的。这在食品加工领域最为明显，如蛋黄酱、番茄酱、苹果酱、花生酱、融化的巧克力和软冰淇淋等生物液体在管道和设备中流动，最终进入容器或锥体。生物体液有哪些功能?生命本质上依赖于流体力学。例如，陆地动物和植物都沉浸在大气中。所以我们依靠它来交换氧气和二氧化碳。水生生物也是如此，尽管它们的液体密度和粘性要大得多。动物和植物也有内部液体。一般来说，生物液体维持内部环境(化学物质、温度);代谢气体、营养物质和废物的运输;为寻找食物或猎物、躲避捕食者、交配、调节温度、迁徙提供运动手段;繁殖;保护;通讯(机械、声学、化学、视觉)。看到活泼的海豚，人们不能不承认生物体液可以提供“玩耍”的出口。
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