Medical Heritage Library. Multiple Partners. http://www.medicalheritage.orgThe growing availability of digital resources is transforming scholarship and teaching in the history of health care. The digital collections of medical history libraries are not meant to replace print sources and physical objects but rather to expand the reach of these institutions and increase accessibility for scholars and teachers who lack the resources to travel to the collections in person. Until now, one had to search the digital collections of research libraries and heritage institutions one by one. The Medical Heritage Library (MHL) streamlines this process by providing free and open access to authoritative historical resources from leading medical libraries. The MHL is a digital collaborative of medical history libraries whose stated goal "is to provide the means by which readers and scholars across a multitude of disciplines can examine the interrelated nature of medicine and society, both to inform contemporary medicine and strengthen understanding of the world in which we live."1The MHL is part of a larger advocacy movement to provide free public access to digitized materials. At the forefront of these efforts is the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving "born digital" content on the web. The principles of open access adopted by the Internet Archive and its partners grew out of concerns that control of knowledge on the web was rapidly being monopolized by subscription-only enterprises such as JStor and Ebscohost. The Internet Archive also responded to fears that materials on the web were rapidly disappearing into the past, eventually leading to a "digital dark age."2The MHL collaborative began in the summer of 2009 when curators of historical collections at the medical libraries of Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and the National Library of Medicine along with the Open Knowledge Commons, an offshoot of the Internet Archive's Open Content Alliance, received a start-up grant of $1.5 million from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to digitize over thirty thousand books relating to the history of health and medicine from their collections over the following three years.The MHL collection has expanded dramatically since that time and currently contains tens of thousands of digitized medical rare books, pamphlets, journals, and films available through the MHL and the Internet Archive. The collection only contains materials that are in the public domain under U.S. copyright law or that have received permission from the holder(s) of the copyright to make digital versions available online. The principal contributors are the Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library at Columbia University and Columbia University Libraries/Information Services, the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the Cushing/Whitney Medical Library at Yale University, the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine at Harvard University, the New York Academy of Medicine, the U.S. Nati
{"title":"Medical Heritage Library","authors":"H. Prescott","doi":"10.5860/choice.49-4217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.49-4217","url":null,"abstract":"Medical Heritage Library. Multiple Partners. http://www.medicalheritage.orgThe growing availability of digital resources is transforming scholarship and teaching in the history of health care. The digital collections of medical history libraries are not meant to replace print sources and physical objects but rather to expand the reach of these institutions and increase accessibility for scholars and teachers who lack the resources to travel to the collections in person. Until now, one had to search the digital collections of research libraries and heritage institutions one by one. The Medical Heritage Library (MHL) streamlines this process by providing free and open access to authoritative historical resources from leading medical libraries. The MHL is a digital collaborative of medical history libraries whose stated goal \"is to provide the means by which readers and scholars across a multitude of disciplines can examine the interrelated nature of medicine and society, both to inform contemporary medicine and strengthen understanding of the world in which we live.\"1The MHL is part of a larger advocacy movement to provide free public access to digitized materials. At the forefront of these efforts is the Internet Archive, a nonprofit organization dedicated to preserving \"born digital\" content on the web. The principles of open access adopted by the Internet Archive and its partners grew out of concerns that control of knowledge on the web was rapidly being monopolized by subscription-only enterprises such as JStor and Ebscohost. The Internet Archive also responded to fears that materials on the web were rapidly disappearing into the past, eventually leading to a \"digital dark age.\"2The MHL collaborative began in the summer of 2009 when curators of historical collections at the medical libraries of Harvard, Yale, Columbia, and the National Library of Medicine along with the Open Knowledge Commons, an offshoot of the Internet Archive's Open Content Alliance, received a start-up grant of $1.5 million from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to digitize over thirty thousand books relating to the history of health and medicine from their collections over the following three years.The MHL collection has expanded dramatically since that time and currently contains tens of thousands of digitized medical rare books, pamphlets, journals, and films available through the MHL and the Internet Archive. The collection only contains materials that are in the public domain under U.S. copyright law or that have received permission from the holder(s) of the copyright to make digital versions available online. The principal contributors are the Augustus C. Long Health Sciences Library at Columbia University and Columbia University Libraries/Information Services, the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the Cushing/Whitney Medical Library at Yale University, the Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine at Harvard University, the New York Academy of Medicine, the U.S. Nati","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"24 1","pages":"119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71136815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nurses and Midwives in Nazi Germany: The "Euthanasia Programs" Edited by Susan Benedict and Linda Shields (New York, NY: Routledge, 2014) (266 pages; $140.00 hardcover, $105.00 e-book)Nurses are charged with caring for the ill and putting others' needs before their own, which makes it hard for the general public to accept that nurses could intentionally harm their patients. In this book, Susan Benedict and Linda Shields challenge the assumed naivete and goodwill of nurses and propose that nurses are just as human and capable of immoral and unethical behavior as anyone else. This challenges the reader to look at nurses through a more complex, multidimensional lens. Nurses were not immune from the broadly accepted anti-Semitism and ideals set forth by the Third Reich in Germany and played an active role in ending the lives of approximately three hundred thousand patients with the so-called mercy killings. Benedict and Shields point out many similar present-day ethical dilemmas including nurse participation in executions, maternal-fetal screening services leading to termination of pregnancy, and force-feeding prisoners at Guantanamo Bay.The chapters of this book are artfully organized to walk readers through the historical framework that sets the stage for digging deep into understanding the extent of nurses and midwives' involvement in the killing of their own patients. The beginning of the book lays a foundation for the reader to contextualize the rest of the book by providing a brief yet detailed history of the cultural and political underpinnings of Nazi Germany and the global eugenics movement. The book moves into explaining the structure of nursing and specifically psychiatric nursing under the Third Reich, addressing the minimal length and depth of nursing education and the expectation of obedience to physicians. The most important and disturbing sections of the book evolve out of the trial transcripts of nurses who were tried for the murder or assistance in murder of their patients. These testimonies provide noteworthy and impactful evidence to support Benedict and Shields' goal of demonstrating the extent of nurse and midwife involvement in the "euthanasia" killings. It was evident that most of the nurses felt a serious conflict between following orders to kill patients and the risk of punishment by a means as severe as death if they did not. A critical question raised in this book is, what is an individual's responsibility when functioning under a regime as threatening and intimidating as the Third Reich?The book also addresses the historically neglected role of midwives in labeling patients as disabled, thus condemning them to death. …
{"title":"Nurses and Midwives in Nazi Germany: The \"Euthanasia Programs\"","authors":"R. Newhouse","doi":"10.1093/ahr/121.1.351a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/121.1.351a","url":null,"abstract":"Nurses and Midwives in Nazi Germany: The \"Euthanasia Programs\" Edited by Susan Benedict and Linda Shields (New York, NY: Routledge, 2014) (266 pages; $140.00 hardcover, $105.00 e-book)Nurses are charged with caring for the ill and putting others' needs before their own, which makes it hard for the general public to accept that nurses could intentionally harm their patients. In this book, Susan Benedict and Linda Shields challenge the assumed naivete and goodwill of nurses and propose that nurses are just as human and capable of immoral and unethical behavior as anyone else. This challenges the reader to look at nurses through a more complex, multidimensional lens. Nurses were not immune from the broadly accepted anti-Semitism and ideals set forth by the Third Reich in Germany and played an active role in ending the lives of approximately three hundred thousand patients with the so-called mercy killings. Benedict and Shields point out many similar present-day ethical dilemmas including nurse participation in executions, maternal-fetal screening services leading to termination of pregnancy, and force-feeding prisoners at Guantanamo Bay.The chapters of this book are artfully organized to walk readers through the historical framework that sets the stage for digging deep into understanding the extent of nurses and midwives' involvement in the killing of their own patients. The beginning of the book lays a foundation for the reader to contextualize the rest of the book by providing a brief yet detailed history of the cultural and political underpinnings of Nazi Germany and the global eugenics movement. The book moves into explaining the structure of nursing and specifically psychiatric nursing under the Third Reich, addressing the minimal length and depth of nursing education and the expectation of obedience to physicians. The most important and disturbing sections of the book evolve out of the trial transcripts of nurses who were tried for the murder or assistance in murder of their patients. These testimonies provide noteworthy and impactful evidence to support Benedict and Shields' goal of demonstrating the extent of nurse and midwife involvement in the \"euthanasia\" killings. It was evident that most of the nurses felt a serious conflict between following orders to kill patients and the risk of punishment by a means as severe as death if they did not. A critical question raised in this book is, what is an individual's responsibility when functioning under a regime as threatening and intimidating as the Third Reich?The book also addresses the historically neglected role of midwives in labeling patients as disabled, thus condemning them to death. …","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"24 1","pages":"140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/ahr/121.1.351a","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60681597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pain: A Political History By Keith Wailoo (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) (296 pages; $29.95 hardcover)Pain: A Political History by Keith Wailoo is both similar to and different from his previous books. It fits securely within the genre of the history of medicine, but it also shows a more defined and nuanced reflection of the human experience shaped by the ideology of national politics. In this book, Wailoo presents a very sophisticated and compelling argument that pain-how it is defined, who gets to define it, how it is valued, and how sufferers are identified-illustrates the ideological divide between liberal and conservative political thought that exists today. In 2011, the Institute of Medicine report Relieving Pain in America1 placed uncontrolled pain as one of the most compelling public health problems of our time.Wailoo brilliantly chose pain as a vehicle for understanding the association of culture, politics, and the history of medicine. He situates pain as an enduring proxy for the political battles concerning how various legislative and legal entities defined deserving and undeserving sufferers, relief, and disability. He also situates pain as an innovative way to illustrate ideological debates over the size of government, free market constructions, and regulation politics. Pain, in this book, is a loosely packed concept that morphs like putty, depending on the sufferer and those responsible for relieving, defining, and documenting their suffering. In Wailoo's hands, pain becomes more than physical sensation; it is the Trojan horse that projects multiple meanings while distorting the reality of its impact, purpose, and function.The book also illustrates the foibles of attempting to strictly categorize political ideological forces into conservative and liberal, or Republican and Democrat. In Chapter 1, for example, he illustrates Republican President Dwight Eisenhower's struggle to support veterans (many of whom were considered to have legitimate pain), while trying to distance himself from the more encompassing disability legislation covering the elderly and other American citizens (some of whom were considered to have illegitimate or fraudulent pain). His lot was to reluctantly sign the 1956 Social Security Disability Insurance Law that provided benefits to both veterans and other American citizens. Some of his Republican colleagues never forgave him for liberalizing disability. Democratic President Jimmie Carter's administration began eliminating many people from the disability roles as a way to control costs and eliminate fraud. Many of his Democratic colleagues believed his actions were punitive and failed to reflect Democratic liberal sentiments. The Reagan administration, using Carter's policies as a springboard, continued this policy but with much more gusto, illustrating the porosity between strictly liberal and conservative ideas. Underlying the debates over worthy and unworthy sufferers were the historica
{"title":"Pain: A Political History","authors":"J. Fairman","doi":"10.5860/choice.185320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.185320","url":null,"abstract":"Pain: A Political History By Keith Wailoo (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014) (296 pages; $29.95 hardcover)Pain: A Political History by Keith Wailoo is both similar to and different from his previous books. It fits securely within the genre of the history of medicine, but it also shows a more defined and nuanced reflection of the human experience shaped by the ideology of national politics. In this book, Wailoo presents a very sophisticated and compelling argument that pain-how it is defined, who gets to define it, how it is valued, and how sufferers are identified-illustrates the ideological divide between liberal and conservative political thought that exists today. In 2011, the Institute of Medicine report Relieving Pain in America1 placed uncontrolled pain as one of the most compelling public health problems of our time.Wailoo brilliantly chose pain as a vehicle for understanding the association of culture, politics, and the history of medicine. He situates pain as an enduring proxy for the political battles concerning how various legislative and legal entities defined deserving and undeserving sufferers, relief, and disability. He also situates pain as an innovative way to illustrate ideological debates over the size of government, free market constructions, and regulation politics. Pain, in this book, is a loosely packed concept that morphs like putty, depending on the sufferer and those responsible for relieving, defining, and documenting their suffering. In Wailoo's hands, pain becomes more than physical sensation; it is the Trojan horse that projects multiple meanings while distorting the reality of its impact, purpose, and function.The book also illustrates the foibles of attempting to strictly categorize political ideological forces into conservative and liberal, or Republican and Democrat. In Chapter 1, for example, he illustrates Republican President Dwight Eisenhower's struggle to support veterans (many of whom were considered to have legitimate pain), while trying to distance himself from the more encompassing disability legislation covering the elderly and other American citizens (some of whom were considered to have illegitimate or fraudulent pain). His lot was to reluctantly sign the 1956 Social Security Disability Insurance Law that provided benefits to both veterans and other American citizens. Some of his Republican colleagues never forgave him for liberalizing disability. Democratic President Jimmie Carter's administration began eliminating many people from the disability roles as a way to control costs and eliminate fraud. Many of his Democratic colleagues believed his actions were punitive and failed to reflect Democratic liberal sentiments. The Reagan administration, using Carter's policies as a springboard, continued this policy but with much more gusto, illustrating the porosity between strictly liberal and conservative ideas. Underlying the debates over worthy and unworthy sufferers were the historica","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"24 1","pages":"168"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71024941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Classrooms and Clinics: Urban Schools and the Protection and Promotion of Child Health, 1870-1930 By Richard A. Meckel (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013) (272 pages; $75.00 hardcover, $29.95 paper, $29.95 e-book)Historian Richard Meckel's latest work, Classrooms and Clinics: Urban Schools and the Protection and Promotion of Child Health, 1870-1930 precisely proves the importance of understanding the historic complexities and challenges faced in the United States regarding children's health and education. His work fits into a broader scholarly category that uses the history of children and children's health to provide a unique lens to analyze the past. In Classrooms and Clinics, Meckel provides an in-depth analysis of the work of health-care providers, reformers, and urban school leaders who worked to improve the health of children and reveals nuanced social, political, and cultural themes from the late nineteenth century through the early years of the Great Depression. Meckel's work speaks to current gaps in scholarly literature through his analysis of particular national negotiations surrounding urban public schools and public education of children as well as the ways in which public schools interacted with attempts to improve child health.Using a rich breadth of archival resources including government reports and public pamphlets, Meckel traces discourse surrounding child health as it moved through three somewhat distinct approaches: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Though preventative services could be initiated in the classroom, separation of clinic and classroom became standardized as educators and physicians negotiated domains of power and practice. Meckel ultimately concludes that by the early 1930s, the school assumed a moral responsibility to provide a safe environment for education to occur and one in which health education should occur. But though the school could be a place of education, it did not end up as a place where children received corrective services or treatments; such services were reserved for the clinic or hospital, and decisions about the services that children received remained with the parents.The question of who served as the primary gatekeepers to children and their health revealed an often difficult and complex system, much like we experience today.Today, when we seek to provide "family-centered care," we recognize that to deliver care to children, we must work within an interdisciplinary team and include their families as primary decision-makers in the process within multifaceted social, cultural, and economic spheres. Meckel proves that this tension is not a new challenge. Classrooms and Clinics highlights the complexity of a broad system of influencers and decision-makers regarding children's health. Meckel reveals the complex and often nuanced realities including convincing families to vaccinate their children or seek medical treatment for identified problems.While physicians played key rol
{"title":"Classrooms and Clinics: Urban Schools and the Protection and Promotion of Child Health, 1870-1930","authors":"Brian M. Ralston","doi":"10.5860/choice.51-6782","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.51-6782","url":null,"abstract":"Classrooms and Clinics: Urban Schools and the Protection and Promotion of Child Health, 1870-1930 By Richard A. Meckel (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013) (272 pages; $75.00 hardcover, $29.95 paper, $29.95 e-book)Historian Richard Meckel's latest work, Classrooms and Clinics: Urban Schools and the Protection and Promotion of Child Health, 1870-1930 precisely proves the importance of understanding the historic complexities and challenges faced in the United States regarding children's health and education. His work fits into a broader scholarly category that uses the history of children and children's health to provide a unique lens to analyze the past. In Classrooms and Clinics, Meckel provides an in-depth analysis of the work of health-care providers, reformers, and urban school leaders who worked to improve the health of children and reveals nuanced social, political, and cultural themes from the late nineteenth century through the early years of the Great Depression. Meckel's work speaks to current gaps in scholarly literature through his analysis of particular national negotiations surrounding urban public schools and public education of children as well as the ways in which public schools interacted with attempts to improve child health.Using a rich breadth of archival resources including government reports and public pamphlets, Meckel traces discourse surrounding child health as it moved through three somewhat distinct approaches: prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Though preventative services could be initiated in the classroom, separation of clinic and classroom became standardized as educators and physicians negotiated domains of power and practice. Meckel ultimately concludes that by the early 1930s, the school assumed a moral responsibility to provide a safe environment for education to occur and one in which health education should occur. But though the school could be a place of education, it did not end up as a place where children received corrective services or treatments; such services were reserved for the clinic or hospital, and decisions about the services that children received remained with the parents.The question of who served as the primary gatekeepers to children and their health revealed an often difficult and complex system, much like we experience today.Today, when we seek to provide \"family-centered care,\" we recognize that to deliver care to children, we must work within an interdisciplinary team and include their families as primary decision-makers in the process within multifaceted social, cultural, and economic spheres. Meckel proves that this tension is not a new challenge. Classrooms and Clinics highlights the complexity of a broad system of influencers and decision-makers regarding children's health. Meckel reveals the complex and often nuanced realities including convincing families to vaccinate their children or seek medical treatment for identified problems.While physicians played key rol","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"24 1","pages":"131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71146691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Rum Maniacs: Alcoholic Insanity in the Early American Republic","authors":"M. Donahue","doi":"10.5860/choice.51-6945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.51-6945","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"24 1","pages":"129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71146945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Race Unmasked: Biology and Race in the Twentieth Century By Michael Yudell (New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2014) (274 pages; $40.00 cloth)In Race Unmasked: Biology and Race in the Twentieth Century, historian Mike Yudell analyzes the race concept and the role that scientists have played in c ontributing to the idea of race over the twentieth century. He explores assumptions of racial science, defined as "the use of science, both by scientists and laypersons alike ... as part of a greater arsenal of oppression" (p. 115). Using primary sources of books, research studies, and other writings by prominent eugenicists, geneticists, and evolutionary biologists, he argues that racial science rooted in biological notions of difference did not die out after World War II and, in fact, has persisted into the twenty-first century. As well, science has played a critical role in the formulations of ideas about race and America's changing views of African Americans. Although people have tried to use science to justify racial difference, the "science" they used was no more real than saying that race is real. Science was only real to the extent that scientists said it was so.Yudell traces the idea of race back to the eighteenth century when Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus established racial classification systems based on biological traits such as skin color or hair texture. His categories of Asiaticus, Africanus, Europeaeus, and Americanus were infused with distinct physical and behavioral characteristics. Yudell's primary interest is the twentieth century, however, and his first chapters explore the thinking of eugenicists such as Francis Galton and Charles Davenport. Galton examined hereditary traits both within and between humans, and he had a significant impact on the formation of race as a biological concept. Supported by his Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Davenport applied Galton's eugenic doctrines to immigration policies and Black/White differences. By rooting human differences and perceived inferiorities in blood relationships, these eugenicists used the scientific method to preserve White supremacy.Significantly, Yudell contextualizes this early twentieth-century work within the push to formulate new immigration policies and the activities of anti-Black groups such as the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in the 1920s. Eugenicist Lothrop Stoddard, for example, actually advised the KKK, while other eugenicists disseminated their ideas that were used to enforce segregation for some and exclusion for others based on "inferior" traits. Ideas about racial difference also were put on public display through the American Museum of Natural History meeting in 1921. Models, diagrams, and research presentations in 131 exhibits asserted subtle but distinct differences between Blacks and Whites that reinforced the immutability of bodily characteristics. Yet some biologists, geneticists, and anthropologists challenged the assumptions of racial science. Columbia Universit
《揭开种族的面纱:20世纪的生物学和种族》，作者:迈克尔·尤德尔(纽约，纽约:哥伦比亚大学出版社，2014)(274页;在《揭开种族的面纱:20世纪的生物学和种族》一书中，历史学家迈克·尤德尔分析了种族概念，以及科学家在20世纪对种族概念的贡献中所扮演的角色。他探讨了种族科学的假设，将其定义为“科学家和非专业人士对科学的使用……作为更大的压迫军火库的一部分”(第115页)。他引用了杰出的优生学家、遗传学家和进化生物学家的书籍、研究报告和其他著作的主要资料，认为根植于生物差异概念的种族科学并没有在第二次世界大战后消亡，事实上，它一直延续到21世纪。同样，科学在种族观念的形成和美国对非裔美国人看法的变化中也发挥了关键作用。尽管人们试图用科学来为种族差异辩护，但他们所使用的“科学”并不比说种族是真实的更真实。科学只有在科学家说它是真实的时候才是真实的。Yudell将种族的概念追溯到18世纪，当时瑞典植物学家Carolus Linnaeus根据肤色或发质等生物特征建立了种族分类系统。他对亚细亚、非洲、欧洲和美洲的分类充满了独特的生理和行为特征。然而，尤德尔的主要兴趣是20世纪，他的前几章探讨了弗朗西斯·高尔顿和查尔斯·达文波特等优生学家的思想。高尔顿研究了人类内部和人类之间的遗传特征，他对种族作为一个生物学概念的形成产生了重大影响。在冷泉港实验室的支持下，达文波特将高尔顿的优生学理论应用于移民政策和黑人/白人差异。这些优生学家把人类的差异和自卑感根植于血缘关系中，用科学的方法维护白人至上。值得注意的是，尤德尔将20世纪早期的工作置于制定新移民政策和20世纪20年代三k党等反黑人团体活动的背景下。例如，优生学家洛斯罗普·斯托达德(Lothrop Stoddard)实际上是三k党(KKK)的顾问，而其他优生学家则传播他们的想法，这些想法被用来实施基于“劣等”特征的种族隔离和排斥。关于种族差异的观点也通过1921年美国自然历史博物馆的会议被公开展示。131件展品中的模型、图表和研究报告都强调了黑人和白人之间微妙而明显的差异，这些差异强化了身体特征的不变性。然而，一些生物学家、遗传学家和人类学家对种族科学的假设提出了挑战。例如，哥伦比亚大学人类学家弗朗茨·博阿斯(Franz Boas)在博物馆集会上谴责了白人至上主义者和优生学家。成立于1909年的全国有色人种协进会(National Association for The Advancement of Colored People)在20世纪20年代变得更加直言，W.E.B.杜波依斯(W.E.B. duBois)攻击种族科学时，遗传学已经开始取代优生学，成为种族概念的权威。尤德尔继续他的论点，即种族科学中的生物学假设推动了20世纪的研究人员，他们把注意力集中在国家研究委员会调查黑人和白人“杂交”影响的研究上(第60页)。以第一次世界大战后黑人从南方到北方城市的人口转移为背景，研究包括人类智力测试和机械能力倾向测试，以发展一种关于病理的有机差异的方法。例如，约瑟夫·彼得森(Joseph Peterson)希望利用智力测试来帮助人们更好地适应环境，从而发挥积极的社会功能，他对黑人的研究是“以‘绅士’的方式阐明种族主义”(. ...页)
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Active Bodies: A History of Women's Physical Education in Twentieth-Century America By Martha H. Verbrugge (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2012) (416 pages; $50.00 cloth)In Active Bodies, Martha Verbrugge has given readers a comprehensive look at women's physical education in the United States, from grade schools to universities, over more than a century. Verbrugge documents the dedication to a philosophy of "different but equal" that empowered women physical educators at the same time as this philosophy entrenched a second-class status for women in athletics. Verbrugge's inclusion of the stories of Black physical educators and her attention to the changing social forces that influenced physical activity for women and girls make this an important and engaging book.Active Bodies is organized chronologically, with nine chapters divided into two major sections: 1890s to 1940s and 1950s to 2005. For each time period, Verbrugge structures her examination along the same three foci: female physical educators, the science of women's physical education, and the impact of physical education on reproductive health. This approach creates paired chapters across the eras, which is helpful in tracking these topics over the century. The earlier era also has two additional chapters: one comparing the experiences of two educators, one Black and one White, and a second on the evolution of competitive sports for women up to the 1950s. The scope of this subject is large, and the social changes over the two time periods could easily justify their own dedicated text. Although there were moments when this reviewer wanted more detail than was possible with the broad scope, the opportunities for comparison across the periods more than make up for any loss of depth.The field of physical education came into being out of the changing understanding of healthy physical behavior. In the late nineteenth century, there was a general concern over the health impact of sedentary lifestyles, as less physically demanding occupations became available. Compulsory primary education began in this period. Verbrugge follows the changing understanding of women's physical activity and the obligations of schools to promote physical fitness while also maintaining socially approved class, race, sexual, and gender norms for their students.In the pre-1950 section, Verbrugge makes good use of personal stories to highlight the social forces that shaped the early profession. Verbrugge documents that the norm for women's physical activity was based on the experiences and expectations of middle-class, White, heterosexual women, and physical educators strove to inculcate these norms in their students. …
《活跃的身体:二十世纪美国女性体育教育的历史》，作者:Martha H. Verbrugge(纽约，纽约:牛津大学出版社，2012)(416页;在《活跃的身体》一书中，玛莎·韦尔布鲁日让读者全面了解了一个多世纪以来美国女性从小学到大学的体育教育。Verbrugge记录了对“不同但平等”哲学的奉献，这种哲学赋予了女性体育教育者权力，同时也使女性在体育运动中确立了二等地位。Verbrugge收录了黑人体育教育者的故事，她对影响妇女和女孩体育活动的不断变化的社会力量的关注使这本书成为一本重要而引人入胜的书。《活跃的身体》按时间顺序组织，九章分为两个主要部分:19世纪90年代至40年代和50年代至2005年。对于每一个时期，Verbrugge都围绕着同样的三个重点来组织她的研究:女性体育教育者、妇女体育科学以及体育对生殖健康的影响。这种方法创建了跨时代的成对章节，这有助于在一个世纪内跟踪这些主题。早期的时代还有两个额外的章节:一个比较两个教育家的经历，一个是黑人，一个是白人，第二个是20世纪50年代女性竞技体育的演变。这个主题的范围很大，两个时期的社会变化可以很容易地证明他们自己的专门文本是正确的。虽然有些时候，笔者想要更多的细节，而不是宽泛的范围，但跨时期比较的机会弥补了任何深度的损失。随着人们对健康身体行为认识的不断变化，体育教育领域应运而生。19世纪后期，人们普遍担心久坐不动的生活方式对健康的影响，因为体力要求较低的职业出现了。初等义务教育开始于这一时期。Verbrugge遵循了对女性体育活动的不断变化的理解，以及学校促进身体健康的义务，同时也为学生保持社会认可的阶级、种族、性别和性别规范。在1950年之前的部分，Verbrugge很好地利用了个人故事来突出塑造早期职业的社会力量。Verbrugge记录了女性体育活动的规范是基于中产阶级、白人、异性恋女性的经验和期望，体育教育者努力向学生灌输这些规范。…
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{"title":"A History of Midwifery in the United States: The Midwife Said Fear Not","authors":"H. Varney, J. Thompson","doi":"10.1891/9780826125385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826125385","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"25 1","pages":"168 - 169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2015-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67700007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-01DOI: 10.1891/1062-8061.25.1.178
G. Fealy, C. Hallett, S. Dietz
{"title":"Histories of Nursing Practice","authors":"G. Fealy, C. Hallett, S. Dietz","doi":"10.1891/1062-8061.25.1.178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1891/1062-8061.25.1.178","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42438,"journal":{"name":"NURSING HISTORY REVIEW","volume":"25 1","pages":"178 - 179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2015-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67606980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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