Pub Date : 1996-06-01DOI: 10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.01
M. Lincoln, M. Onslow, R. Menzies
There has long been a theoretical connection between anxiety and stuttering, although the empirical search for such a connection has yielded indecisive results. In order to contribute further information about stuttering and anxiety, survey methodology was used to elicit beliefs about stuttering and anxiety from speech pathologists and people who stutter. Results showed that the majority of both groups believed that state anxiety is involved in stuttering, but only a small minority believed that trait anxiety is involved in stuttering. Results also suggested that people who stutter are not a homogenous group in their experiences of state anxiety about speaking. The research and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
{"title":"Beliefs about Stuttering and Anxiety: Research and Clinical Implications","authors":"M. Lincoln, M. Onslow, R. Menzies","doi":"10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.01","url":null,"abstract":"There has long been a theoretical connection between anxiety and stuttering, although the empirical search for such a connection has yielded indecisive results. In order to contribute further information about stuttering and anxiety, survey methodology was used to elicit beliefs about stuttering and anxiety from speech pathologists and people who stutter. Results showed that the majority of both groups believed that state anxiety is involved in stuttering, but only a small minority believed that trait anxiety is involved in stuttering. Results also suggested that people who stutter are not a homogenous group in their experiences of state anxiety about speaking. The research and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.","PeriodicalId":426731,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of human communication disorders","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116810649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-06-01DOI: 10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.03
Tina Wilkie, J. Beilby
Outcome evaluation for the behavioural treatments for adults who stutter is problematic due to the variability of stuttering in different situations. This study investigated the effects of method of assessment (overt or covert), assessment context (within-clinic or beyond-clinic), and speaking situation (phone or conversation) on stuttering severity post-treatment in 12 adults who stutter, using a repeated measures design. Results demonstrated that there was a significant difference between phone and conversation speaking situations. No significant differences were found between overt and covert assessment nor between within-clinic and beyond-clinic assessment. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to treatment outcome evaluation and the planning and conducting of treatment programs.
{"title":"Post-treatment Stuttering Severity under Different Assessment Conditions","authors":"Tina Wilkie, J. Beilby","doi":"10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.03","url":null,"abstract":"Outcome evaluation for the behavioural treatments for adults who stutter is problematic due to the variability of stuttering in different situations. This study investigated the effects of method of assessment (overt or covert), assessment context (within-clinic or beyond-clinic), and speaking situation (phone or conversation) on stuttering severity post-treatment in 12 adults who stutter, using a repeated measures design. Results demonstrated that there was a significant difference between phone and conversation speaking situations. No significant differences were found between overt and covert assessment nor between within-clinic and beyond-clinic assessment. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to treatment outcome evaluation and the planning and conducting of treatment programs.","PeriodicalId":426731,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of human communication disorders","volume":"360 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125648639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-06-01DOI: 10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.06
A. Packman, M. Lincoln
Recent publicity about the effectiveness of early intervention for stuttering has resulted in many parents bringing their children for treatment very soon after the onset of the condition. The fact that stuttering is transient in many children raises the question of whether to intervene immediately. However, we do not know in the early stages of the condition which children will recover withtout treatment and which ones will develop chronic stuttering. The only known predictor of transience is gender, with more girls than boys recovering without intervention. In the absence of other empirical evidence, we have drawn on a model of stuttering known as the variability model, or Vmodel, in constructing guidelines for early intervention. This model explains the nature of early stuttering by linking the onset of the disorder to the development of variable syllabic stress. The implications of the Vmodel for intervention in early stuttering are discussed.
{"title":"Early Stuttering and the Vmodel","authors":"A. Packman, M. Lincoln","doi":"10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.06","url":null,"abstract":"Recent publicity about the effectiveness of early intervention for stuttering has resulted in many parents bringing their children for treatment very soon after the onset of the condition. The fact that stuttering is transient in many children raises the question of whether to intervene immediately. However, we do not know in the early stages of the condition which children will recover withtout treatment and which ones will develop chronic stuttering. The only known predictor of transience is gender, with more girls than boys recovering without intervention. In the absence of other empirical evidence, we have drawn on a model of stuttering known as the variability model, or Vmodel, in constructing guidelines for early intervention. This model explains the nature of early stuttering by linking the onset of the disorder to the development of variable syllabic stress. The implications of the Vmodel for intervention in early stuttering are discussed.","PeriodicalId":426731,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of human communication disorders","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127302504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-06-01DOI: 10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.04
A. Craig, K. Hancock
The present study was designed to investigate the question of whether children who stutter have raised levels of state and trait anxiety in comparison to children who do not stutter. If anxiety levels are raised, this would have implications for current theories of the cause of stuttering as well as for treatment in this age group. Ninety-six children aged 9–14 years who stuttered were compared with 104 children who did not stutter and who were similar in age and education levels. The experimental group were comprehensively diagnosed for stuttering and assessed for their severity by measuring stuttering frequency and speech rate in a five minute clinic conversation. Both groups completed the Spielberger STAIC anxiety questionnaire. Based on STAIC scores, those in the stuttering group were no more anxious than the controls. There were also no significant associations between severity of stuttering, age or sex, and levels of anxiety. Implications for the early management of stuttering are discussed.
{"title":"Anxiety in Children and Young Adolescents who Stutter","authors":"A. Craig, K. Hancock","doi":"10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.04","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was designed to investigate the question of whether children who stutter have raised levels of state and trait anxiety in comparison to children who do not stutter. If anxiety levels are raised, this would have implications for current theories of the cause of stuttering as well as for treatment in this age group. Ninety-six children aged 9–14 years who stuttered were compared with 104 children who did not stutter and who were similar in age and education levels. The experimental group were comprehensively diagnosed for stuttering and assessed for their severity by measuring stuttering frequency and speech rate in a five minute clinic conversation. Both groups completed the Spielberger STAIC anxiety questionnaire. Based on STAIC scores, those in the stuttering group were no more anxious than the controls. There were also no significant associations between severity of stuttering, age or sex, and levels of anxiety. Implications for the early management of stuttering are discussed.","PeriodicalId":426731,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of human communication disorders","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125607975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-06-01DOI: 10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.07
J. Attanasio, M. Onslow, R. Menzies
One aspect of current treatment practices for early stuttering is that clinicians in two countries have, in essence, diametrically opposed treatment practices. In this paper we suggest some historical reasons for this situation. One reason is that stuttering treatment practices in Australia were not influenced by academics who stuttered. Another reason is that, in comparison to the United States, Australia has had a short line of descent in thinking about the clinical problem of stuttering. Further, the Australians involved in that line of descent were independent of theoretical developments in the United States. We argue that this situation has considerable implications for the future development of early intervention with stuttering, and the development of the field will be impeded if it is not resolved. We argue that one resolution will be for research to show that the two treatment approaches produce equivalent results, in which case, the field can develop by means of exploration of how apparently opp...
{"title":"Australian and United States Perspectives on Stuttering in Preschool Children","authors":"J. Attanasio, M. Onslow, R. Menzies","doi":"10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.07","url":null,"abstract":"One aspect of current treatment practices for early stuttering is that clinicians in two countries have, in essence, diametrically opposed treatment practices. In this paper we suggest some historical reasons for this situation. One reason is that stuttering treatment practices in Australia were not influenced by academics who stuttered. Another reason is that, in comparison to the United States, Australia has had a short line of descent in thinking about the clinical problem of stuttering. Further, the Australians involved in that line of descent were independent of theoretical developments in the United States. We argue that this situation has considerable implications for the future development of early intervention with stuttering, and the development of the field will be impeded if it is not resolved. We argue that one resolution will be for research to show that the two treatment approaches produce equivalent results, in which case, the field can develop by means of exploration of how apparently opp...","PeriodicalId":426731,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of human communication disorders","volume":"332 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116359824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-06-01DOI: 10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.02
S. Block, R. Ingham, R. Bench
Auditory feedback masking has long been thought to be a clinically useful procedure for the modification of stuttered speech in adults, and the Edinburgh Masker is a commercial device for providing such masking. In the present study, 18 subjects spoke under various masking and nonmasking conditions using the Edinburgh Masker, both in and beyond the clinic. Results showed that stuttering rate reduced by a mean of around 50% in masking compared to nonmasking conditions. Only one subject completely eliminated stuttering, and did so in only one of many speaking tasks. Listeners judged masked speech to be less natural sounding than nonmasked speech. It is concluded that, for some clients, there may be some benefit in masked speech by means of the Edinburgh Masker, but that the device does not appear to produce either stutter-free or natural sounding speech.
{"title":"The Effects of the Edinburgh Masker on Stuttering","authors":"S. Block, R. Ingham, R. Bench","doi":"10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.02","url":null,"abstract":"Auditory feedback masking has long been thought to be a clinically useful procedure for the modification of stuttered speech in adults, and the Edinburgh Masker is a commercial device for providing such masking. In the present study, 18 subjects spoke under various masking and nonmasking conditions using the Edinburgh Masker, both in and beyond the clinic. Results showed that stuttering rate reduced by a mean of around 50% in masking compared to nonmasking conditions. Only one subject completely eliminated stuttering, and did so in only one of many speaking tasks. Listeners judged masked speech to be less natural sounding than nonmasked speech. It is concluded that, for some clients, there may be some benefit in masked speech by means of the Edinburgh Masker, but that the device does not appear to produce either stutter-free or natural sounding speech.","PeriodicalId":426731,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of human communication disorders","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132169477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1996-06-01DOI: 10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.05
S. Block, D. Killen
Speech rate is an important consideration in the assessment of individuals presenting for speech pathology treatment. It has also become a factor in evaluation of treatment efficacy because a common goal in treatment is that the speech attained should not sound different from that of a normal speaker. This is particularly true of the treatment of individuals who stutter. The existing data relating to speed of speaking is of limited clinical value, as much is based on non-Australian populations and the available Australian data are outdated. The speech rates of 120 children (aged approximately 9 years) and adults (aged 21- 30 years) were studied. All participants were assessed during oral reading and conversation tasks. The children were found to speak at a rate of 176 syllables per minute (SPM) and to read at 159 SPM. Adult subjects spoke more quickly, at 237 SPM, and read at a rate of 230 SPM. Current speech rate data show higher SPM rates in Australian English-speaking children and adults than were repo...
{"title":"Speech Rates of Australian English-speaking Children and Adults","authors":"S. Block, D. Killen","doi":"10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/ASL2.1996.24.ISSUE-1.05","url":null,"abstract":"Speech rate is an important consideration in the assessment of individuals presenting for speech pathology treatment. It has also become a factor in evaluation of treatment efficacy because a common goal in treatment is that the speech attained should not sound different from that of a normal speaker. This is particularly true of the treatment of individuals who stutter. The existing data relating to speed of speaking is of limited clinical value, as much is based on non-Australian populations and the available Australian data are outdated. The speech rates of 120 children (aged approximately 9 years) and adults (aged 21- 30 years) were studied. All participants were assessed during oral reading and conversation tasks. The children were found to speak at a rate of 176 syllables per minute (SPM) and to read at 159 SPM. Adult subjects spoke more quickly, at 237 SPM, and read at a rate of 230 SPM. Current speech rate data show higher SPM rates in Australian English-speaking children and adults than were repo...","PeriodicalId":426731,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of human communication disorders","volume":"231 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133454226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-12-01DOI: 10.3109/ASL2.1995.23.ISSUE-2.05
Elizabeth Gibson, Debra Phyland, I. Marschner
Although videofluoroscopy is widely used in the assessment and management of dysphagia, there are scant data on rater reliability. The measurement of rater reliability is crucial to quality control. The inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the modified barium swallow was analyzed in order to determine if acceptable levels of reliability were being achieved in the clinic. The secondary aims were to identify the most reliable raters and to determine clinical training needs for videofluoroscopy.Four speech pathologists analyzed 20 swallows of selected dysphagic patients, twice. Six variables were measured: aspiration, swallow time, number of swallows, number of tongue elevations, place of initiation, and vallecula pooling. Rating was performed using videos in store. Reliability scores were good for all variables except vallecula/e pooling. Repeatability of vallecula pooling ratings over time was particularly problematic. The implications of these findings for the evaluation of dysphagia are discussed.
{"title":"Rater Reliability of the Modified Barium Swallow","authors":"Elizabeth Gibson, Debra Phyland, I. Marschner","doi":"10.3109/ASL2.1995.23.ISSUE-2.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/ASL2.1995.23.ISSUE-2.05","url":null,"abstract":"Although videofluoroscopy is widely used in the assessment and management of dysphagia, there are scant data on rater reliability. The measurement of rater reliability is crucial to quality control. The inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the modified barium swallow was analyzed in order to determine if acceptable levels of reliability were being achieved in the clinic. The secondary aims were to identify the most reliable raters and to determine clinical training needs for videofluoroscopy.Four speech pathologists analyzed 20 swallows of selected dysphagic patients, twice. Six variables were measured: aspiration, swallow time, number of swallows, number of tongue elevations, place of initiation, and vallecula pooling. Rating was performed using videos in store. Reliability scores were good for all variables except vallecula/e pooling. Repeatability of vallecula pooling ratings over time was particularly problematic. The implications of these findings for the evaluation of dysphagia are discussed.","PeriodicalId":426731,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of human communication disorders","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114691705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-12-01DOI: 10.3109/ASL2.1995.23.ISSUE-2.07
K. Hird
The purpose of this paper is to encourage discussion concerning the effectiveness of treatment techniques for developmental speech and language disorders associated with hearing impairment. The paper summarises the development of prelinguistic or suprasegmental skills in normally hearing children as well as the impact of hearing impairment on this developmental pattern. Limitations of traditional approaches to the treatment of speech disorders are highlighted. The fact that prosodic skills are not generally targeted in speech remediation programmes is discussed. An alternative conceptual approach to the treatment of speech disorders associated with hearing impairment is outlined. This approach highlights the developmental progression of segmentation skills as a prerequisite to the normal development of speech production and perception.
{"title":"The Role of Prosody in the Rehabilitation of Speech Disorders Associated with Hearing Impairment","authors":"K. Hird","doi":"10.3109/ASL2.1995.23.ISSUE-2.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/ASL2.1995.23.ISSUE-2.07","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this paper is to encourage discussion concerning the effectiveness of treatment techniques for developmental speech and language disorders associated with hearing impairment. The paper summarises the development of prelinguistic or suprasegmental skills in normally hearing children as well as the impact of hearing impairment on this developmental pattern. Limitations of traditional approaches to the treatment of speech disorders are highlighted. The fact that prosodic skills are not generally targeted in speech remediation programmes is discussed. An alternative conceptual approach to the treatment of speech disorders associated with hearing impairment is outlined. This approach highlights the developmental progression of segmentation skills as a prerequisite to the normal development of speech production and perception.","PeriodicalId":426731,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of human communication disorders","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127998676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1995-12-01DOI: 10.3109/ASL2.1995.23.ISSUE-2.01
R. Schacht, G. Siegel
Selective mutism is a rare and poorly understood condition, usually occurring in childhood, that provides a substantial challenge when encountered by the speech-language pathologist. A case study is presented of a 13-year old girl with a history of cognitive, motor, speech, and language delays who was diagnosed by school personnel as selectively mute. The case is unusual because she received speech and language services almost from infancy but was first diagnosed as selectively mute only recently. The case analysis reveals that selective mutism can occur in complex interaction with other developmental and language problems, confounding both its diagnosis and the development of an appropriate therapy strategy.
{"title":"Selective Mutism: A Case Study","authors":"R. Schacht, G. Siegel","doi":"10.3109/ASL2.1995.23.ISSUE-2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/ASL2.1995.23.ISSUE-2.01","url":null,"abstract":"Selective mutism is a rare and poorly understood condition, usually occurring in childhood, that provides a substantial challenge when encountered by the speech-language pathologist. A case study is presented of a 13-year old girl with a history of cognitive, motor, speech, and language delays who was diagnosed by school personnel as selectively mute. The case is unusual because she received speech and language services almost from infancy but was first diagnosed as selectively mute only recently. The case analysis reveals that selective mutism can occur in complex interaction with other developmental and language problems, confounding both its diagnosis and the development of an appropriate therapy strategy.","PeriodicalId":426731,"journal":{"name":"Australian journal of human communication disorders","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130156658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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