Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1177/0971945819897448
Güneş Işıksel
Hitherto, no historian has attempted a comprehensive approach to the aims, instruments and practices of Ottoman diplomacy, nor have historians analysed the major claims and evolution of the latter over the longue durée. This article does take a long view, beginning in the 1290s and continuing to the end of territorial expansion, roughly at the turn of the seventeenth century. I propose an exegetic framework to interpret the Ottoman understanding of diplomatic practices, which evolved significantly over the three centuries studied. While changes in the balance of inter-empire power relations were surely a cause, one needs to take account of internal factors as well. As Ottoman sultans and their servitors redefined the political identity of their realm, they redesigned diplomatic practices in conformity with changing priorities.
{"title":"Hierarchy and Friendship: Ottoman Practices of Diplomatic Culture and Communication (1290s–1600)","authors":"Güneş Işıksel","doi":"10.1177/0971945819897448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0971945819897448","url":null,"abstract":"Hitherto, no historian has attempted a comprehensive approach to the aims, instruments and practices of Ottoman diplomacy, nor have historians analysed the major claims and evolution of the latter over the longue durée. This article does take a long view, beginning in the 1290s and continuing to the end of territorial expansion, roughly at the turn of the seventeenth century. I propose an exegetic framework to interpret the Ottoman understanding of diplomatic practices, which evolved significantly over the three centuries studied. While changes in the balance of inter-empire power relations were surely a cause, one needs to take account of internal factors as well. As Ottoman sultans and their servitors redefined the political identity of their realm, they redesigned diplomatic practices in conformity with changing priorities.","PeriodicalId":42683,"journal":{"name":"MEDIEVAL HISTORY JOURNAL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0971945819897448","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43604408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1177/0971945819897449
Pınar Emiralioğlu
This article investigates the close relationship between geographical knowledge and imperial politics in the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Through an analysis of an anonymous portolan chart from 1652 and geographical accounts of Katip Çelebi, Ebu Bekir b. Behram el-Dimaşki and Osman b. Abdülmennan, it examines the circulation of ‘geography’ and ‘geographical knowledge’ in the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In doing so, it aims to integrate the Ottoman Empire into the recently developing historical treatment of Enlightenment as a response to cross-border interaction and global integration. According to the traditional understanding, Ottoman involvement with modern science and technology did not begin until the nineteenth century when the Ottoman state enacted a series of reforms in education, economy, and military. This article aims to challenge this traditional understanding and argues that Ottoman ruling elites and scholars did indeed participate in intellectual discussions and political developments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The knowledge exchange between the Ottoman geographers and their European contemporaries during this period laid the foundations of what I call ‘the Ottoman Enlightenment.’ The works discussed in this article informed the Ottoman imperial court and literate urbanites of the changes in the spatial understanding of the world and of the universe while also helping them to reevaluate the role of the Ottoman Empire globally during a period typically regarded as the beginning of Ottoman decline.
本文考察了17、18世纪奥斯曼帝国地理知识与帝国政治之间的密切关系。通过对1652年的一份匿名波多兰图表的分析，以及对卡提普Çelebi、Ebu Bekir b. Behram el- dima ki和Osman b. abd lmennan的地理记录，它考察了17世纪和18世纪奥斯曼帝国“地理”和“地理知识”的流通。在这样做的过程中，它旨在将奥斯曼帝国纳入最近发展的启蒙运动的历史处理中，作为对跨境互动和全球一体化的回应。根据传统的理解，奥斯曼帝国与现代科学技术的接触直到19世纪才开始，当时奥斯曼帝国在教育、经济和军事方面实施了一系列改革。本文旨在挑战这种传统理解，并认为奥斯曼统治精英和学者确实参与了17世纪和18世纪的智力讨论和政治发展。在这一时期，奥斯曼地理学家和他们同时代的欧洲地理学家之间的知识交流奠定了我称之为“奥斯曼启蒙运动”的基础。“本文讨论的作品向奥斯曼帝国宫廷和有文化的城市居民介绍了对世界和宇宙空间理解的变化，同时也帮助他们重新评估奥斯曼帝国在全球范围内的角色，这一时期通常被认为是奥斯曼帝国衰落的开始。”
{"title":"The Ottoman Enlightenment: Geography and Politics in the Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire","authors":"Pınar Emiralioğlu","doi":"10.1177/0971945819897449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0971945819897449","url":null,"abstract":"This article investigates the close relationship between geographical knowledge and imperial politics in the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Through an analysis of an anonymous portolan chart from 1652 and geographical accounts of Katip Çelebi, Ebu Bekir b. Behram el-Dimaşki and Osman b. Abdülmennan, it examines the circulation of ‘geography’ and ‘geographical knowledge’ in the Ottoman Empire during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In doing so, it aims to integrate the Ottoman Empire into the recently developing historical treatment of Enlightenment as a response to cross-border interaction and global integration. According to the traditional understanding, Ottoman involvement with modern science and technology did not begin until the nineteenth century when the Ottoman state enacted a series of reforms in education, economy, and military. This article aims to challenge this traditional understanding and argues that Ottoman ruling elites and scholars did indeed participate in intellectual discussions and political developments of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The knowledge exchange between the Ottoman geographers and their European contemporaries during this period laid the foundations of what I call ‘the Ottoman Enlightenment.’ The works discussed in this article informed the Ottoman imperial court and literate urbanites of the changes in the spatial understanding of the world and of the universe while also helping them to reevaluate the role of the Ottoman Empire globally during a period typically regarded as the beginning of Ottoman decline.","PeriodicalId":42683,"journal":{"name":"MEDIEVAL HISTORY JOURNAL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0971945819897449","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48589990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1177/0971945819897437
Yavuz Aykan, Boğaç Ergene
This article describes the history, features and functions of the Islamic law courts in the Ottoman Empire before the Tanzimat era. After briefly surveying of the roots of this institution in pre-Ottoman settings, the article focusses on how Ottoman administrators and juridical experts built on this legacy. Later, the article discusses the modern scholarly literature on the court in a way to reflect on its prevalent tendencies.
{"title":"Shari‘a Courts in the Ottoman Empire Before the Tanzimat","authors":"Yavuz Aykan, Boğaç Ergene","doi":"10.1177/0971945819897437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0971945819897437","url":null,"abstract":"This article describes the history, features and functions of the Islamic law courts in the Ottoman Empire before the Tanzimat era. After briefly surveying of the roots of this institution in pre-Ottoman settings, the article focusses on how Ottoman administrators and juridical experts built on this legacy. Later, the article discusses the modern scholarly literature on the court in a way to reflect on its prevalent tendencies.","PeriodicalId":42683,"journal":{"name":"MEDIEVAL HISTORY JOURNAL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0971945819897437","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46081469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-01DOI: 10.1177/0971945819893665
Tülün Değirmenci
Among the spaces conveying rich information on Anatolian social structure, mosques occupy a special place. In pre-modern societies, village and small-town mosques were not only places of worship, but served as foci of education and sociability, hosting visitors or travellers on occasion. While the architecture of village mosques is usually very simple, the furnishings can be elaborate, turning these modest structures into mirrors reflecting village culture, and thereby the culture of the Ottoman periphery. The present article focuses on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century painted mosques in the Turkish province of Denizli and environs, which display a remarkable unity of style and iconography. In the secondary literature, these works of art usually appear as products of so-called ‘Westernization’. By contrast, this study argues that they are outputs of Ottoman popular culture. Tangible from the seventeenth century onwards, the sociocultural dynamics and life practices specific to the Ottoman periphery have given this artwork its peculiar form. Thus, this study encourages researchers to rethink Anatolian conservatism, as it demonstrates that in the pre-modern era, mosques were not the well-protected spaces, distant from everyday life that they are today. Rather, in the period under study, village mosques could be ‘ambiguous’ spaces seamlessly joining varying spheres of life and belief.
{"title":"‘Popular’ Imagery in the Late Ottoman Periphery: The Wall Paintings in Village Mosques of Denizli Province","authors":"Tülün Değirmenci","doi":"10.1177/0971945819893665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0971945819893665","url":null,"abstract":"Among the spaces conveying rich information on Anatolian social structure, mosques occupy a special place. In pre-modern societies, village and small-town mosques were not only places of worship, but served as foci of education and sociability, hosting visitors or travellers on occasion. While the architecture of village mosques is usually very simple, the furnishings can be elaborate, turning these modest structures into mirrors reflecting village culture, and thereby the culture of the Ottoman periphery. The present article focuses on eighteenth- and nineteenth-century painted mosques in the Turkish province of Denizli and environs, which display a remarkable unity of style and iconography. In the secondary literature, these works of art usually appear as products of so-called ‘Westernization’. By contrast, this study argues that they are outputs of Ottoman popular culture. Tangible from the seventeenth century onwards, the sociocultural dynamics and life practices specific to the Ottoman periphery have given this artwork its peculiar form. Thus, this study encourages researchers to rethink Anatolian conservatism, as it demonstrates that in the pre-modern era, mosques were not the well-protected spaces, distant from everyday life that they are today. Rather, in the period under study, village mosques could be ‘ambiguous’ spaces seamlessly joining varying spheres of life and belief.","PeriodicalId":42683,"journal":{"name":"MEDIEVAL HISTORY JOURNAL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0971945819893665","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45555624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Round Table: Discussion on the Studies of the French Revolution. A Conver sation across gener ations","authors":"윤경 권, 동규 신, 민철 김, 희영 양, 윤덕 박, 대보 김, 향란 최, 서경 노, 용진 홍, 정인 김","doi":"10.51786/rchf.2019.08.41.153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51786/rchf.2019.08.41.153","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42683,"journal":{"name":"MEDIEVAL HISTORY JOURNAL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72495818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-31DOI: 10.51786/rchf.2019.08.41.123
L. Suh
{"title":"Niki de Saint Phalle and the Monster Ludens: The Analysis of the Grotesque Body and the Play by Bakhtin’s Popular Culture Theory","authors":"L. Suh","doi":"10.51786/rchf.2019.08.41.123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.51786/rchf.2019.08.41.123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42683,"journal":{"name":"MEDIEVAL HISTORY JOURNAL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85938840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-28DOI: 10.1177/0971945818806993
Himadri Banerjee
{"title":"Book Review: Balwant Singh Dhillon, Rajasthani Documents on Banda Singh Bahadur","authors":"Himadri Banerjee","doi":"10.1177/0971945818806993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0971945818806993","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42683,"journal":{"name":"MEDIEVAL HISTORY JOURNAL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0971945818806993","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46280035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-28DOI: 10.1177/0971945818807276
Savvas Neocleous
Few, if any, rulers in twelfth-century Christendom received as much attention by contemporary chroniclers as the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos (1183–85). Even though Andronikos ruled for less than three years, his rise to power, reign of terror, downfall and gruesome death at the hands of the lynch mob of Constantinople struck contemporaries. In contrast to medieval chroniclers, modern historians have shown little interest in this emperor. While some scholarly attention has been paid to the Greek sources in order to reconstruct the historical facts of Andronikos’s reign, there has been little focus on the Greek historians’ perceptions and representations of their ruler. As to the relatively large number of Latin accounts of Andronikos’s reign, these have been either completely disregarded by historians or dismissed as ‘full of imagined conversations and romantic fictions’ and therefore as being of limited value for the reconstruction of historical events. All these accounts, however, are important, among others, in giving great insight into how a harsh and oppressive rule was viewed in both Byzantium and the Latin world in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century. This article examines accusations of tyranny against Andronikos expressed uniformly across Byzantine, French, German–Austrian and English accounts, and explores their meaning and function. To gain a greater appreciation of their significance, these accusations against the Byzantine emperor are subsequently cast against the backdrop of charges of tyranny levelled against other Christian rulers in twelfth-century Christendom. Therefore, the significance of this article extends beyond Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire to the evolution of many other strands of political philosophy of rulership in medieval European history.1
{"title":"Andronikos I Komnenos: Tyrant of Twelfth-century Europe","authors":"Savvas Neocleous","doi":"10.1177/0971945818807276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0971945818807276","url":null,"abstract":"Few, if any, rulers in twelfth-century Christendom received as much attention by contemporary chroniclers as the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos (1183–85). Even though Andronikos ruled for less than three years, his rise to power, reign of terror, downfall and gruesome death at the hands of the lynch mob of Constantinople struck contemporaries. In contrast to medieval chroniclers, modern historians have shown little interest in this emperor. While some scholarly attention has been paid to the Greek sources in order to reconstruct the historical facts of Andronikos’s reign, there has been little focus on the Greek historians’ perceptions and representations of their ruler. As to the relatively large number of Latin accounts of Andronikos’s reign, these have been either completely disregarded by historians or dismissed as ‘full of imagined conversations and romantic fictions’ and therefore as being of limited value for the reconstruction of historical events. All these accounts, however, are important, among others, in giving great insight into how a harsh and oppressive rule was viewed in both Byzantium and the Latin world in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century. This article examines accusations of tyranny against Andronikos expressed uniformly across Byzantine, French, German–Austrian and English accounts, and explores their meaning and function. To gain a greater appreciation of their significance, these accusations against the Byzantine emperor are subsequently cast against the backdrop of charges of tyranny levelled against other Christian rulers in twelfth-century Christendom. Therefore, the significance of this article extends beyond Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire to the evolution of many other strands of political philosophy of rulership in medieval European history.1","PeriodicalId":42683,"journal":{"name":"MEDIEVAL HISTORY JOURNAL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0971945818807276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43242218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-28DOI: 10.1177/0971945818806982
J. Bronstein
The purpose of this article is to examine the regional and inter-Mediterranean deployment of the Hospitallers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and their use of port towns along the Mediterranean shores. These ports were essential for the communication between the Order’s headquarters in Jerusalem, and later in Acre, and its commanderies, for the shipment of goods and manpower, and for the Order’s involvement in regional and trans-Mediterranean trade. The article also examines changes made in the Order’s organisational structure, which resulted from the increasing dependence of the Hospitallers on a fleet. These are significant changes; they would eventually create the tools that enabled the Hospitallers to become a ‘maritime’ orientated Military Order, taking a leading role in the defence of the Eastern Mediterranean.
{"title":"The Hospitallers: From Land to Sea—An Examination of the Hospitallers’ Naval Activities in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries","authors":"J. Bronstein","doi":"10.1177/0971945818806982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0971945818806982","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to examine the regional and inter-Mediterranean deployment of the Hospitallers in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and their use of port towns along the Mediterranean shores. These ports were essential for the communication between the Order’s headquarters in Jerusalem, and later in Acre, and its commanderies, for the shipment of goods and manpower, and for the Order’s involvement in regional and trans-Mediterranean trade. The article also examines changes made in the Order’s organisational structure, which resulted from the increasing dependence of the Hospitallers on a fleet. These are significant changes; they would eventually create the tools that enabled the Hospitallers to become a ‘maritime’ orientated Military Order, taking a leading role in the defence of the Eastern Mediterranean.","PeriodicalId":42683,"journal":{"name":"MEDIEVAL HISTORY JOURNAL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0971945818806982","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48880181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-04-28DOI: 10.1177/0971945818821817
Farhat Hasan
{"title":"Book Review: Aparna Kapadia, In Praise of Kings: Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth-Century Gujarat","authors":"Farhat Hasan","doi":"10.1177/0971945818821817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0971945818821817","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":42683,"journal":{"name":"MEDIEVAL HISTORY JOURNAL","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/0971945818821817","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49402966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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