Simultaneous to the youth exploration of yoga and Indian spirituality was an increasing standardization and accessibility of yoga as exercise on television. The first presentations of Sir Paul Dukes (1889– 1967) on BBC television in 1949 were not well received by audiences. However, by the late 1960s the public was much more receptive. Perhaps the most popular televised programme in Britain was Yoga for Health (1971-74), imported from the United States and featuring Richard Hittleman (1927-1991). The success of Hittleman’s series lead to a UK-based spin-off series featuring Lyn Marshall which continued into the 1980s and a number of rival BBC programmes featuring yoga taught by Aruthur Balaskas which had been influenced by the anti-psychiatry of R.D. Laing, as well as a yoga feature on the popular lunchtime show Pebble Mill at One, whose yoga teachers had been taught by Punjabi immigrants to Britain, Dr. Gopal and Kalaish Puri. This chapter argues that yoga on television was a continuation of the adult education cultural form in which secular benefits for health and wellbeing were emphasized.
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This chapter focuses further on the nature of autodidactic traditions of yoga in the early twentieth century including the role of physical culture journals such as Health & Strength, as well as the postal courses on Yogism offered by Desmond Dune from his ‘World Headquarters’ in Surrey. It goes on to consider the world of adult education in Britain and how the founder of the British Wheel of yoga, Wilfred Clark was a product of this tradition. Wilfred Clark went on to establish a network of self-educated yoga teachers prepared to popularize yoga in adult education venues across the country. Clark and early Wheel members argued that yoga should be taught primarily in philosophy departments, and should consist of philosophical lectures, breathing exercises, postures, meditation and relaxation. The yoga enthusiasts and practitioners of this environment formed distinctive (if often idiosyncratic) assumptions about the nature and purpose of yoga.
{"title":"The Self-Taught Yogis, Adult Education and the Wheel of Yoga","authors":"S. Newcombe","doi":"10.1558/equinox.33787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/equinox.33787","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses further on the nature of autodidactic traditions of yoga in the early twentieth century including the role of physical culture journals such as Health & Strength, as well as the postal courses on Yogism offered by Desmond Dune from his ‘World Headquarters’ in Surrey. It goes on to consider the world of adult education in Britain and how the founder of the British Wheel of yoga, Wilfred Clark was a product of this tradition. Wilfred Clark went on to establish a network of self-educated yoga teachers prepared to popularize yoga in adult education venues across the country. Clark and early Wheel members argued that yoga should be taught primarily in philosophy departments, and should consist of philosophical lectures, breathing exercises, postures, meditation and relaxation. The yoga enthusiasts and practitioners of this environment formed distinctive (if often idiosyncratic) assumptions about the nature and purpose of yoga.","PeriodicalId":427446,"journal":{"name":"Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131298223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The introduction considers the apparent ‘crisis of authenticity’ amongst contemporary yoga practitioners. It argues that in the course of the twentieth century, yoga was studied, popularized and practiced in ways that have fundamentally influenced the kaleidoscopic understandings of yoga present in the current environment. Those who investigated, interrogated and taught yoga traditions in the twentieth century were (in most cases) attempting to respectfully explore a tradition which might meet present needs. It argues that the popularization of yoga in the British context was highly influential in understanding the shape of contemporary global yoga.
{"title":"Prologue: Rethinking Yoga","authors":"S. Newcombe","doi":"10.1558/equinox.37433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/equinox.37433","url":null,"abstract":"The introduction considers the apparent ‘crisis of authenticity’ amongst contemporary yoga practitioners. It argues that in the course of the twentieth century, yoga was studied, popularized and practiced in ways that have fundamentally influenced the kaleidoscopic understandings of yoga present in the current environment. Those who investigated, interrogated and taught yoga traditions in the twentieth century were (in most cases) attempting to respectfully explore a tradition which might meet present needs. It argues that the popularization of yoga in the British context was highly influential in understanding the shape of contemporary global yoga.","PeriodicalId":427446,"journal":{"name":"Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis","volume":"9 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123658114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter consists of a thematic exploration of the motivations of yoga practitioners in twentieth century Britain, drawing on primary source literature and over thirty oral-history interviews. The most popular reasons for practicing yoga related to experiences of greater integration, relaxation and concentration. The emphasis was on experiences of greater personal health and happiness. These motivations were usually, but not always, separate from any specific theological beliefs. However, many practitioners did experience their involvement with yoga as ‘more than physical’ and some became associated with specific theological expressions of yoga. The chapter argues that spiritual beliefs were seen as a private, personal concern and the public education context of yoga de-emphasized the religious message. Therefore, a presentation of yoga developed in twentieth century Britain that allowed for a diversity of private interpretation, within an expectation of secular public pedagogy.
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At the same time that yoga was expanding in the adult education sector, Indian spirituality was also becoming popular amongst counter cultural milieus of the late 1960s and 70s. Press coverage of music celebrity interest in Indian spirituality and yoga was initially scornful. Yet during this period, yoga and Indian religiosity became an increasingly acceptable way of looking outside British culture for inspiration. This chapter identifies The Beatles’ search for musical inspiration, the popularization of yoga via the Asian Music Circle, the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) as being key influences in the increasingly mainstream attention to yogic practices. This chapter covers experiential centres such as Centre House, Muz Murry’s Gandolf’s Garden, the first Sivananda Yoga Centre and the Happy Healthy Holy Organization (3HO or Kundalini Yoga) becoming established in London.
与此同时，瑜伽在成人教育领域不断扩大，印度灵性也在20世纪60年代末和70年代的反文化环境中流行起来。媒体对音乐名人对印度灵性和瑜伽感兴趣的报道最初是轻蔑的。然而，在这一时期，瑜伽和印度的宗教信仰逐渐成为人们从英国文化之外寻找灵感的一种可接受的方式。这一章确定了披头士乐队对音乐灵感的寻找，瑜伽在亚洲音乐圈的普及，Maharishi Mahesh Yogi和国际奎师那知觉协会(ISKCON)对瑜伽练习日益受到主流关注的关键影响。本章涵盖了在伦敦成立的体验中心，如Centre House, Muz Murry的Gandolf花园，第一个悉瓦南达瑜伽中心和快乐健康神圣组织(3HO或昆达里尼瑜伽)。
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{"title":"List of Illustrations","authors":"S. Newcombe","doi":"10.1558/equinox.38974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/equinox.38974","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":427446,"journal":{"name":"Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis","volume":"28 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126065973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This chapter provides the reader with an understanding of what kind of information on yoga was available in the early twentieth century, how it might be found, and who was responsible for its content. Significant forums for information circulating about yoga included journals of those who shared interests in alternative spiritualties, as well as book-length volumes translating ‘Eastern’ religious texts. Perhaps the most influential network in this subject area had at its centre Watkins Bookshop on Charring Cross Road, which served as a hub for all kinds of networking, including consultation on publishing decisions. The process of publishing popular books on yoga is explored as well as the personal influence of Gerald Yorke, Paul Brunton and Hari Prasad Shastri of the Shanti Sadan.
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This chapter focuses on those attending yoga classes in the adult education context during the 1960s, primarily married, middle-class women. The venue of adult education evening classes provided a safe environment for women to achieve some respite and reorientation towards their lives. Yoga as exercise in adult education contexts also drew upon established forms of female physical education. The popularity of yoga in this period can be partially explained by the strength of a social pressure that women as responsible for their own health and that of their entire family. Yoga was promoted as a way to make women better wives and mothers while encouraging, in a socially acceptable way, feelings of freedom and autonomy.
{"title":"Middle Class Women Join Evening Classes","authors":"S. Newcombe","doi":"10.1558/equinox.33789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/equinox.33789","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on those attending yoga classes in the adult education context during the 1960s, primarily married, middle-class women. The venue of adult education evening classes provided a safe environment for women to achieve some respite and reorientation towards their lives. Yoga as exercise in adult education contexts also drew upon established forms of female physical education. The popularity of yoga in this period can be partially explained by the strength of a social pressure that women as responsible for their own health and that of their entire family. Yoga was promoted as a way to make women better wives and mothers while encouraging, in a socially acceptable way, feelings of freedom and autonomy.","PeriodicalId":427446,"journal":{"name":"Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125149796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In addition to the efforts of the yoga enthusiasts detailed in the previous chapter, two highly popular Indian teachers changed the face of yoga by teaching in adult education venues, Yogini Sunita (1932-1970) and B.K.S. Iyengar (1918-2011). Both of these teachers attracted thousands of students to their classes. Yogini Sunita was based at the Birmingham Athletics Institute during the 1960s. While B.K.S. Iyengar’s was championed under the Inner London Educational Authority, gaining a monopoly on yoga classes in these publicly-funded inner London venues from 1969 to around 1980. This chapter focuses on the secular interests and pressures of that the structures of the educational institutes placed upon the yoga being taught and how these systematized and transformed the nature of yoga teaching and ‘teacher training.’
除了前一章详述的瑜伽爱好者的努力之外，两位非常受欢迎的印度老师Yogini Sunita(1932-1970)和B.K.S. Iyengar(1918-2011)通过在成人教育场所的教学改变了瑜伽的面貌。这两位老师都吸引了成千上万的学生上他们的课。上世纪60年代，Yogini Sunita在伯明翰田径学院工作。而B.K.S.艾扬格则是内伦敦教育局(Inner London education Authority)的支持者，从1969年到1980年左右，他在这些公共资助的内伦敦场所获得了瑜伽课程的垄断地位。这一章的重点是世俗的利益和压力，教育机构的结构对瑜伽的教授，以及这些如何系统化和改变瑜伽教学和“教师培训”的本质。
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{"title":"A Brief Note on Vocabulary","authors":"S. Newcombe","doi":"10.1558/equinox.38975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1558/equinox.38975","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":427446,"journal":{"name":"Yoga in Britain: Stretching Spirituality and Educating Yogis","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115429939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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