Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1411403
O. Atgin, G. Çifçi
In 2012, a comprehensive study of the Danube River’s submarine channels continental slope was conducted, employing multi-beam bathymetry and over 2300 km of high-resolution two- dimensional seismic reflection data. The investigation aimed to delve into the area's morphology, potential for gas hydrate presence, and the correlation between stratigraphic units and gas hydrates. Three distinct zones, revealed Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs) indicating the base of gas hydrate accumulations in the seismic data. These BSR areas exhibited Type-1 reflections, characterized by continuous cuts across layers. Notably, five discrete levels of BSRs were detected, suggesting a consistent gas composition across them. The multiple BSR formations are attributed to higher sedimentation rates relative to gas hydrate dissolution rates. Mass transport deposits (MTDs) within the gas hydrate stability zone (6 in total) were identified; their highly consolidated nature could account for the absence of gas hydrates within them. Additionally, one MTD displayed elevated heat flow measurements, indicating a higher geothermal gradient, likely due to its relatively high thermal conductivity. This disparity in thermal properties explains the deeper-than-expected BSR in this specific region, as it forms at a lower temperature equilibrium level due to efficient heat conduction.
{"title":"Investigation of gas and gas hydrate accumulations along the continental margin of the Danube Delta (Romania and Bulgaria offshore) using seismic reflection data","authors":"O. Atgin, G. Çifçi","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1411403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1411403","url":null,"abstract":"In 2012, a comprehensive study of the Danube River’s submarine channels continental slope was conducted, employing multi-beam bathymetry and over 2300 km of high-resolution two- dimensional seismic reflection data. The investigation aimed to delve into the area's morphology, potential for gas hydrate presence, and the correlation between stratigraphic units and gas hydrates. Three distinct zones, revealed Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs) indicating the base of gas hydrate accumulations in the seismic data. These BSR areas exhibited Type-1 reflections, characterized by continuous cuts across layers. Notably, five discrete levels of BSRs were detected, suggesting a consistent gas composition across them. The multiple BSR formations are attributed to higher sedimentation rates relative to gas hydrate dissolution rates. Mass transport deposits (MTDs) within the gas hydrate stability zone (6 in total) were identified; their highly consolidated nature could account for the absence of gas hydrates within them. Additionally, one MTD displayed elevated heat flow measurements, indicating a higher geothermal gradient, likely due to its relatively high thermal conductivity. This disparity in thermal properties explains the deeper-than-expected BSR in this specific region, as it forms at a lower temperature equilibrium level due to efficient heat conduction.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":"6 13","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139148671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1394073
Alexander G. Tvalchrelidze
This article presents tangible geological evidence for coexistence of porphyry copper and epithermal gold systems within single polygenic deposits and provides a paleothermophysical model for their origins. Brief metallogenic analysis of the Southern Caucasus and Northern Iran has shown that such deposits are confined to long-living calc-alkaline island arcs and were formed during their orogenesis. Examples of complex Sonajil (Iran), Gharta, and Merisi (Georgia) deposits are considered. Investigation has shown that for combined porphyry and epithermal ore formation some preconditions are suggested to exist: (i) Source of anomalous energy, which exceeds thermodynamics of the enclosing environment; (ii) Existence of temperature gradient, which determines conventional flows of fluids composed of endogenous and meteoric constituents (proven by rhythmical zoning of ore lodes); (iii) Stability of such conditions for a period of sulfide ore formation. However, such a process of sulfide ore formation cannot explain formation of high sulfidation gold deposits. Mass precipitation of free gold requires phreatic collapse in the ore conduit channel already after formation of hydrothermally altered rocks, and this event results in creation of either hydrothermal breccias, often with jigsaw-fit texture or brecciated vuggy silica where host rocks and hydrothermally altered rocks are cemented by a gold-bearing quartz matrix.
{"title":"Porphyry and Epithermal Au-Cu Systems of the Southern Caucasus and Northern Iran","authors":"Alexander G. Tvalchrelidze","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1394073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1394073","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents tangible geological evidence for coexistence of porphyry copper and epithermal gold systems within single polygenic deposits and provides a paleothermophysical model for their origins. Brief metallogenic analysis of the Southern Caucasus and Northern Iran has shown that such deposits are confined to long-living calc-alkaline island arcs and were formed during their orogenesis. Examples of complex Sonajil (Iran), Gharta, and Merisi (Georgia) deposits are considered. Investigation has shown that for combined porphyry and epithermal ore formation some preconditions are suggested to exist: (i) Source of anomalous energy, which exceeds thermodynamics of the enclosing environment; (ii) Existence of temperature gradient, which determines conventional flows of fluids composed of endogenous and meteoric constituents (proven by rhythmical zoning of ore lodes); (iii) Stability of such conditions for a period of sulfide ore formation. However, such a process of sulfide ore formation cannot explain formation of high sulfidation gold deposits. Mass precipitation of free gold requires phreatic collapse in the ore conduit channel already after formation of hydrothermally altered rocks, and this event results in creation of either hydrothermal breccias, often with jigsaw-fit texture or brecciated vuggy silica where host rocks and hydrothermally altered rocks are cemented by a gold-bearing quartz matrix.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":"93 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139254668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-05DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1386653
Hazel DENİZ TOKTAY
Potential field data play a critical role in interpreting various geologic structural features through edge detection filters that aid in mapping subsurface structural features. For this purpose, various filters have been introduced in recent years to determine lateral boundaries. However, each of these filters has its limitations and advantages. This study presents a new edge enhancement filter named “Enhanced Gradient (EG)” based on the Richards function and applies it to potential field data for structural mapping. The EG is tested on two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) synthetic magnetic models with sources buried at different depths and variable properties. The results from the EG filter provide more accurate and higher resolution horizontal boundaries and can avoid creating the false edges in the output results. In addition, the proposed filter was examined using aeromagnetic data from the Indiana region in the USA. The primary and secondary faults and geological formations are recognizable in the EG image. The results of the EG map will allow us to improve the qualitative interpretation of potential field anomalies in studying the structural and tectonic geology of the Indiana region in the USA.
{"title":"Edge enhancement of potential field data using the enhanced gradient (EG) filter","authors":"Hazel DENİZ TOKTAY","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1386653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1386653","url":null,"abstract":"Potential field data play a critical role in interpreting various geologic structural features through edge detection filters that aid in mapping subsurface structural features. For this purpose, various filters have been introduced in recent years to determine lateral boundaries. However, each of these filters has its limitations and advantages. This study presents a new edge enhancement filter named “Enhanced Gradient (EG)” based on the Richards function and applies it to potential field data for structural mapping. The EG is tested on two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) synthetic magnetic models with sources buried at different depths and variable properties. The results from the EG filter provide more accurate and higher resolution horizontal boundaries and can avoid creating the false edges in the output results. In addition, the proposed filter was examined using aeromagnetic data from the Indiana region in the USA. The primary and secondary faults and geological formations are recognizable in the EG image. The results of the EG map will allow us to improve the qualitative interpretation of potential field anomalies in studying the structural and tectonic geology of the Indiana region in the USA.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":"109 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135726213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1362349
Kamil KAYABALI, H.b. NAGARAJ, Deniz YILMAZ, Muhammed BEYHAN
Atterberg limits are important index parameters used to classify soils for various engineering applications. Engineering properties of soils are predicted through simple correlations with index properties and thereby the engineering behavior of soils are qualitatively assessed. There are two popular methods of determining liquid limit, and plastic limit is commonly determined adopting rolling thread methods. To avoid operator related variations in determining plastic limit by conventional method, some researchers have explored using cone method as an alternative. However, there is no consensus about the depth of penetration to reckon the end of plastic state. Though various other test methods have been developed to determine plastic limit (like roll plate device), cone penetration with its limitation of determining
plastic limit, is the only method to determine both liquid and plastic limit of soils. Since laboratory vane shear test is a simple and reliable method of determining undrained strength of fine-grained soils, the authors have explored to determine both liquid and plastic limits through correlations developed between undrained strength and water content over a range of consistencies between liquid and plastic states. This would eliminate determining liquid and plastic limit separately without sacrificing the reliability of results.
{"title":"Determination of Atterberg Limits using the vane shear test method","authors":"Kamil KAYABALI, H.b. NAGARAJ, Deniz YILMAZ, Muhammed BEYHAN","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1362349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1362349","url":null,"abstract":"Atterberg limits are important index parameters used to classify soils for various engineering applications. Engineering properties of soils are predicted through simple correlations with index properties and thereby the engineering behavior of soils are qualitatively assessed. There are two popular methods of determining liquid limit, and plastic limit is commonly determined adopting rolling thread methods. To avoid operator related variations in determining plastic limit by conventional method, some researchers have explored using cone method as an alternative. However, there is no consensus about the depth of penetration to reckon the end of plastic state. Though various other test methods have been developed to determine plastic limit (like roll plate device), cone penetration with its limitation of determining
 plastic limit, is the only method to determine both liquid and plastic limit of soils. Since laboratory vane shear test is a simple and reliable method of determining undrained strength of fine-grained soils, the authors have explored to determine both liquid and plastic limits through correlations developed between undrained strength and water content over a range of consistencies between liquid and plastic states. This would eliminate determining liquid and plastic limit separately without sacrificing the reliability of results.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136025872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-24DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1349959
G. Shanmugam
A rigorous examination of empirical data confirms the fact that there is no threat from CO2 to People. Fossil Fuels (i.e., Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal) are the underpinning of modern living in the 21stcentury and that CO2 is essential for the thriving of both People and Plants. The geologic record shows that the Earth’s climate has always been changing naturally during the past 600 million years in terms CO2 and temperature, without CO2 emissions from Fossil Fuels by humans. Aplot of CO2vs. Temperature for the last 600 million years shows basically no correlation for most of this time (Berner, 2004; Scotese et al., 2021). If the Net-Zero CO2 policy were to be implemented in 2050, large numbers of people would die and the modern human civilization would come to a sudden halt, and humans left alive would have to revert back to the lifestyles of the Neanderthals. A climate-change model for 200 years (1900─2100) is proposed based on four basic parameters, namely, CO2, Temperature, Population, and GDP (gross domestic product) per capita. In this model, calculations based on the Max Planck’s Curve by Van Wijngaarden and Happer (2020), an increase in Temperature by 2100 would be trivial even if CO2 is nearly doubled in value to 800 ppm. The CO2 in the atmosphere helps not only to modulate the Earth’s Temperature suitable for human survival, but also to enhance Global Greening.
{"title":"Fossil fuels, climate change, and the vital role of CO2 to people and plants on planet Earth","authors":"G. Shanmugam","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1349959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1349959","url":null,"abstract":"A rigorous examination of empirical data confirms the fact that there is no threat from CO2 to People. Fossil Fuels (i.e., Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal) are the underpinning of modern living in the 21stcentury and that CO2 is essential for the thriving of both People and Plants. The geologic record shows that the Earth’s climate has always been changing naturally during the past 600 million years in terms CO2 and temperature, without CO2 emissions from Fossil Fuels by humans. Aplot of CO2vs. Temperature for the last 600 million years shows basically no correlation for most of this time (Berner, 2004; Scotese et al., 2021). If the Net-Zero CO2 policy were to be implemented in 2050, large numbers of people would die and the modern human civilization would come to a sudden halt, and humans left alive would have to revert back to the lifestyles of the Neanderthals. A climate-change model for 200 years (1900─2100) is proposed based on four basic parameters, namely, CO2, Temperature, Population, and GDP (gross domestic product) per capita. In this model, calculations based on the Max Planck’s Curve by Van Wijngaarden and Happer (2020), an increase in Temperature by 2100 would be trivial even if CO2 is nearly doubled in value to 800 ppm. The CO2 in the atmosphere helps not only to modulate the Earth’s Temperature suitable for human survival, but also to enhance Global Greening.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44474381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-23DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1344433
R. RAZAVİ PASH, M. Seraj, S. Mukherjee, Ahmad Radmehr
How subsurface anticlines (oil fields) link structurally with faults is of great relevance in the exploration and development of oil fields. In this context, we investigate the geometric relation between lower Balarud (LBR), upper Balarud (UBR) and Qaleh Nar (QN) subsurface anticlines that are the main oil fields in the Northern Dezful Embayment, central Zagros. The Asmari (As) and the Bangestan (Bng) reservoirs are studied geophysically using seismic profiles, well data and underground contour maps (UGC). Interpretation of 3500 m deep seismic profiles indicates the geometry of the studied subsurface anticlines differs vertically and horizontally to a significant proportion. The interpreted structures much resemble As and Bng horizons in each anticline. The UBR got overturned on the LBR due to thrusting possibly in the Late Miocene. The LBR, like a rabbit-ear structure, is situated at the northern edge of the QN. The lower and upper Chenareh and LBR and UBR resemble structurally and are separated mutually by a steep (strike-slip) fault. The fault separates the LBR and UBR from the QN. Interaction of different factors: change in overburden pressure, rate of deformation and uplift in the different parts of the subsurface anticlines moved and accumulated Gachsaran Formation towards both limbs of the anticlines.
{"title":"Structural relationship between subsurface oil fields in the North Dezful Embayment: Qaleh Nar, Lower and Upper Balarud Anticlines (central Zagros, Iran)","authors":"R. RAZAVİ PASH, M. Seraj, S. Mukherjee, Ahmad Radmehr","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1344433","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1344433","url":null,"abstract":"How subsurface anticlines (oil fields) link structurally with faults is of great relevance in the exploration and development of oil fields. In this context, we investigate the geometric relation between lower Balarud (LBR), upper Balarud (UBR) and Qaleh Nar (QN) subsurface anticlines that are the main oil fields in the Northern Dezful Embayment, central Zagros. The Asmari (As) and the Bangestan (Bng) reservoirs are studied geophysically using seismic profiles, well data and underground contour maps (UGC). Interpretation of 3500 m deep seismic profiles indicates the geometry of the studied subsurface anticlines differs vertically and horizontally to a significant proportion. The interpreted structures much resemble As and Bng horizons in each anticline. The UBR got overturned on the LBR due to thrusting possibly in the Late Miocene. The LBR, like a rabbit-ear structure, is situated at the northern edge of the QN. The lower and upper Chenareh and LBR and UBR resemble structurally and are separated mutually by a steep (strike-slip) fault. The fault separates the LBR and UBR from the QN. Interaction of different factors: change in overburden pressure, rate of deformation and uplift in the different parts of the subsurface anticlines moved and accumulated Gachsaran Formation \u0000towards both limbs of the anticlines.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48667066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-19DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1329619
İsmail Ege, Efekan Özkan, Selahattin Polat
Bozburun Peninsula (Marmaris) attracts attention because it contains various karstic shapes on limestones belonging to different periods and it is also an important area in terms of tectonic activity. This study examines the area sizes of the karstic shapes determined by satellite images, topographic maps and field studies, the elevations, slopes, depth value ranges and extensions where they are clustered and the fault lines affecting them have been determined. In order to explain this effect quantitatively, the elongation ratio (RE) and elongation direction (EA α) from morphometric shape indices were used. Poljes, on the other hand, were evaluated in more detail separately from dolines and uvalas, the pitting rates (PR) was calculated. It was understood that in this study which Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies and field observations were correlated, folds and fractures that occurred in the Western Taurus Karst Region during the paleotectonic and neotectonic periods had a positive effect on karstification, and it was determined the lie of the karstic shapes to a great extent resemblance to the lie of the faults.
{"title":"Determination of the relationship between tectonic and karstification using morphometric indices in Bozburun Peninsula, Marmaris, Türkiye","authors":"İsmail Ege, Efekan Özkan, Selahattin Polat","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1329619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1329619","url":null,"abstract":"Bozburun Peninsula (Marmaris) attracts attention because it contains various karstic shapes on limestones belonging to different periods and it is also an important area in terms of tectonic activity. This study examines the area sizes of the karstic shapes determined by satellite images, topographic maps and field studies, the elevations, slopes, depth value ranges and extensions where they are clustered and the fault lines affecting them have been determined. In order to explain this effect quantitatively, the elongation ratio (RE) and elongation direction (EA α) from morphometric shape indices were used. Poljes, on the other hand, were evaluated in more detail separately from dolines and uvalas, the pitting rates (PR) was calculated. It was understood that in this study which Remote Sensing (RS), Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies and field observations were correlated, folds and fractures that occurred in the Western Taurus Karst Region during the paleotectonic and neotectonic periods had a positive effect on karstification, and it was determined the lie of the karstic shapes to a great extent resemblance to the lie of the faults.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45847688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-20DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1317427
D. Chandrasekharam
The Middle East economy and life depend on imports, be it food, water, or energy, despite each country in the region having enormous energy resources to exploit and reduce dependency on countries outside the region and develop a socioeconomic model of regional cooperation and synergy. An estimated 371 TWh of electricity available from geothermal energy resources can be utilized by these countries to support basic needs and be free from food-energy-water imports by sharing their energy resources. The total amount of CO2 emissions from these countries is currently 945 x 106 kg, so these countries can further earn about 92 million euros from carbon savings, by using geothermal energy along this corridor. This amount can be utilized for augmenting the energy supply from geothermal sources. In this work, the available geothermal resources are evaluated, and suggestions are made how this energy can be best utilized for peaceful existence and cooperation in the region.
中东经济和生活依赖进口，无论是粮食、水还是能源，尽管该地区每个国家都拥有巨大的能源资源，可以开发利用，减少对域外国家的依赖，形成区域合作和协同的社会经济模式。这些国家可以利用地热能资源提供的约371太瓦时的电力来支持基本需要，并通过分享能源资源来避免粮食-能源-水的进口。目前，这些国家的二氧化碳排放总量为945 x 106公斤，因此，通过沿着这条走廊使用地热能，这些国家可以进一步从碳节约中赚取约9200万欧元。这一数额可用于增加地热资源的能源供应。在这项工作中，对现有的地热资源进行了评价，并提出了如何最好地利用这种能源促进该地区和平生存与合作的建议。
{"title":"Geothermal Power Corridor- connecting the Middle East Countries","authors":"D. Chandrasekharam","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1317427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1317427","url":null,"abstract":"The Middle East economy and life depend on imports, be it food, water, or energy, despite each country in the region having enormous energy resources to exploit and reduce dependency on countries outside the region and develop a socioeconomic model of regional cooperation and synergy. An estimated 371 TWh of electricity available from geothermal energy resources can be utilized by these countries to support basic needs and be free from food-energy-water imports by sharing their energy resources. The total amount of CO2 emissions from these countries is currently 945 x 106 kg, so these countries can further earn about 92 million euros from carbon savings, by using geothermal energy along this corridor. This amount can be utilized for augmenting the energy supply from geothermal sources. In this work, the available geothermal resources are evaluated, and suggestions are made how this energy can be best utilized for peaceful existence and cooperation in the region.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45907479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-19DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1316785
Nilgün Doğdu, Oktay Çelmen
Sustainability of geothermal energy is related with the type of geothermal resources (natural springs, well), usage situations (thermal, residential-greenhouse heating, energy, etc.), amount of use (optimal flow, appropriate pressure-temperature changes), conservation of resources, and is mostly achieved by reinjection of the geothermal fluid returning from usage. It is important to take measures to prevent adverse changes in temperature and pressure conditions in the reservoir to properly remove the fluid returning from use in geothermal areas from the environment and recharge the reservoir. Reinjection should be carried out under appropriate conditions for the protection of resources. In the operation of geothermal resources, reinjection/discharge conditions and obligations are also specified in the provisions of the Law No. 5686 and the implementing regulation. Various studies within the scope of exploration activities in geothermal fields, determining the production-reinjection areas and determination the location of the reinjection wells in conditions that will not adversely affect the production
{"title":"Importance of reinjection in sustainability of geothermal resources and reinjection well locations in Türkiye","authors":"Nilgün Doğdu, Oktay Çelmen","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1316785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1316785","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainability of geothermal energy is related with the type of geothermal resources (natural springs, well), usage situations (thermal, residential-greenhouse heating, energy, etc.), amount of use (optimal flow, appropriate pressure-temperature changes), conservation of resources, and is mostly achieved by reinjection of the geothermal fluid returning from usage. It is important to take measures to prevent adverse changes in temperature and pressure conditions in the reservoir to properly remove the fluid returning from use in geothermal areas from the environment and recharge the reservoir. Reinjection should be carried out under appropriate conditions for the protection of resources. In the operation of geothermal resources, reinjection/discharge conditions and obligations are also specified in the provisions of the Law No. 5686 and the implementing regulation. Various studies within the scope of exploration activities in geothermal fields, determining the production-reinjection areas and determination the location of the reinjection wells in conditions that will not adversely affect the production","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48234066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-16DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1315735
I. Barut, E. Meriç, A. Nazik, Feyza Di̇nçer, E. Kam, Mustafa Eryilmaz
The aim of this study is to investigate radioactive pollutants from pollution loads transported from the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea by the Turkish Straits System and their effects on microfauna (benthic foraminifer and ostracod) assemblages. In the study, the effects of gross alpha and beta activity on the species number, species diversity, dominant species and species richness of benthic foraminiferal and ostracod assemblages were investigated in 16 bottom sediments taken from different depths in the Golden Horn, Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. In the studied sediment samples examined 61 genera and 64 species of benthic foraminifera, 23 genera and 26 species of ostracoda were identified. In addition two migratory foraminifera species were observed as Spiroloculina antillarum of Atlantic-Pacific origin and Peneroplis pertusus of Indo-Pacific origin. A relationship between the abundance of microfauna and high gross alpha and beta values was found in the Dardanelles samples, but not in the Bosphorus and Golden Horn samples. In this study, the highest radioactivity value was observed in the deepest bottom sediment samples. Consequently, the gross alpha and beta values were seen to be close to each other in the Dardanelles Strait and Golden Horn samples, and they had a broad-spectrum in the Bosphorus samples.
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