Pub Date : 2024-07-18DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1518855
Firdevs Güzel, G. Sarp
Palu segment is a part of the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), the most important active left-lateral strike-slip fault system in Turkey, and there are different mineral alterations in this zone. In the study, the spatial relationship between tectonic activity and mineral alterations was tested with the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic in and around Palu segment. Mineral alterations at the pixel level were determined from ASTER images by Ratio, Relative Band Depth (RBD), Mineral Indices, CROSTA, Constrained Energy Minimization (CEM), Mixed Tuned Matched Filter (MTMF) methods. According to the results, the spatial distribution of alteration minerals extending parallel to tectonically active fault lines and/or partially bounded by faults in the area. RBD, Mineral Indices, CROSTA, CEM, and MTMF image processing algorithms applied in the study gave consistent results in the spatial determination and mapping of hydrothermal alterations in the study area. At 99% and 95% confidence intervals, statistically significant cold spot clusters indicate the proximity of alterations to faults concentrated around fault lines. This degree of clustering of mineral alterations indicates regions with high alteration rates close to fault lines and areas with tectonic activity along fault lines.
{"title":"Evaluation of the tectonic activity of faults with mineral alterations: A case of East Anatolian Fault-Palu Segment, Turkey","authors":"Firdevs Güzel, G. Sarp","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1518855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1518855","url":null,"abstract":"Palu segment is a part of the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), the most important active left-lateral strike-slip fault system in Turkey, and there are different mineral alterations in this zone. In the study, the spatial relationship between tectonic activity and mineral alterations was tested with the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic in and around Palu segment. Mineral alterations at the pixel level were determined from ASTER images by Ratio, Relative Band Depth (RBD), Mineral Indices, CROSTA, Constrained Energy Minimization (CEM), Mixed Tuned Matched Filter (MTMF) methods. According to the results, the spatial distribution of alteration minerals extending parallel to tectonically active fault lines and/or partially bounded by faults in the area. RBD, Mineral Indices, CROSTA, CEM, and MTMF image processing algorithms applied in the study gave consistent results in the spatial determination and mapping of hydrothermal alterations in the study area. At 99% and 95% confidence intervals, statistically significant cold spot clusters indicate the proximity of alterations to faults concentrated around fault lines. This degree of clustering of mineral alterations indicates regions with high alteration rates close to fault lines and areas with tectonic activity along fault lines.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141826425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-23DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1472786
Mona Fawzy, Mustafa Bayoumi, Hassan Shahin, Bahaa Emad, Abdel Hay El Shafey, Marwa Abdel-azeem, Ahmed Ismail, Asmaa F. El-Moghazy, M. Diab
The southern coast of the Red Sea is one of the most promising areas for the occurrence of economic minerals. Therefore, studying the characterization and evaluation of these minerals in the Wadi Shaàb Quaternary sediments and investigating their ability to concentrate and physically separate using economical and ecofriendly techniques is the main goal of this work. The results showed that the representative sample contains an average of 0.06% ilmenite, 0.08% zircon, 0.07% rutile, 0.07% leucoxene, 0.008% cassiterite, 0.004% xenotime, 0.0004% monazite, 0.022% almandine garnet, and 0.46% magnetite. The recovery of economic heavy minerals was applied using a combination of wet-gravity technique via shaking table and magnetic separation using high intensity magnetic separator. The results demonstrated the success of gravity separation in raising the grade from 7.63% to 45.03% in a yield of 13.74% out of the original sample, and also valuable metallurgical recoveries that greater than 89% for tabling multi-stages (rougher and scavenging) was obtained. Concentrated mineral fractions of magnetite, ilmenite, almandine, heavy silicates, and the non-magnetic fraction bearing zircon and rutile were obtained using a high intensity magnetic separator at different ampere range
{"title":"Economic heavy minerals in the stream sediments of wadi Shaàb, southern coast of the Red Sea, Egypt; characterization and upgrading for investigation of their potential recovery","authors":"Mona Fawzy, Mustafa Bayoumi, Hassan Shahin, Bahaa Emad, Abdel Hay El Shafey, Marwa Abdel-azeem, Ahmed Ismail, Asmaa F. El-Moghazy, M. Diab","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1472786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1472786","url":null,"abstract":"The southern coast of the Red Sea is one of the most promising areas for the occurrence of economic minerals. Therefore, studying the characterization and evaluation of these minerals in the Wadi Shaàb Quaternary sediments and investigating their ability to concentrate and physically separate using economical and ecofriendly techniques is the main goal of this work. The results showed that the representative sample contains an average of 0.06% ilmenite, 0.08% zircon, 0.07% rutile, 0.07% leucoxene, 0.008% cassiterite, 0.004% xenotime, 0.0004% monazite, 0.022% almandine garnet, and 0.46% magnetite. The recovery of economic heavy minerals was applied using a combination of wet-gravity technique via shaking table and magnetic separation using high intensity magnetic separator. The results demonstrated the success of gravity separation in raising the grade from 7.63% to 45.03% in a yield of 13.74% out of the original sample, and also valuable metallurgical recoveries that greater than 89% for tabling multi-stages (rougher and scavenging) was obtained. Concentrated mineral fractions of magnetite, ilmenite, almandine, heavy silicates, and the non-magnetic fraction bearing zircon and rutile were obtained using a high intensity magnetic separator at different ampere range","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140667122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-24DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1458331
Zehra Ebru Sayın, Hakan Çiftçi, Mustafa Gürsoy
Travertine is a natural stone with macro and micropores; these pores are connected by capillary means. Their visual appearance and porous structure add a different style and diversify their usage areas. However, the large pore structure of travertine brings some limitations in determining the usage areas. In the study, protective solutions called silane and epoxy, which provide protection against water, were used to prevent and/or minimize decomposition in areas of use, depending on the porosity of the travertine, and their effects on travertine were compared. Treatment of both chemicals separately on the travertine surface was carried out by spraying, applying with a brush, and dipping into chemicals. With the findings obtained from the physical examinations after curing, the work continued using the applying and dipping method. The dipping method was evaluated with the chemical's 10, 20, and 40-minute waiting times. The study found that the best application conditions were chemical immersion for 10 minutes. However, in SO2 wear experiments, it was understood that surfaces treated with epoxy were more durable due to the high viscosity of the chemical. As a result, it has been determined that silane application provides more effective surface protection results than epoxy.
{"title":"Investigation of the change in the characteristic properties of epoxy and silane coated natural stone surfaces","authors":"Zehra Ebru Sayın, Hakan Çiftçi, Mustafa Gürsoy","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1458331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1458331","url":null,"abstract":"Travertine is a natural stone with macro and micropores; these pores are connected by capillary means. Their visual appearance and porous structure add a different style and diversify their usage areas. However, the large pore structure of travertine brings some limitations in determining the usage areas. In the study, protective solutions called silane and epoxy, which provide protection against water, were used to prevent and/or minimize decomposition in areas of use, depending on the porosity of the travertine, and their effects on travertine were compared. Treatment of both chemicals separately on the travertine surface was carried out by spraying, applying with a brush, and dipping into chemicals. With the findings obtained from the physical examinations after curing, the work continued using the applying and dipping method. The dipping method was evaluated with the chemical's 10, 20, and 40-minute waiting times. The study found that the best application conditions were chemical immersion for 10 minutes. However, in SO2 wear experiments, it was understood that surfaces treated with epoxy were more durable due to the high viscosity of the chemical. As a result, it has been determined that silane application provides more effective surface protection results than epoxy.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140386150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-10DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1450741
Ökmen Sümer, Volkan Karabacak
Archaeoseismology is a field of science that investigates the remains of ancient human structures of destructive earthquakes that occurred in their ancient history and in this respect makes inferences on the possible effects of earthquakes whose origins will be may occurred in the future. Although many authors wrote the effects of ancient earthquakes in various periods, the first modern archaeoseismology studies in the world gain momentum starting from the end of the 19th century at the same time with Türkiye. In this understanding, the geography of Anatolia (Asia Minor), which has hosted a wide variety of cultural layers since its Mesolithic end, is an open-air research laboratory for modern archaeoseismological studies. This study is a reference work that summarizes the historical past of the discipline of archaeoseismology chronologically in the perspective of studies on Earth and Anatolia, presents suggestions about the future of archaeoseismology and is a literature summary for the new generation of archaeoseismologists.
{"title":"Archaeoseismology: Earthquake Traces Studies In Ancient Settlements; A Chronological Evaluation From The World Focusing on Türkiye","authors":"Ökmen Sümer, Volkan Karabacak","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1450741","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1450741","url":null,"abstract":"Archaeoseismology is a field of science that investigates the remains of ancient human structures of destructive earthquakes that occurred in their ancient history and in this respect makes inferences on the possible effects of earthquakes whose origins will be may occurred in the future. Although many authors wrote the effects of ancient earthquakes in various periods, the first modern archaeoseismology studies in the world gain momentum starting from the end of the 19th century at the same time with Türkiye. In this understanding, the geography of Anatolia (Asia Minor), which has hosted a wide variety of cultural layers since its Mesolithic end, is an open-air research laboratory for modern archaeoseismological studies. This study is a reference work that summarizes the historical past of the discipline of archaeoseismology chronologically in the perspective of studies on Earth and Anatolia, presents suggestions about the future of archaeoseismology and is a literature summary for the new generation of archaeoseismologists.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140255162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-08DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1453586
Wrya J. Mamaseni, I. Asaad, A. Al‐Juboury
The current work investigate the petrophysical characteristics of the Middle Eocene Avanah Formation in the Erbil Governorate using IP software to analyze the well data, integrated with the petrographic investigation of the formation in the nearest outcrop in the Gomaspan section. Well logging data revealed that the main lithology of the formation is limestone and dolostone while the lithology in the Gomaspan section is composed of limestone, dolomitic limestone, marly dolomitic limestone, and thin beds of shale. The lower dolomitic unit in the subsurface section of the formation is believed to be the most suitable reservoir unit due to good petrophysical characteristics including, low water saturation, high porous medium, and the presence of movable hydrocarbon. To measure porosities, a variety of well logging techniques were used in this study. The investigated formation was divided into Avanah dense (limestone unit) and Avanah porous (dolostone unit) based on their porous components. The petrographic study shows that most pore types of the formation are secondary and represented mainly by vuggy, moldic, intercrystalline, and fracture types. Most of the fractures in the upper limestone units are filled by calcite cement. The study claimed that the lower part of the formation (dolostone unit) in both sections is considered a good reservoir.
本研究使用 IP 软件分析测井数据，并结合对最近出露的 Gomaspan 段地层的岩相学调查，对埃尔比勒省中始新世阿瓦纳地层的岩石物理特征进行了研究。测井数据显示，地层的主要岩性为石灰岩和白云石，而 Gomaspan 段的岩性由石灰岩、白云质石灰岩、泥灰质白云质石灰岩和薄层页岩组成。由于具有良好的岩石物理特征，包括低水饱和度、高孔隙介质和可移动碳氢化合物的存在，该地层地下段的下白云质单元被认为是最合适的储层单元。为了测量孔隙度，本研究采用了多种测井技术。所调查的地层根据其多孔成分分为阿瓦纳致密地层（石灰岩单元）和阿瓦纳多孔地层（白云石单元）。岩相学研究表明，该地层的大多数孔隙类型都是次生孔隙，主要表现为泡状、模状、晶间和断裂类型。上部石灰岩单元的大多数裂缝都由方解石胶结物填充。研究认为，这两个地段的地层下部（白云石单元）是一个良好的储层。
{"title":"Reservoir characteristics of the middle Eocene Avanah Formation in Erbil governorate, northern Iraq: Integration of outcrop and subsurface data","authors":"Wrya J. Mamaseni, I. Asaad, A. Al‐Juboury","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1453586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1453586","url":null,"abstract":"The current work investigate the petrophysical characteristics of the Middle Eocene Avanah Formation in the Erbil Governorate using IP software to analyze the well data, integrated with the \u0000 petrographic investigation of the formation in the nearest outcrop in the Gomaspan section. Well logging data revealed that the main lithology of the formation is limestone and dolostone while the lithology in the Gomaspan section is composed of limestone, dolomitic limestone, marly dolomitic limestone, and thin beds of shale. The lower dolomitic unit in the subsurface section of the formation is believed to be the most suitable reservoir unit due to good petrophysical characteristics including, low water saturation, high porous medium, and the presence of movable hydrocarbon. To measure porosities, a variety of well logging techniques were used in this study. The investigated formation was divided into Avanah dense (limestone unit) and Avanah porous (dolostone unit) based on their porous components. The petrographic study shows that most pore types of the formation are secondary and represented mainly by vuggy, moldic, intercrystalline, and fracture types. Most of the fractures in the upper limestone units are filled by calcite cement. The study claimed that the lower part of the formation (dolostone unit) in both sections is considered a good reservoir.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140257619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-20DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1440145
Çetin Şenkul, Şule Gürboğa, T. Doğan, Mustafa Doğan, Yasemin Ünlü, Yunus Bozkurt
In the dating process on the study of earth sciences, one of the basic assumptions is the equilibrium in the amount of carbon between terrestrial samples and the atmosphere. Most radiocarbon dating results are prepared regarding to this assumption. Although it is frequently used, some invalid situations can be encountered during the subaquatic studies. Recent water samples, aquatic plants, and remnant of animals may present different ages than the actual age. Another problem using the age-depth model is how many dating results should we be used to ensure high accuracy of the model. We also present our field study results about the number of dating points. The aim of this study is to explain how we could solve the problem in dating the freshwater reservoir effect over for short and longtime durations. In order to eliminate the freshwater reservoir effect, the terrestrial material must be dated. Thus, the carbon in the organic material is not affected by the dissolved carbon in the water. The circumstances significantly improve the age-depth model's accuracy.
{"title":"Problems in dating results on lake sediments: Türkiye","authors":"Çetin Şenkul, Şule Gürboğa, T. Doğan, Mustafa Doğan, Yasemin Ünlü, Yunus Bozkurt","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1440145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1440145","url":null,"abstract":"In the dating process on the study of earth sciences, one of the basic assumptions is the equilibrium in the amount of carbon between terrestrial samples and the atmosphere. Most radiocarbon dating results are prepared regarding to this assumption. Although it is frequently used, some invalid situations can be encountered during the subaquatic studies. Recent water samples, aquatic plants, and remnant of animals may present different ages than the actual age. Another problem using the age-depth model is how many dating results should we be used to ensure high accuracy of the model. We also present our field study results about the number of dating points. The aim of this study is to explain how we could solve the problem in dating the freshwater reservoir effect over for short and longtime durations. In order to eliminate the freshwater reservoir effect, the terrestrial material must be dated. Thus, the carbon in the organic material is not affected by the dissolved carbon in the water. The circumstances significantly improve the age-depth model's accuracy.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2024-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140447712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1411403
O. Atgin, G. Çifçi
In 2012, a comprehensive study of the Danube River’s submarine channels continental slope was conducted, employing multi-beam bathymetry and over 2300 km of high-resolution two- dimensional seismic reflection data. The investigation aimed to delve into the area's morphology, potential for gas hydrate presence, and the correlation between stratigraphic units and gas hydrates. Three distinct zones, revealed Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs) indicating the base of gas hydrate accumulations in the seismic data. These BSR areas exhibited Type-1 reflections, characterized by continuous cuts across layers. Notably, five discrete levels of BSRs were detected, suggesting a consistent gas composition across them. The multiple BSR formations are attributed to higher sedimentation rates relative to gas hydrate dissolution rates. Mass transport deposits (MTDs) within the gas hydrate stability zone (6 in total) were identified; their highly consolidated nature could account for the absence of gas hydrates within them. Additionally, one MTD displayed elevated heat flow measurements, indicating a higher geothermal gradient, likely due to its relatively high thermal conductivity. This disparity in thermal properties explains the deeper-than-expected BSR in this specific region, as it forms at a lower temperature equilibrium level due to efficient heat conduction.
{"title":"Investigation of gas and gas hydrate accumulations along the continental margin of the Danube Delta (Romania and Bulgaria offshore) using seismic reflection data","authors":"O. Atgin, G. Çifçi","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1411403","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1411403","url":null,"abstract":"In 2012, a comprehensive study of the Danube River’s submarine channels continental slope was conducted, employing multi-beam bathymetry and over 2300 km of high-resolution two- dimensional seismic reflection data. The investigation aimed to delve into the area's morphology, potential for gas hydrate presence, and the correlation between stratigraphic units and gas hydrates. Three distinct zones, revealed Bottom Simulating Reflectors (BSRs) indicating the base of gas hydrate accumulations in the seismic data. These BSR areas exhibited Type-1 reflections, characterized by continuous cuts across layers. Notably, five discrete levels of BSRs were detected, suggesting a consistent gas composition across them. The multiple BSR formations are attributed to higher sedimentation rates relative to gas hydrate dissolution rates. Mass transport deposits (MTDs) within the gas hydrate stability zone (6 in total) were identified; their highly consolidated nature could account for the absence of gas hydrates within them. Additionally, one MTD displayed elevated heat flow measurements, indicating a higher geothermal gradient, likely due to its relatively high thermal conductivity. This disparity in thermal properties explains the deeper-than-expected BSR in this specific region, as it forms at a lower temperature equilibrium level due to efficient heat conduction.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139148671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1394073
Alexander G. Tvalchrelidze
This article presents tangible geological evidence for coexistence of porphyry copper and epithermal gold systems within single polygenic deposits and provides a paleothermophysical model for their origins. Brief metallogenic analysis of the Southern Caucasus and Northern Iran has shown that such deposits are confined to long-living calc-alkaline island arcs and were formed during their orogenesis. Examples of complex Sonajil (Iran), Gharta, and Merisi (Georgia) deposits are considered. Investigation has shown that for combined porphyry and epithermal ore formation some preconditions are suggested to exist: (i) Source of anomalous energy, which exceeds thermodynamics of the enclosing environment; (ii) Existence of temperature gradient, which determines conventional flows of fluids composed of endogenous and meteoric constituents (proven by rhythmical zoning of ore lodes); (iii) Stability of such conditions for a period of sulfide ore formation. However, such a process of sulfide ore formation cannot explain formation of high sulfidation gold deposits. Mass precipitation of free gold requires phreatic collapse in the ore conduit channel already after formation of hydrothermally altered rocks, and this event results in creation of either hydrothermal breccias, often with jigsaw-fit texture or brecciated vuggy silica where host rocks and hydrothermally altered rocks are cemented by a gold-bearing quartz matrix.
{"title":"Porphyry and Epithermal Au-Cu Systems of the Southern Caucasus and Northern Iran","authors":"Alexander G. Tvalchrelidze","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1394073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1394073","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents tangible geological evidence for coexistence of porphyry copper and epithermal gold systems within single polygenic deposits and provides a paleothermophysical model for their origins. Brief metallogenic analysis of the Southern Caucasus and Northern Iran has shown that such deposits are confined to long-living calc-alkaline island arcs and were formed during their orogenesis. Examples of complex Sonajil (Iran), Gharta, and Merisi (Georgia) deposits are considered. Investigation has shown that for combined porphyry and epithermal ore formation some preconditions are suggested to exist: (i) Source of anomalous energy, which exceeds thermodynamics of the enclosing environment; (ii) Existence of temperature gradient, which determines conventional flows of fluids composed of endogenous and meteoric constituents (proven by rhythmical zoning of ore lodes); (iii) Stability of such conditions for a period of sulfide ore formation. However, such a process of sulfide ore formation cannot explain formation of high sulfidation gold deposits. Mass precipitation of free gold requires phreatic collapse in the ore conduit channel already after formation of hydrothermally altered rocks, and this event results in creation of either hydrothermal breccias, often with jigsaw-fit texture or brecciated vuggy silica where host rocks and hydrothermally altered rocks are cemented by a gold-bearing quartz matrix.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139254668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-05DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1386653
Hazel DENİZ TOKTAY
Potential field data play a critical role in interpreting various geologic structural features through edge detection filters that aid in mapping subsurface structural features. For this purpose, various filters have been introduced in recent years to determine lateral boundaries. However, each of these filters has its limitations and advantages. This study presents a new edge enhancement filter named “Enhanced Gradient (EG)” based on the Richards function and applies it to potential field data for structural mapping. The EG is tested on two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) synthetic magnetic models with sources buried at different depths and variable properties. The results from the EG filter provide more accurate and higher resolution horizontal boundaries and can avoid creating the false edges in the output results. In addition, the proposed filter was examined using aeromagnetic data from the Indiana region in the USA. The primary and secondary faults and geological formations are recognizable in the EG image. The results of the EG map will allow us to improve the qualitative interpretation of potential field anomalies in studying the structural and tectonic geology of the Indiana region in the USA.
{"title":"Edge enhancement of potential field data using the enhanced gradient (EG) filter","authors":"Hazel DENİZ TOKTAY","doi":"10.19111/bulletinofmre.1386653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.1386653","url":null,"abstract":"Potential field data play a critical role in interpreting various geologic structural features through edge detection filters that aid in mapping subsurface structural features. For this purpose, various filters have been introduced in recent years to determine lateral boundaries. However, each of these filters has its limitations and advantages. This study presents a new edge enhancement filter named “Enhanced Gradient (EG)” based on the Richards function and applies it to potential field data for structural mapping. The EG is tested on two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) synthetic magnetic models with sources buried at different depths and variable properties. The results from the EG filter provide more accurate and higher resolution horizontal boundaries and can avoid creating the false edges in the output results. In addition, the proposed filter was examined using aeromagnetic data from the Indiana region in the USA. The primary and secondary faults and geological formations are recognizable in the EG image. The results of the EG map will allow us to improve the qualitative interpretation of potential field anomalies in studying the structural and tectonic geology of the Indiana region in the USA.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135726213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-11DOI: 10.19111/bulletinofmre.1362349
Kamil KAYABALI, H.b. NAGARAJ, Deniz YILMAZ, Muhammed BEYHAN
Atterberg limits are important index parameters used to classify soils for various engineering applications. Engineering properties of soils are predicted through simple correlations with index properties and thereby the engineering behavior of soils are qualitatively assessed. There are two popular methods of determining liquid limit, and plastic limit is commonly determined adopting rolling thread methods. To avoid operator related variations in determining plastic limit by conventional method, some researchers have explored using cone method as an alternative. However, there is no consensus about the depth of penetration to reckon the end of plastic state. Though various other test methods have been developed to determine plastic limit (like roll plate device), cone penetration with its limitation of determining
plastic limit, is the only method to determine both liquid and plastic limit of soils. Since laboratory vane shear test is a simple and reliable method of determining undrained strength of fine-grained soils, the authors have explored to determine both liquid and plastic limits through correlations developed between undrained strength and water content over a range of consistencies between liquid and plastic states. This would eliminate determining liquid and plastic limit separately without sacrificing the reliability of results.
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 plastic limit, is the only method to determine both liquid and plastic limit of soils. Since laboratory vane shear test is a simple and reliable method of determining undrained strength of fine-grained soils, the authors have explored to determine both liquid and plastic limits through correlations developed between undrained strength and water content over a range of consistencies between liquid and plastic states. This would eliminate determining liquid and plastic limit separately without sacrificing the reliability of results.","PeriodicalId":42748,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136025872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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