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Integrated geophysical study of the Subika Gold Deposit in the Sefwi Belt, Ghana 加纳Sefwi带Subika金矿床的综合地球物理研究
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23312041.2019.1585406
Kwaku Takyi-Kyeremeh, D. D. Wemegah, K. Preko, A. Menyeh
Abstract Geophysical datasets, namely, electrical resistivity, induced polarization, magnetic susceptibility were measured and aeromagnetic interpreted on the Subika concession of Newmont Ghana Gold Limited in order to delineate and model the zone of gold mineralization. The electrical resistivity and induced polarization results delineated the gold mineralized zone as a narrow discrete resistor (>4900 Ωm) and high chargeability (>7.2 ms) zone with a strike length of about 2 km. A strip log plots of 12 diamond drilled core samples showed the zone of mineralization with high alteration and low magnetic susceptibility. Analysis of laboratory magnetic susceptibility measured on selected samples from the pit and selected core samples from the mineralized zones showed a negative correlation between the magnetic susceptibility and gold grades with a correlation coefficient of −0.2 and −0.74, respectively. Similarly, magnetic depth slice produced from the 3D model of the aeromagnetic data depicts the zone of gold mineralization with a low magnetic signature. The zone mineralization was also observed to be striking in the north-east direction. Mineralogical analyses of rock samples revealed alteration processes such as carbonization, sericitization, silicification, chloritization and sulphidation resulting from hydrothermal alteration which accounted for the low magnetic and the magnetic susceptibility signatures of the mineralization zones. The strong resistivity and chargeability response of the mineralized zones are therefore attributed to the silicification and sulphidation alteration, respectively. The results show the effectiveness of applying integrated geophysical, petrophysical as well as mineralogical study in revealing gold mineralization potential of the Subika deposit and the Sefwi belt as a whole.
摘要在Newmont Ghana Gold Limited的Subika特许权上测量并解释了地球物理数据集,即电阻率、感应极化率、磁化率,以描绘和模拟金矿化带。电阻率和感应极化结果将金矿化带描绘成一个狭窄的离散电阻器(>4900Ωm) 和走向长度约2km的高荷电性(>7.2ms)带。12个金刚石钻孔岩芯样品的条带测井图显示该矿化带具有高蚀变和低磁化率。对矿坑中选定样本和矿化带中选定岩芯样本进行的实验室磁化率分析显示,磁化率与金品位呈负相关,相关系数分别为−0.2和−0.74。类似地,由航磁数据的3D模型产生的磁深度切片描绘了具有低磁特征的金矿化带。还观察到该带矿化在东北方向显著。岩石样品的矿物学分析揭示了由热液蚀变引起的蚀变过程,如碳化、绢云母化、硅化、绿泥石化和硫化,这是矿化带低磁性和磁化率特征的原因。因此,矿化带的强电阻率和荷电性响应分别归因于硅化和硫化蚀变。结果表明,应用综合地球物理、岩石物理和矿物学研究,揭示苏比卡矿床和Sefwi带的金矿化潜力是有效的。
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引用次数: 6
Structural controls on groundwater inflow analysis of hardrock TBM 硬质岩石TBM地下水流入的结构控制分析
Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23312041.2019.1637556
H. Zabidi, A. Rahim, M. Trisugiwo
Abstract Results of analyses on localized jointing system are presented to study the link of groundwater inflow and joint orientations along the 2000 m excavation of Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM-1) site, Karak in conjunction with the construction of Pahang–Selangor Raw Water Transfer Tunnel project. Geology along the tunnel route is predominantly the Main Range Granite Batholith with a lesser extent of metasedimentary rocks of the Karak Formation. Structurally, TBM-1 is dominated by joints oriented at N–S, NW–SE, and NE–SW directions. Strike slip faults that cross-cut the intrusive Main Range Granite rocks trending faults formed the most prominent structures in the vicinity of the Karak. This section of tunnel alignment consists of 2000 meters in length of Ch.8,821.77 m to Ch.10,821.77 m; 456 joints were mapped to create anisotropic conditions of rock section. Eleven significant locations experienced stoppages, thereby affecting the TBM daily progress, and such stoppages were mainly caused by sudden high-pressure groundwater inrushes or wet joint condition. Potential leakage places are identified by three main types of joints orientations. The most permeable tunnel section is in parallel with the main lineament orientation, followed by perpendicular to the tunnel drive direction, and crossing some voids that create pocket water zones.
摘要介绍了局部节理系统的分析结果,以结合彭亨-雪兰莪州原水输送隧道项目的施工,研究卡拉克TBM-1隧道现场2000m开挖沿线地下水流入和节理方向的联系。隧道沿线的地质主要是Main Range花岗岩岩基,卡拉克组的变质沉积岩较少。从结构上看,TBM-1主要由N–S、NW–SE和NE–SW方向的节理组成。走滑断层横切侵入性主山脉花岗岩走向断层,在卡拉克附近形成了最突出的结构。该段隧道定线长度为2000米,Ch.8821.77 m至Ch.10821.77米;绘制了456个节理,以创建岩石剖面的各向异性条件。11个重要位置发生了停工,从而影响了TBM的日常进度,而此类停工主要是由突然高压地下水涌入或潮湿的节理条件引起的。潜在泄漏位置由三种主要类型的接头方向确定。最具渗透性的隧道段与主要线性构造方向平行,然后与隧道驱动方向垂直,并穿过一些形成袋状水层的空隙。
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引用次数: 1
GEO-CEOS stage 4 validation of the Satellite Image Automatic Mapper lightweight computer program for ESA Earth observation level 2 product generation - Part 2: Validation. 用于ESA地球观测2级产品生成的卫星图像自动成像仪轻型计算机程序的GEO-CEOS第4阶段验证-第2部分:验证。
Pub Date : 2018-06-11 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23312041.2018.1467254
Andrea Baraldi, Michael Laurence Humber, Dirk Tiede, Stefan Lang

ESA defines as Earth Observation (EO) Level 2 information product a multi-spectral (MS) image corrected for atmospheric, adjacency, and topographic effects, stacked with its data-derived scene classification map (SCM), whose legend includes quality layers cloud and cloud-shadow. No ESA EO Level 2 product has ever been systematically generated at the ground segment. To fill the information gap from EO big data to ESA EO Level 2 product in compliance with the GEO-CEOS stage 4 validation (Val) guidelines, an off-the-shelf Satellite Image Automatic Mapper (SIAM) lightweight computer program was selected to be validated by independent means on an annual 30 m resolution Web-Enabled Landsat Data (WELD) image composite time-series of the conterminous U.S. (CONUS) for the years 2006 to 2009. The SIAM core is a prior knowledge-based decision tree for MS reflectance space hyperpolyhedralization into static (non-adaptive to data) color names. For the sake of readability, this paper was split into two. The present Part 2-Validation-accomplishes a GEO-CEOS stage 4 Val of the test SIAM-WELD annual map time-series in comparison with a reference 30 m resolution 16-class USGS National Land Cover Data (NLCD) 2006 map. These test and reference map pairs feature the same spatial resolution and spatial extent, but their legends differ and must be harmonized, in agreement with the previous Part 1 - Theory. Conclusions are that SIAM systematically delivers an ESA EO Level 2 SCM product instantiation whose legend complies with the standard 2-level 4-class FAO Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) Dichotomous Phase (DP) taxonomy.

欧空局将经大气、邻接和地形效应校正的多光谱(MS)图像与其数据衍生的场景分类图(SCM)叠加在一起定义为地球观测(EO) 2级信息产品,其图例包括云和云阴影的质量层。目前还没有在地面段系统地生成ESA EO 2级产品。为了填补从EO大数据到ESA EO 2级产品的信息空白,符合GEO-CEOS阶段4验证(Val)指南,选择了一个现成的卫星图像自动成图器(SIAM)轻型计算机程序,通过独立手段对2006年至2009年美国(CONUS)年度30米分辨率Web-Enabled Landsat data (WELD)图像合成时间序列进行验证。SIAM核心是一种基于先验知识的决策树,用于将MS反射空间超多面体化为静态(非自适应数据)颜色名称。为了便于阅读,本文分为两部分。目前的第2部分验证完成了geo - ceo阶段4的测试SIAM-WELD年度地图时间序列,并与参考的30米分辨率16级USGS国家土地覆盖数据(NLCD) 2006地图进行了比较。这些测试和参考地图对具有相同的空间分辨率和空间范围,但它们的图例不同,必须协调一致,与前面的第一部分-理论一致。结论是SIAM系统地提供了ESA EO 2级SCM产品实例,其图例符合标准的2级4级粮农组织土地覆盖分类系统(LCCS)二分类阶段(DP)分类法。
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引用次数: 7
GEO-CEOS stage 4 validation of the Satellite Image Automatic Mapper lightweight computer program for ESA Earth observation level 2 product generation - Part 1: Theory. 地球观测组织-地球观测卫星委员会用于欧空局地球观测 2 级产品生成的卫星图像自动制图轻量级计算机程序第 4 阶段验证--第 1 部分:理论。
Pub Date : 2018-06-10 eCollection Date: 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23312041.2018.1467357
Andrea Baraldi, Michael Laurence Humber, Dirk Tiede, Stefan Lang

ESA defines as Earth Observation (EO) Level 2 information product a single-date multi-spectral (MS) image corrected for atmospheric, adjacency and topographic effects, stacked with its data-derived scene classification map (SCM), whose legend includes quality layers cloud and cloud-shadow. No ESA EO Level 2 product has ever been systematically generated at the ground segment. To fill the information gap from EO big data to ESA EO Level 2 product in compliance with the GEO-CEOS stage 4 validation (Val) guidelines, an off-the-shelf Satellite Image Automatic Mapper (SIAM) lightweight computer program was validated by independent means on an annual 30 m resolution Web-Enabled Landsat Data (WELD) image composite time-series of the conterminous U.S. (CONUS) for the years 2006-2009. The SIAM core is a prior knowledge-based decision tree for MS reflectance space hyperpolyhedralization into static color names. Typically, a vocabulary of MS color names in a MS data (hyper)cube and a dictionary of land cover (LC) class names in the scene-domain do not coincide and must be harmonized (reconciled). The present Part 1-Theory provides the multidisciplinary background of a priori color naming. The subsequent Part 2-Validation accomplishes a GEO-CEOS stage 4 Val of the test SIAM-WELD annual map time-series in comparison with a reference 30 m resolution 16-class USGS National Land Cover Data 2006 map, based on an original protocol for wall-to-wall thematic map quality assessment without sampling, where the test and reference maps feature the same spatial resolution and spatial extent, but whose legends differ and must be harmonized.

欧空局将单日期多光谱(MS)图像定义为地球观测(EO)2 级信息产品,该图像对大气、邻近和地形影响进行了校正,并与数据衍生的场景分类图(SCM)叠加,其图例包括云层和云影质量层。欧空局从未在地面段系统地生成过 EO Level 2 产品。为填补从 EO 大数据到欧空局 EO 2 级产品的信息空白,以符合地球观测组织-地球观测卫星委员会第 4 阶段验证(Val)准则,通过独立手段对现成的卫星图像自动制图仪(SIAM)轻量级计算机程序进行了验证,该程序使用的是 2006-2009 年美国大陆地区(CONUS)每年 30 米分辨率的 Web-Enabled Landsat Data(WELD)图像复合时间序列。SIAM 核心是基于先验知识的决策树,用于将 MS 反射空间超多面体化为静态颜色名称。通常情况下,MS 数据(超)立方体中的 MS 颜色名称词汇与场景域中的土地覆盖(LC)类别名称字典并不一致,必须进行协调(调和)。本报告的第 1 部分--理论提供了先验颜色命名的多学科背景。随后的第 2 部分 "验证 "将测试 SIAM-WELD 年度地图时间序列与参考的 30 米分辨率 16 级 USGS 2006 年全国土地覆被数据地图进行比较,完成 GEO-CEOS 第 4 阶段验证。
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引用次数: 0
Women in Geoscience: an interview with Claire Parkinson 地球科学中的女性:对克莱尔·帕金森的采访
Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23312041.2018.1434593
Claire Parkinson
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引用次数: 0
Quality of natural waters in carbonate aquifers at a densely populated Odukpani area of cross river state, Southern Nigeria 尼日利亚南部十字河州人口稠密的Odukpani地区碳酸盐含水层天然水的质量
Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23312041.2018.1463899
O. Igwe, S. I. Ifediegwu, D. Ozoko
Abstract The study area, Odukpani is underlain by cretaceous sediments of the Calabar Flank. The main aquifers are fractured black shales that are inter-bedded with calcareous sandstones. The aquifers range from confined to unconfined. Water samples were taken from boreholes and shallow hand dug wells for chemical characterization with standard laboratory techniques. Results from the chemical analysis show that the waters are mostly alkaline with the exception of two mildly acidic samples. They depicted low electrical conductivity values and a total dissolved solids range from 13.1 to 341 mg/l which indicate fresh water. Cations levels occur in the order, Ca2+ ˃ Na+ ˃ Mg2+ ˃ K+ ˃ Fe2+ while anions occur as the following order, HCO3− ˃ SO42− ˃ Cl− ˃ CO3− ˃ NO3−. Piper trilinear and stiff plots show that Ca2+ – Na+ – HCO3− is dominant water type. The waters are supersaturated with respect to calcite in five of the samples. The rest have calcite under-saturation. Areas of calcite super-saturations are likely undergoing precipitation of carbonate minerals in the aquifer matrices. Precipitation and dissolution of carbonate minerals within the aquifers are likely contributing to the modification of flow characteristics of the aquifer. Comparison of the water chemistry with standards set by regulatory bodies indicates that the waters are of good quality.
摘要研究区,奥杜克帕尼位于卡拉巴尔侧翼的白垩纪沉积物之下。主要含水层为裂隙黑色页岩,与钙质砂岩互层。含水层从有限制的到无限制的。采用标准实验室技术从钻孔和浅手井中提取水样进行化学表征。化学分析结果表明,除了两个弱酸性样本外,这些水大多是碱性的。它们描述了低电导率值和13.1至341 mg/l的总溶解固体,这表明存在淡水。阳离子的出现顺序为Ca2+Na+Mg2+K+Fe2+,而阴离子的出现顺序如下HCO3−SO42−Cl−CO3−NO3−。Piper三线性和刚性图显示Ca2+–Na+–HCO3−是主要的水类型。其中五个样品中的水相对于方解石是过饱和的。其余为饱和方解石。方解石超饱和区域可能正在经历含水层基质中碳酸盐矿物的沉淀。含水层中碳酸盐矿物的沉淀和溶解可能有助于改变含水层的流动特性。将水化学成分与监管机构制定的标准进行比较表明,这些水的质量良好。
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引用次数: 2
Advantages of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry for landscape analysis compared with satellite data: A case study of postmining sites in Indonesia 无人机(UAV)摄影测量在景观分析中的优势与卫星数据的比较——以印度尼西亚采矿后场地为例
Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23312041.2018.1498180
K. Iizuka, Masayuki Itoh, S. Shiodera, T. Matsubara, Mark Dohar, Kazuo Watanabe
Abstract This study presents the advantages of detailed landscape analysis by UAV (drone hereafter) photogrammetry compared with satellite remote sensing data. First, satellite data are used for generating a coarse-scale land use/land-cover (LULC) map of the study region using conventional GIS techniques. The Advanced Land Observation Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (PALSAR-2) L-Band backscattering data are processed with a multilayer perceptron (MLP) supervised classification for generating a categorical map. The satellite-derived classification map resulted in eight general land-cover types with a ground resolution of 7.5 m, providing a moderate-resolution representation of the island landscapes. Second, the drone’s image data are used to collect ground survey information and microscale information of the local site by implementing a structure from motion (SfM) technique to develop mosaicked orthorectified images of the sites. The orthophoto and digital surface model (DSM) derived from the drone-based data had resolutions of 0.05 m and 0.1 m, respectively. The SAR-based LULC map showed an overall accuracy of 78.1%, and the drone-based LULC map had an overall average accuracy of 92.3%. The subset area of the SAR map was compared with the drone-based map and showed average Kappa statistics of 0.375, demonstrating that satellite data cause challenges in correctly delineating the local land environment. The terrain information generated by the SfM method provided a good representation of the topography showing the drastic changes in the environment. The results indicate the usefulness of drone-based landscape analysis for future land-use planning at a local village scale.
摘要本文介绍了利用无人机(以下简称无人机)摄影测量技术进行景观细部分析相对于卫星遥感数据的优势。首先,利用卫星数据利用传统GIS技术生成研究区域的粗比例尺土地利用/土地覆盖(LULC)图。利用先进陆地观测卫星2号(ALOS-2)相控阵l波段合成孔径雷达2号(PALSAR-2) l波段后向散射数据进行多层感知机(MLP)监督分类处理,生成分类地图。卫星衍生的分类地图产生了八种一般的土地覆盖类型,地面分辨率为7.5米,提供了岛屿景观的中等分辨率表示。其次,利用无人机的图像数据收集地面调查信息和局部站点的微观尺度信息,通过实现运动结构(SfM)技术开发站点的拼接正校正图像。基于无人机数据的正射影像和数字曲面模型(DSM)的分辨率分别为0.05 m和0.1 m。基于sar的LULC地图总体精度为78.1%,基于无人机的LULC地图总体平均精度为92.3%。将SAR地图的子集面积与无人机地图进行比较,结果显示平均Kappa统计量为0.375,表明卫星数据在正确圈定局部陆地环境方面存在挑战。SfM方法生成的地形信息能很好地反映地表环境的剧烈变化。研究结果表明,基于无人机的景观分析对未来村庄尺度的土地利用规划是有用的。
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引用次数: 40
The use of terrestrial laser scanning in monitoring and analyses of erosion phenomena in natural and anthropogenically transformed areas 利用地面激光扫描监测和分析自然和人为改造地区的侵蚀现象
Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23312041.2018.1437684
P. Dąbek, Ciechosław Patrzałek, B. Ćmielewski, R. Żmuda
Abstract Implementation of terrestrial laser scanning creates new opportunities in the analysis of processes occurring in the environment. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) enables fast, precise mapping of land relief and dimensions of technical structures. TLS allows moving from traditional methods, such as point measurement, to differential analyses of a relief model. TLS allows accurate analyses of land relief changes and erosion phenomena, both in terms of the processes intensity and range, and the initial and intensifying events. The paper presents the authors’ experiment with the use of the TLS technology in erosion processes monitoring and analyses. The authors present the methodology of using TLS which contributed to the acquisition of reliable results by providing optimal conditions for the research. The paper shows the effects of laser scanning in order to analyse the intensity of soil erosion in mountainous forest area with a large number of measurement stations, which resulted in a dense points cloud. Differential model method allowed to evaluate erosion phenomena in the form of rills resulting from surface flushing, which is impossible to assess by traditional methods of erosion measurements. In the paper, we showed the necessity to choose the proper coordinate system (object or scanner) for the analysis of the landslide, depending on structure and direction of the soil masses movement. The application of the object coordinate system showed greater erosion phenomena range (ca 12%) on buttress stabilizing landslide and ca 44% on natural landslide, in which the application of the object coordinate system increases the number of observations by 40%.
地面激光扫描的实施为分析环境中发生的过程创造了新的机会。地面激光扫描(TLS)能够快速、精确地绘制地形起伏和技术结构的尺寸。TLS允许从传统方法(如点测量)转移到地形模型的差分分析。TLS可以精确分析土地起伏变化和侵蚀现象,包括过程强度和范围,以及初始和强化事件。本文介绍了作者将TLS技术应用于侵蚀过程监测与分析的实验。作者提出了使用TLS的方法,通过为研究提供最佳条件,有助于获得可靠的结果。本文介绍了激光扫描在分析山地林区土壤侵蚀强度时,由于测量站数量多,造成了密集的点云。差分模型方法可以评估地表冲刷形成的细沟形式的侵蚀现象,这是传统的侵蚀测量方法无法评估的。在本文中,我们指出了根据土体的结构和运动方向,选择合适的坐标系统(物体或扫描仪)进行滑坡分析的必要性。物体坐标系的应用对支撑稳定型滑坡的侵蚀现象范围更大,约为12%,对自然滑坡的侵蚀现象范围约为44%,其中物体坐标系的应用使观测次数增加了40%。
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引用次数: 7
Determination of basalt zones using basalt extraction index (BEI) and ASTER image classification 使用玄武岩提取指数(BEI)和ASTER图像分类确定玄武岩带
Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23312041.2018.1466672
M. Argany, A. Ramezani, A. Ahmadi
Abstract One of the most important applications of remote sensing is presented in mining and exploration of mineral deposits and evaluation of prospective targets. This project discusses how to use remote sensing knowledge in order to make classification and separation of surface rocks in the Dir-o-Morreh mine. The main purpose of this research is to identify the areas containing high-quality basalt. In this regard, we utilize ASTER multi-spectral satellite imagery, which has relatively good spectral and spatial resolution. At the first step, in order to achieve the correct spectral composition of the basalt spectrum, the spectral signature of basalt stone, defined by Johns Hopkins University, was used. Afterward, the basalt extraction index (BEI) was defined regarding the behavior of the ASTER satellite image bands as well as the initial data provided by the owners of the intended study area. Then, the Convolution and Morphology filter was applied over the images to extract high-quality basalt using an appropriate color composition of the images. At the next step, in order to have better visualization, different maps containing different classes were created using the Maximum Likelihood algorithm. Finally, two indices were developed regarding all research data and field investigations in order to extract basalt zones. The first index discovers basalt zones in the study area, and the second one classifies high-quality basalt and altered basalt zones.
摘要遥感在矿床开采、勘探和远景目标评价中的重要应用之一。该项目讨论了如何利用遥感知识对Dir-o-Morreh矿的地表岩石进行分类和分离。本研究的主要目的是确定含有优质玄武岩的区域。在这方面,我们利用了ASTER多光谱卫星图像,该图像具有相对良好的光谱和空间分辨率。在第一步中,为了获得玄武岩光谱的正确光谱组成,使用了约翰·霍普金斯大学定义的玄武岩岩石的光谱特征。之后,根据ASTER卫星图像带的行为以及预期研究区域所有者提供的初始数据,定义了玄武岩提取指数(BEI)。然后,将卷积和形态学滤波器应用于图像,以使用图像的适当颜色组成来提取高质量玄武岩。在下一步,为了更好地可视化,使用最大似然算法创建了包含不同类的不同映射。最后,针对所有研究数据和现场调查制定了两个指数,以提取玄武岩带。第一个指标发现了研究区的玄武岩带,第二个指标对优质玄武岩和蚀变玄武岩带进行了分类。
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引用次数: 3
Women in Geoscience: An interview with Ellen Kooijman 地球科学中的女性:对Ellen Kooijman的采访
Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1080/23312041.2018.1432282
E. Kooijman
I work as a Senior Researcher in isotope geology and I am head of the Vegacenter, a national laboratory for micro-analysis in geosciences at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm. I was recruited 5 years ago to build the laboratory, which houses a laser ablation system and two mass spectrometers. We serve the Swedish (and neighboring countries’) science community by offering chemical and isotopic analysis of solid samples—e.g. minerals, rocks, teeth, bones, glasses— and water samples. My own research is in the fields of geochemistry, metamorphic petrology and tectonics. I use trace elements and isotopes in accessory minerals, such as zircon and rutile, to understand continental crust formation and the tectonics of orogenic belts.
我是同位素地质学的高级研究员,也是斯德哥尔摩瑞典自然历史博物馆地球科学微观分析国家实验室“素食者”的负责人。5年前,我被招募来建造这个实验室,里面有一个激光消融系统和两个质谱仪。我们为瑞典(和邻国)科学界服务,提供固体样本的化学和同位素分析,如矿物、岩石、牙齿、骨骼、眼镜和水样。我自己的研究领域是地球化学、变质岩石学和构造学。我使用锆石和金红石等副矿物中的微量元素和同位素来了解大陆地壳的形成和造山带的构造。
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引用次数: 0
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Cogent Geoscience
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