We take a long term look at initial employment trends for new doctorates with an eye towards gender, citizenship, and gender and citizenship differences by analyzing data from 1991-2015 AMS-ASA-IMS-MAA- SIAM Annual Surveys. The data show that the unemployment rate for women has been equal to or lower than the rate for men during most of the last quarter century. The one exception is that between 2001 and 2015 the unemployment rate for women who are not U.S. citizens was higher than the rate for non-citizen men. The unemployment rates are higher for males who are U.S. citizens than for non-citizen males in the last fifteen years, a puzzling trend. The data show that men from all pure math programs are considerably more likely than women to take jobs at the top-ranking and top-producing math departments. The data show women take jobs at departments in which the highest degree is a bachelor's degree at much higher rates and men take jobs in business and industry at considerably higher rates. We also find that men from the top-ranking or top-producing doctoral programs tend to be more likely to take jobs at academic institutions or research institutes at least on a par with their degreegranting institutions.
{"title":"Gender Differences in First Jobs for New US PhDs in the Mathematical Sciences","authors":"Marie A. Vitulli","doi":"10.1090/noti1649","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1090/noti1649","url":null,"abstract":"We take a long term look at initial employment trends for new doctorates with an eye towards gender, citizenship, and gender and citizenship differences by analyzing data from 1991-2015 AMS-ASA-IMS-MAA- SIAM Annual Surveys. The data show that the unemployment rate for women has been equal to or lower than the rate for men during most of the last quarter century. The one exception is that between 2001 and 2015 the unemployment rate for women who are not U.S. citizens was higher than the rate for non-citizen men. The unemployment rates are higher for males who are U.S. citizens than for non-citizen males in the last fifteen years, a puzzling trend. The data show that men from all pure math programs are considerably more likely than women to take jobs at the top-ranking and top-producing math departments. The data show women take jobs at departments in which the highest degree is a bachelor's degree at much higher rates and men take jobs in business and industry at considerably higher rates. We also find that men from the top-ranking or top-producing doctoral programs tend to be more likely to take jobs at academic institutions or research institutes at least on a par with their degreegranting institutions.","PeriodicalId":429168,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: History and Overview","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134150324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article I reflect upon the problems connected with writing women in mathematics into Wikipedia. I discuss some of the current projects and efforts aimed at increasing the visibility of women in mathematics on Wikipedia. I present the rules for creating a biography on Wikipedia and relate my personal experiences in creating such articles. I hope to provide the reader with the background and resources to start editing existing Wikipedia articles and the confidence to create new articles. I would also like to encourage existing editors to look out for and protect new articles about women mathematicians and submit new articles.
{"title":"Writing Women in Mathematics into Wikipedia","authors":"Marie A. Vitulli","doi":"10.1090/NOTI1650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1090/NOTI1650","url":null,"abstract":"In this article I reflect upon the problems connected with writing women in mathematics into Wikipedia. I discuss some of the current projects and efforts aimed at increasing the visibility of women in mathematics on Wikipedia. I present the rules for creating a biography on Wikipedia and relate my personal experiences in creating such articles. I hope to provide the reader with the background and resources to start editing existing Wikipedia articles and the confidence to create new articles. I would also like to encourage existing editors to look out for and protect new articles about women mathematicians and submit new articles.","PeriodicalId":429168,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: History and Overview","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130321840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The overall percentages of African American scientists indicate underrepresentation in most science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines and the percentages appear to be declining over the last three decades. We will share insights on how professional societies can directly impact the broadening of participation as well as the persistence of racial groups in the STEM fields and hence, strengthen and sustain the Nation's future workforce.
{"title":"The Role of Professional Societies in STEM Diversity","authors":"V. Morris, Talitha M. Washington","doi":"10.1090/NOTI1642","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1090/NOTI1642","url":null,"abstract":"The overall percentages of African American scientists indicate underrepresentation in most science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines and the percentages appear to be declining over the last three decades. We will share insights on how professional societies can directly impact the broadening of participation as well as the persistence of racial groups in the STEM fields and hence, strengthen and sustain the Nation's future workforce.","PeriodicalId":429168,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: History and Overview","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115633433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-11DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60039-0_1
A. Papadopoulos
{"title":"Looking Backward: From Euler to Riemann","authors":"A. Papadopoulos","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-60039-0_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60039-0_1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":429168,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: History and Overview","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126341769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-15DOI: 10.4006/0836-1398-30.3.314
P. Rocchi
This study has the purpose of addressing four questions that lie at the base of the probability theory and statistics, and includes two main steps. As first, we conduct the textual analysis of the most significant works written by eminent probability theorists. The textual analysis turns out to be a rather innovative method of study in this domain, and shows how the sampled writers, no matter he is a frequentist or a subjectivist, share a similar approach. Each author argues on the multifold aspects of probability then he establishes the mathematical theory on the basis of his intellectual conclusions. It may be said that mathematics ranks second. Hilbert foresees an approach far different from that used by the sampled authors. He proposes to axiomatize the probability calculus notably to describe the probability concepts using purely mathematical criteria. In the second stage of the present research we address the four issues of the probability theory and statistics following the recommendations of Hilbert. Specifically, we use two theorems that prove how the frequentist and the subjectivist models are not incompatible as many believe. Probability has distinct meanings under different hypotheses, and in turn classical statistics and Bayesian statistics are available for adoption in different circumstances. Subsequently, these results are commented upon, followed by our conclusions
{"title":"Four Fundamental Questions in Probability Theory and Statistics","authors":"P. Rocchi","doi":"10.4006/0836-1398-30.3.314","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-30.3.314","url":null,"abstract":"This study has the purpose of addressing four questions that lie at the base of the probability theory and statistics, and includes two main steps. As first, we conduct the textual analysis of the most significant works written by eminent probability theorists. The textual analysis turns out to be a rather innovative method of study in this domain, and shows how the sampled writers, no matter he is a frequentist or a subjectivist, share a similar approach. Each author argues on the multifold aspects of probability then he establishes the mathematical theory on the basis of his intellectual conclusions. It may be said that mathematics ranks second. Hilbert foresees an approach far different from that used by the sampled authors. He proposes to axiomatize the probability calculus notably to describe the probability concepts using purely mathematical criteria. In the second stage of the present research we address the four issues of the probability theory and statistics following the recommendations of Hilbert. Specifically, we use two theorems that prove how the frequentist and the subjectivist models are not incompatible as many believe. Probability has distinct meanings under different hypotheses, and in turn classical statistics and Bayesian statistics are available for adoption in different circumstances. Subsequently, these results are commented upon, followed by our conclusions","PeriodicalId":429168,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: History and Overview","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129314257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Finite fields form an important chapter in abstract algebra, and mathematics in general. We aim to provide a geometric and intuitive model for finite fields, involving algebraic numbers, in order to make them accessible and interesting to a much larger audience. Such lattice models of finite fields provide a good basis for later developing the theory in a more concrete way, including Frobenius elements, all the way to Artin reciprocity law. Examples are provided, intended for an undergraduate audience in the first place.
{"title":"Lattice Models of Finite Fields","authors":"L. Ionescu, M. Zarrin","doi":"10.4236/APM.2017.79030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4236/APM.2017.79030","url":null,"abstract":"Finite fields form an important chapter in abstract algebra, and mathematics in general. We aim to provide a geometric and intuitive model for finite fields, involving algebraic numbers, in order to make them accessible and interesting to a much larger audience. \u0000Such lattice models of finite fields provide a good basis for later developing the theory in a more concrete way, including Frobenius elements, all the way to Artin reciprocity law. \u0000Examples are provided, intended for an undergraduate audience in the first place.","PeriodicalId":429168,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: History and Overview","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132222172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-29DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-66811-6_15
Barak A. Pearlmutter, Helena vSmigoc
{"title":"Nonnegative Factorization of a Data Matrix as a Motivational Example for Basic Linear Algebra","authors":"Barak A. Pearlmutter, Helena vSmigoc","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-66811-6_15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66811-6_15","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":429168,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: History and Overview","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128270276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-19DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2715-5_3
I. Todorov
{"title":"From Euler's play with infinite series to the anomalous magnetic moment","authors":"I. Todorov","doi":"10.1007/978-981-13-2715-5_3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2715-5_3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":429168,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: History and Overview","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134441597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-04-18DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61231-7_13
D. Zeilberger
{"title":"What Is Mathematics and What Should It Be","authors":"D. Zeilberger","doi":"10.1007/978-3-319-61231-7_13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61231-7_13","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":429168,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: History and Overview","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130509727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This book introduces to the theory of probabilities from the beginning. Assuming that the reader possesses the normal mathematical level acquired at the end of the secondary school, we aim to equip him with a solid basis in probability theory. The theory is preceded by a general chapter on counting methods. Then, the theory of probabilities is presented in a discrete framework. Two objectives are sought. The first is to give the reader the ability to solve a large number of problems related to probability theory, including application problems in a variety of disciplines. The second was to prepare the reader before he approached the manual on the mathematical foundations of probability theory. In this book, the reader will concentrate more on mathematical concepts, while in the present text, experimental frameworks are mostly found. If both objectives are met, the reader will have already acquired a definitive experience in problem-solving ability with the tools of probability theory and at the same time he is ready to move on to a theoretical course on probability theory based on the theory of measurement and integration. The book ends with a chapter that allows the reader to begin an intermediate course in mathematical statistics.
{"title":"A Course on Elementary Probability Theory","authors":"G. Lo, Aladji Babacar Niang, L. C. Okereke","doi":"10.16929/sbs/2016.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.16929/sbs/2016.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This book introduces to the theory of probabilities from the beginning. Assuming that the reader possesses the normal mathematical level acquired at the end of the secondary school, we aim to equip him with a solid basis in probability theory. The theory is preceded by a general chapter on counting methods. Then, the theory of probabilities is presented in a discrete framework. Two objectives are sought. The first is to give the reader the ability to solve a large number of problems related to probability theory, including application problems in a variety of disciplines. The second was to prepare the reader before he approached the manual on the mathematical foundations of probability theory. In this book, the reader will concentrate more on mathematical concepts, while in the present text, experimental frameworks are mostly found. If both objectives are met, the reader will have already acquired a definitive experience in problem-solving ability with the tools of probability theory and at the same time he is ready to move on to a theoretical course on probability theory based on the theory of measurement and integration. The book ends with a chapter that allows the reader to begin an intermediate course in mathematical statistics.","PeriodicalId":429168,"journal":{"name":"arXiv: History and Overview","volume":"84 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128670191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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