Pub Date : 2020-05-14DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198865421.003.0012
S. Rothblatt
This chapter studies Dethroning Historical Reputations, Universities, Museums and the Commemoration of Benefactors (2018), edited by Jill Pellew and Lawrence Goldman. In this very appealing publication, twelve contributors offer pithy remarks on what David Cannadine calls ‘institutionalized ancestor worship’, the occasions specifically reserved for those worthy individuals who lavish gifts and endowments on universities. For centuries, universities or museums and art galleries happily accepted donations with no questions asked. So have the trustees of other kinds of institutions, or religious leaders. The sale of indulgences in the middle ages to protect the souls of sinners carried on until reformers were alarmed by their misuse. Whereas in more recent times eyebrows might occasionally be raised concerning the source of a generous benefaction, or the views of the donor on a range of dicey matters, ways were found to smooth over any improprieties. The remarks by contributors overlap as they should, since the publication is the outcome of a conference held in the spring of 2017. The spirit of the Cambridge University historian Herbert Butterfield hovers over the sessions. His discussion of whiggish history-making is always relevant and always worth revisiting.
{"title":"Jill Pellew and Lawrence Goldman (eds), Dethroning Historical Reputations, Universities, Museums and the Commemoration of Benefactors (Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study: London, University of London, 2018). ISBN: 9781909646827 (Open-access e-book available at: http://humanit","authors":"S. Rothblatt","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198865421.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865421.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter studies Dethroning Historical Reputations, Universities, Museums and the Commemoration of Benefactors (2018), edited by Jill Pellew and Lawrence Goldman. In this very appealing publication, twelve contributors offer pithy remarks on what David Cannadine calls ‘institutionalized ancestor worship’, the occasions specifically reserved for those worthy individuals who lavish gifts and endowments on universities. For centuries, universities or museums and art galleries happily accepted donations with no questions asked. So have the trustees of other kinds of institutions, or religious leaders. The sale of indulgences in the middle ages to protect the souls of sinners carried on until reformers were alarmed by their misuse. Whereas in more recent times eyebrows might occasionally be raised concerning the source of a generous benefaction, or the views of the donor on a range of dicey matters, ways were found to smooth over any improprieties. The remarks by contributors overlap as they should, since the publication is the outcome of a conference held in the spring of 2017. The spirit of the Cambridge University historian Herbert Butterfield hovers over the sessions. His discussion of whiggish history-making is always relevant and always worth revisiting.","PeriodicalId":429271,"journal":{"name":"History of Universities","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122361144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0017
Felicity Heal
This chapter shows that Corpus Christi College stood at the beginning of a new cycle in the story of Oxford, one in which other founders modelled their work on the forward-looking plan devised by Bishop Richard Fox, and the success, or even the survival, of the academy in difficult times owed much to the efficacy of collegiate institutions. Fox did indeed establish his society on strong foundations, with statutes that enabled its ‘busy bees‘ to survive and thrive, even if their extreme precision appeared to leave little space for subsequent adaptation. Corpus was crucially the product of its founder’s vision and so it is unusually important to establish what Richard Fox wished to achieve. In its first generations, Corpus Christi was envisaged as designed to produce ‘pious humanists‘ or, perhaps ‘ecclesiastical humanists‘.
{"title":"Closing Remarks I","authors":"Felicity Heal","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter shows that Corpus Christi College stood at the beginning of a new cycle in the story of Oxford, one in which other founders modelled their work on the forward-looking plan devised by Bishop Richard Fox, and the success, or even the survival, of the academy in difficult times owed much to the efficacy of collegiate institutions. Fox did indeed establish his society on strong foundations, with statutes that enabled its ‘busy bees‘ to survive and thrive, even if their extreme precision appeared to leave little space for subsequent adaptation. Corpus was crucially the product of its founder’s vision and so it is unusually important to establish what Richard Fox wished to achieve. In its first generations, Corpus Christi was envisaged as designed to produce ‘pious humanists‘ or, perhaps ‘ecclesiastical humanists‘.","PeriodicalId":429271,"journal":{"name":"History of Universities","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123248237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0010
W. Whyte
This chapter describes musical participation in Corpus Christi College. Richard Fox’s apparently modest provision for liturgical music at Corpus is intelligible once the chapel ministers are viewed within their wider collegiate community. The musical capabilities of this mixed community can in turn be mapped onto the genres and repertoires cultivated in Henrician England. Plainsong formed the bedrock of the liturgy: all members of college except the domestic staff were to be proficient in cantus planus, which would have constituted most of what was sung in chapel. Indeed, all members of college should, at least in theory, have been able to participate in the singing of chant. Ultimately, Fox’s economy of means at Corpus arguably represents neither a repudiation of more demonstrative forms of ritual expression, nor an ascetic disavowal of the spiritual worth of church music; instead, it can be read as a serious attempt to engage the whole community as active participants in worship.
{"title":"Building Corpus Christi","authors":"W. Whyte","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes musical participation in Corpus Christi College. Richard Fox’s apparently modest provision for liturgical music at Corpus is intelligible once the chapel ministers are viewed within their wider collegiate community. The musical capabilities of this mixed community can in turn be mapped onto the genres and repertoires cultivated in Henrician England. Plainsong formed the bedrock of the liturgy: all members of college except the domestic staff were to be proficient in cantus planus, which would have constituted most of what was sung in chapel. Indeed, all members of college should, at least in theory, have been able to participate in the singing of chant. Ultimately, Fox’s economy of means at Corpus arguably represents neither a repudiation of more demonstrative forms of ritual expression, nor an ascetic disavowal of the spiritual worth of church music; instead, it can be read as a serious attempt to engage the whole community as active participants in worship.","PeriodicalId":429271,"journal":{"name":"History of Universities","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122030834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0004
P. Cavill
This chapter examines Richard Fox’s establishment of a secular college in Oxford. Fox’s initial intention had been to establish a monastic college in Oxford which, without question, looks to have been a distinctly conservative choice. His wish was to benefit, in the main, the Benedictine monks of St. Swithun’s priory who served the cathedral church of Winchester and, as such, formed the community at the heart of the see that he served for the last twenty years of his life. However, he changed his mind and opted instead for a secular establishment. The chapter then considers the ramifications of his decision to establish a secular college and sets his plans for Corpus Christi College within the broader environment of collegiate foundation in the English Church in the decades that preceded the Reformation.
{"title":"Church, State, and Corpus: The Founder’s Years","authors":"P. Cavill","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines Richard Fox’s establishment of a secular college in Oxford. Fox’s initial intention had been to establish a monastic college in Oxford which, without question, looks to have been a distinctly conservative choice. His wish was to benefit, in the main, the Benedictine monks of St. Swithun’s priory who served the cathedral church of Winchester and, as such, formed the community at the heart of the see that he served for the last twenty years of his life. However, he changed his mind and opted instead for a secular establishment. The chapter then considers the ramifications of his decision to establish a secular college and sets his plans for Corpus Christi College within the broader environment of collegiate foundation in the English Church in the decades that preceded the Reformation.","PeriodicalId":429271,"journal":{"name":"History of Universities","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130542400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0014
L. Kaufman
This chapter examines the impact of early Reformation on Corpus Christi College. If one takes the posting of the Ninety-Five Theses in the traditional way as the starting-gun for the Protestant Reformation, then Corpus Christi is as old as the Reformation itself. Of course, ‘the Reformation‘ did not begin as early as 1517. It would be another ten years before the Reformation made any recorded impact in Corpus itself, although Luther’s ideas reached Oxford pretty soon. With the exception of the Nicholas Udall affair, the impact of the early Reformation on Corpus Christi is evident largely by its absence during the lifetime of the first president, John Claymond. After Claymond’s death, the college’s peace was briefly disturbed by a new brand of Reformation, by the ideas arising from Henry VIII’s Break with Rome.
{"title":"Pensioners, Prisoners, and Pupils: Corpus Christi College’s Charity in Tudor Oxford","authors":"L. Kaufman","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter examines the impact of early Reformation on Corpus Christi College. If one takes the posting of the Ninety-Five Theses in the traditional way as the starting-gun for the Protestant Reformation, then Corpus Christi is as old as the Reformation itself. Of course, ‘the Reformation‘ did not begin as early as 1517. It would be another ten years before the Reformation made any recorded impact in Corpus itself, although Luther’s ideas reached Oxford pretty soon. With the exception of the Nicholas Udall affair, the impact of the early Reformation on Corpus Christi is evident largely by its absence during the lifetime of the first president, John Claymond. After Claymond’s death, the college’s peace was briefly disturbed by a new brand of Reformation, by the ideas arising from Henry VIII’s Break with Rome.","PeriodicalId":429271,"journal":{"name":"History of Universities","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130394025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0016
A. Grafton
This chapter focuses on Brian Twyne, who, by 1625, was a recognized authority on Oxford’s medieval documents. In 1633, he would become Oxford University’s first archivist. Even more important were the archives themselves: especially his own collections, which would serve as the basis for every history of Oxford for centuries. Brian Twyne’s official education took place at Corpus Christi College, to which he came as a scholar in 1594, at the age of 14. From his twenties until his death in 1644, Twyne was fascinated by the history of Oxford. However, his training in the techniques of documentary scholarship had little to do with his official education. Rather, quite early in life, he encountered three distinct traditions of antiquarian scholarship. Each was embodied in a person or a text, and from each he took away ideas and practices that went into the finished body of his work.
{"title":"Brian Twyne: University History and the Traditions of English Antiquarianism","authors":"A. Grafton","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on Brian Twyne, who, by 1625, was a recognized authority on Oxford’s medieval documents. In 1633, he would become Oxford University’s first archivist. Even more important were the archives themselves: especially his own collections, which would serve as the basis for every history of Oxford for centuries. Brian Twyne’s official education took place at Corpus Christi College, to which he came as a scholar in 1594, at the age of 14. From his twenties until his death in 1644, Twyne was fascinated by the history of Oxford. However, his training in the techniques of documentary scholarship had little to do with his official education. Rather, quite early in life, he encountered three distinct traditions of antiquarian scholarship. Each was embodied in a person or a text, and from each he took away ideas and practices that went into the finished body of his work.","PeriodicalId":429271,"journal":{"name":"History of Universities","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124008980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0003
Clive Burgess
This chapter discusses the powerful impact of education on the service of the British state and empire. It had been reasonably clear, in 1390, what skills an education in the Oxford and Cambridge schools could bring to the service of the crown and the high nobility—the ability to see the weak points of an argument and to put the case against it persuasively, and for those with a training in the learned laws, to deploy an accepted code of practice in a way favourable to the Crown’s or another patron’s cause. As a result, England had been represented by intelligent graduates, canonists, and theologians with a broad outlook and forensic skills, both at the Council of Constance and in the diplomacy of the Lancastrian kings. The chapter then looks at Dr. Thomas Chaundler’s pedagogy and its influence on graduates in the service of the crown.
{"title":"Fox’s Choice: Founding a Secular College in Oxford","authors":"Clive Burgess","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the powerful impact of education on the service of the British state and empire. It had been reasonably clear, in 1390, what skills an education in the Oxford and Cambridge schools could bring to the service of the crown and the high nobility—the ability to see the weak points of an argument and to put the case against it persuasively, and for those with a training in the learned laws, to deploy an accepted code of practice in a way favourable to the Crown’s or another patron’s cause. As a result, England had been represented by intelligent graduates, canonists, and theologians with a broad outlook and forensic skills, both at the Council of Constance and in the diplomacy of the Lancastrian kings. The chapter then looks at Dr. Thomas Chaundler’s pedagogy and its influence on graduates in the service of the crown.","PeriodicalId":429271,"journal":{"name":"History of Universities","volume":"330 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127570886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0012
S. Brigden
This chapter explores the living conditions in Corpus Christi College. At Corpus Christi, the private chambers were not regarded as living quarters but bed chambers since, on most days, from first light until after supper, all members of the community—whether engaged in scholarly, liturgical, or domestic activity—would have had little leisure to spend in their room. Chambers were, as the statutes stated, ‘places of quiet and sleep and places to retreat to after cares and labours‘. Part of the day of the members of the college would naturally be spent in the chapel, but on a working day the greater part of the liturgical burden would have been carried by members of the chapel establishment. Much of the rest of the day would have been spent in studying, teaching, or examining—depending on academic status—much of it taking place in hall, although certain members were required to attend lectures elsewhere.
{"title":"Corpus Christi College, the City, and the Court in the Reign of Henry VIII","authors":"S. Brigden","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the living conditions in Corpus Christi College. At Corpus Christi, the private chambers were not regarded as living quarters but bed chambers since, on most days, from first light until after supper, all members of the community—whether engaged in scholarly, liturgical, or domestic activity—would have had little leisure to spend in their room. Chambers were, as the statutes stated, ‘places of quiet and sleep and places to retreat to after cares and labours‘. Part of the day of the members of the college would naturally be spent in the chapel, but on a working day the greater part of the liturgical burden would have been carried by members of the chapel establishment. Much of the rest of the day would have been spent in studying, teaching, or examining—depending on academic status—much of it taking place in hall, although certain members were required to attend lectures elsewhere.","PeriodicalId":429271,"journal":{"name":"History of Universities","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131497244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0015
Alexandra Gajda
This chapter looks at the impact of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement upon institutions and the individuals who peopled them. Beginning with the protestant ‘conversion‘ of Corpus Christi College and the university in the 1560s, it shows that the micro-history of the college’s experience of reformation speaks revealingly to a broader historiography about the implementation of the Settlement in the tense first decade of the Queen’s reign. The imposition of protestant religion within the university and its colleges and halls can be seen as a test case of the state’s ability to compel obedience to the parliamentary statutes that established the new church. This process was rendered exceptionally difficult both by the strength of adherence to Catholicism in ‘conservative‘ Oxford, but also by the complexity of the university’s structure: the overlapping jurisdictions between the university and its colleges and halls and the traditions of autonomy and self-government within each.
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Pub Date : 2019-08-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0013
R. Rex
This chapter discusses the experience of the first scholars of Corpus Christi College beyond Corpus. As Bishop Richard Fox had hoped, Corpus Christi College in its first years became a place not only of learning but of sociability and hospitality, where lasting friendships were made. Leaving the cloisters of the College for the City and the court, the young scholars found households where humanist learning was already valued as well as networks of the like-minded who shared books and conversation. Beyond the College, the scholars often retained connections with each other and the College. As chaplains, secretaries, physicians, and tutors, they served the commonwealth. However, in the fractured world which Henry VIII’s ‘Great Matter‘ and Break with Rome had made, living in service of both God and the commonwealth became more difficult; their choices became harder and consciences were tested.
{"title":"Corpus Christi College and the Early Reformation","authors":"R. Rex","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198848523.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the experience of the first scholars of Corpus Christi College beyond Corpus. As Bishop Richard Fox had hoped, Corpus Christi College in its first years became a place not only of learning but of sociability and hospitality, where lasting friendships were made. Leaving the cloisters of the College for the City and the court, the young scholars found households where humanist learning was already valued as well as networks of the like-minded who shared books and conversation. Beyond the College, the scholars often retained connections with each other and the College. As chaplains, secretaries, physicians, and tutors, they served the commonwealth. However, in the fractured world which Henry VIII’s ‘Great Matter‘ and Break with Rome had made, living in service of both God and the commonwealth became more difficult; their choices became harder and consciences were tested.","PeriodicalId":429271,"journal":{"name":"History of Universities","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124386152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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