Mean shift is a fast object tracking algorithm that only considers pixels in an object area, hence its relatively small computational load. This algorithm is suitable for use in real-time conditions in terms of execution time. The use of histograms causes this algorithm to be relatively resistant to rotation and changes in object size. However, its resistance to lighting changes is not optimal. This study aims to improve the performance of the algorithm under lighting changes and reduce its processing time. The proposed technique involves the use of sampling techniques to reduce the number of iterations, optimization of candidate search object locations using simulated annealing, and addition of tolerance parameter to optimize object location search and area-based weighting instead of the Epanechnikov kernel. The results of the one-tail t-test with two independent sample groups reveal that the average performance of the proposed algorithm is significantly better than that of the traditional mean-shift algorithm in terms of resistance to lighting changes and processing time per video frame. In the test involving 999 frames of video images, the average processing time of the proposed algorithm is 83.66 ms, whereas that of the traditional mean-shift algorithm is 116.86 ms.
Mean shift是一种快速的目标跟踪算法，它只考虑目标区域内的像素，因此计算量相对较小。从执行时间上看，该算法适合在实时条件下使用。直方图的使用使得该算法相对抵抗旋转和对象大小的变化。然而，它对光线变化的抵抗力并不是最佳的。本研究旨在提高算法在光照变化下的性能，缩短算法的处理时间。所提出的技术包括使用采样技术来减少迭代次数，使用模拟退火来优化候选搜索对象的位置，以及添加公差参数来优化目标位置搜索和基于区域的加权来代替Epanechnikov核。两个独立样本组的单尾t检验结果表明，该算法在抵抗光照变化和每视频帧处理时间方面的平均性能明显优于传统的mean-shift算法。在涉及999帧视频图像的测试中，本文算法的平均处理时间为83.66 ms，而传统mean-shift算法的平均处理时间为116.86 ms。
{"title":"Mean-shift Object Tracking Algorithm with Systematic Sampling Technique","authors":"Y. Bandung, Aris Ardiansyah","doi":"10.7454/MST.V25I1.3789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/MST.V25I1.3789","url":null,"abstract":"Mean shift is a fast object tracking algorithm that only considers pixels in an object area, hence its relatively small computational load. This algorithm is suitable for use in real-time conditions in terms of execution time. The use of histograms causes this algorithm to be relatively resistant to rotation and changes in object size. However, its resistance to lighting changes is not optimal. This study aims to improve the performance of the algorithm under lighting changes and reduce its processing time. The proposed technique involves the use of sampling techniques to reduce the number of iterations, optimization of candidate search object locations using simulated annealing, and addition of tolerance parameter to optimize object location search and area-based weighting instead of the Epanechnikov kernel. The results of the one-tail t-test with two independent sample groups reveal that the average performance of the proposed algorithm is significantly better than that of the traditional mean-shift algorithm in terms of resistance to lighting changes and processing time per video frame. In the test involving 999 frames of video images, the average processing time of the proposed algorithm is 83.66 ms, whereas that of the traditional mean-shift algorithm is 116.86 ms.","PeriodicalId":42980,"journal":{"name":"Makara Journal of Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44418424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research on the relationship between the role of architecture and the psychology of children with autism, which indicates that appropriate environments for these children can have a significant effect on their healthcare process, has been recently conducted. However, statistics show that autism spectrum disorders are pervasive, and its extent in Iran has been increasing. Moreover, centers that are specifically designed for children with autism are limited, and paradigms are made without considering the mood of these children. Given the role of architecture in designing a suitable space for these children, an investigation that can identify the specific requirements of these children from the architectural perspective is necessary. This research aims to design spaces that, in addition to providing relief to children, can provide a proper platform for intellectual development, social development, and promotion of social interactions. The purpose of this study is to design a training center for children with autism under 5 years old. Most of the spaces considered in the physical program have been designed to be flexible and capable of converting into spaces for children aged 5 to 14 years. The design of the center needs to take into account the qualitative criteria to build a sense of security and attachment so that it can be a place for the development and evolution of education for children with autism and the improvement of the social relationships of these children.
{"title":"Improving the Intellectual and Social Development of Children with Autism: Design of a Training Center for Autism","authors":"H. Jalalian","doi":"10.7454/MST.V25I1.3920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/MST.V25I1.3920","url":null,"abstract":"Research on the relationship between the role of architecture and the psychology of children with autism, which indicates that appropriate environments for these children can have a significant effect on their healthcare process, has been recently conducted. However, statistics show that autism spectrum disorders are pervasive, and its extent in Iran has been increasing. Moreover, centers that are specifically designed for children with autism are limited, and paradigms are made without considering the mood of these children. Given the role of architecture in designing a suitable space for these children, an investigation that can identify the specific requirements of these children from the architectural perspective is necessary. This research aims to design spaces that, in addition to providing relief to children, can provide a proper platform for intellectual development, social development, and promotion of social interactions. The purpose of this study is to design a training center for children with autism under 5 years old. Most of the spaces considered in the physical program have been designed to be flexible and capable of converting into spaces for children aged 5 to 14 years. The design of the center needs to take into account the qualitative criteria to build a sense of security and attachment so that it can be a place for the development and evolution of education for children with autism and the improvement of the social relationships of these children.","PeriodicalId":42980,"journal":{"name":"Makara Journal of Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41610890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bulk metallic glass (BMG) has good mechanical strength, high hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance with promising application in various industries. However, for the industrial production of BMG, the main issue is how to overcome limitations of joining with other materials. The present study focuses on solder processing at low operating temperature to avoid exceeding the recrystallization temperature. A feasible joining process for BMG was developed using lead-free solders. The BMG surface is pre-plated with copper, nickel, or titanium as a wetting layer. The reaction temperature is set between the glass transition temperature of BMG and the melting point of the solder. After a reflowing and aging process, the joint sample was examined using SEM, EDS, EPMA, and XRD. The Cu–Zr based BMG can be successfully joined with Sn-58Bi solder after plating Cu on the BMG surface. A diffusion layer was observed and the thickness increased with longer aging time. The main components of the diffusion layer are ZrO2 and Cu10Zr7.
{"title":"Numerical Study of a Buckling Restrained Brace (BRB) in Steel Structures and Comparison with a Convergent Ordinary Brace (OCB) Under Static and Dynamic Loading","authors":"Fatemeh Habibpour","doi":"10.7454/MST.V25I1.3908","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/MST.V25I1.3908","url":null,"abstract":"Bulk metallic glass (BMG) has good mechanical strength, high hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance with promising application in various industries. However, for the industrial production of BMG, the main issue is how to overcome limitations of joining with other materials. The present study focuses on solder processing at low operating temperature to avoid exceeding the recrystallization temperature. A feasible joining process for BMG was developed using lead-free solders. The BMG surface is pre-plated with copper, nickel, or titanium as a wetting layer. The reaction temperature is set between the glass transition temperature of BMG and the melting point of the solder. After a reflowing and aging process, the joint sample was examined using SEM, EDS, EPMA, and XRD. The Cu–Zr based BMG can be successfully joined with Sn-58Bi solder after plating Cu on the BMG surface. A diffusion layer was observed and the thickness increased with longer aging time. The main components of the diffusion layer are ZrO2 and Cu10Zr7.","PeriodicalId":42980,"journal":{"name":"Makara Journal of Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2021-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42372849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Risk-based thinking (RBT) is one of the distinct new features of the International Organization for Standardization 9001:2015. Interestingly, the standard does not prescribe any tools. Hence, organizations are puzzled as to the extent of conformance. Some organizations have adopted formal tools. However, these tools seem insufficient in linking the standard into an evidence-based decision support system. To resolve gaps in RBT implementation, this paper proposes a framework based on fuzzy inference system (FIS) and support vector machine (SVM) to automate risk analysis and evaluation, proposal and verification of action plans, and prediction of the feasibility of risks and opportunities according to text patterns. Modeling results indicate that the framework has no significant difference in terms of accuracy compared with the conventional method. Both FIS-1 and FIS-2 models, however, are statistically significantly faster at 3.26 and 1.15 s, respectively. Meanwhile, the SVM model, whose text classification features are not evident in the conventional method, has a 97.16% classification accuracy and 2.6% confusion error during training, and 95% classification accuracy during testing. Results affirm that FIS and SVM are efficient tools in feasibly conforming with the RBT requirements of the ISO 9001:2015 international standard.
{"title":"ISO 9001:2015 Risk-based Thinking: A Framework using Fuzzy-Support Vector Machine","authors":"Ralph Sherwin A. Corpuz","doi":"10.7454/mst.v24i3.3944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v24i3.3944","url":null,"abstract":"Risk-based thinking (RBT) is one of the distinct new features of the International Organization for Standardization 9001:2015. Interestingly, the standard does not prescribe any tools. Hence, organizations are puzzled as to the extent of conformance. Some organizations have adopted formal tools. However, these tools seem insufficient in linking the standard into an evidence-based decision support system. To resolve gaps in RBT implementation, this paper proposes a framework based on fuzzy inference system (FIS) and support vector machine (SVM) to automate risk analysis and evaluation, proposal and verification of action plans, and prediction of the feasibility of risks and opportunities according to text patterns. Modeling results indicate that the framework has no significant difference in terms of accuracy compared with the conventional method. Both FIS-1 and FIS-2 models, however, are statistically significantly faster at 3.26 and 1.15 s, respectively. Meanwhile, the SVM model, whose text classification features are not evident in the conventional method, has a 97.16% classification accuracy and 2.6% confusion error during training, and 95% classification accuracy during testing. Results affirm that FIS and SVM are efficient tools in feasibly conforming with the RBT requirements of the ISO 9001:2015 international standard.","PeriodicalId":42980,"journal":{"name":"Makara Journal of Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71343162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, density functional theory (DFT) method is used to investigate the possibility of using a smectite clay mineral called montmorillonite (MMT) in reducing heavy metals, such as Cd, through Cd adsorption. The mechanism of Cd adsorption in MMT is observed theoretically, and the tetrahedrally isomorphic substitution on the upper layer of MMT is considered to observe the role of Al and Fe in strengthening Cd adsorption. Two types of MMT are modeled in this study: Al-MMT and Fe-MMT. The Al-MMT means that Al substitutes one atom in the upper tetrahedral layer of MMT, while Fe-MMT means that Fe substitutes one atom in the upper tetrahedral layer of MMT. According to the DFT calculation, Cd is adsorbed relatively strongly to Al-MMT compared with Fe-MMT, with Cd adsorption energy of –4.55 eV and –2.43 eV for Al-MMT and Fe-MMT, respectively. The density-of-state analysis shows that Cd helps reduce the gap between the highest valence-band energy and lowest conduction-band energy of Al-MMT and Fe-MMT. Thus, Cd/Al-MMT and Cd/Fe-MMT behave in a manner similar to a semiconductor.
{"title":"A Density Functional Theory Study on using Montmorillonite to Reduce Air Pollution","authors":"T. Wungu, M. Yusfi, S. Suprijadi","doi":"10.7454/mst.v24i3.3592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v24i3.3592","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, density functional theory (DFT) method is used to investigate the possibility of using a smectite clay mineral called montmorillonite (MMT) in reducing heavy metals, such as Cd, through Cd adsorption. The mechanism of Cd adsorption in MMT is observed theoretically, and the tetrahedrally isomorphic substitution on the upper layer of MMT is considered to observe the role of Al and Fe in strengthening Cd adsorption. Two types of MMT are modeled in this study: Al-MMT and Fe-MMT. The Al-MMT means that Al substitutes one atom in the upper tetrahedral layer of MMT, while Fe-MMT means that Fe substitutes one atom in the upper tetrahedral layer of MMT. According to the DFT calculation, Cd is adsorbed relatively strongly to Al-MMT compared with Fe-MMT, with Cd adsorption energy of –4.55 eV and –2.43 eV for Al-MMT and Fe-MMT, respectively. The density-of-state analysis shows that Cd helps reduce the gap between the highest valence-band energy and lowest conduction-band energy of Al-MMT and Fe-MMT. Thus, Cd/Al-MMT and Cd/Fe-MMT behave in a manner similar to a semiconductor.","PeriodicalId":42980,"journal":{"name":"Makara Journal of Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42585561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Noviyanto, S. Harjanto, W. Widayatno, A. Wismogroho, M. I. Amal, N. Rochman
The coating layer of Fe–Al powders on the steel substrate was prepared by mechanical alloying at room temperature. Fe, Al, and the steel substrates were milled with high-energy ball milling for 32 h with a ball-to-powder ratio of 8 in an argon atmosphere to prevent oxidation during milling. Although mechanical alloying was performed for 32 h, no new phases were observed after mechanical alloying, as analyzed by X-ray diffraction. However, the crystallite size of the milled powders for 32 h decreased by factor two compared with the initial powders. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the coating layers formed >8 h after mechanical alloying. The intermetallic Fe3Al formed after the substrate was annealed at 500 °C.
{"title":"Mechanical Alloying-assisted Coating of Fe–Al Powders on Steel Substrate","authors":"A. Noviyanto, S. Harjanto, W. Widayatno, A. Wismogroho, M. I. Amal, N. Rochman","doi":"10.7454/mst.v24i3.3690","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v24i3.3690","url":null,"abstract":"The coating layer of Fe–Al powders on the steel substrate was prepared by mechanical alloying at room temperature. Fe, Al, and the steel substrates were milled with high-energy ball milling for 32 h with a ball-to-powder ratio of 8 in an argon atmosphere to prevent oxidation during milling. Although mechanical alloying was performed for 32 h, no new phases were observed after mechanical alloying, as analyzed by X-ray diffraction. However, the crystallite size of the milled powders for 32 h decreased by factor two compared with the initial powders. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the coating layers formed >8 h after mechanical alloying. The intermetallic Fe3Al formed after the substrate was annealed at 500 °C.","PeriodicalId":42980,"journal":{"name":"Makara Journal of Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48733245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nurhasniza Mamajan Khan, Noor Saadiah Mohd Ali, Ahmad Faizrin Ahmad Fuzlin, A. S. Samsudin
This study aims to produce a solid biopolymer electrolyte (SBE) by doping ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) into alginate. Solution casting was used to prepare the alginate–NH4Cl SBE system. Electrical impedance spectroscopy was performed to analyze the electrical properties of the SBE under the applied frequency range of 50 Hz–1 MHz. The incorporation of 8 wt.% NH4Cl enhances the ionic conductivity of the SBE up to 3.18 × 10 -7 S/cm at ambient room temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows that complexation occurs between the hydroxyl (-OH), carboxylate (COO ) and ether linkage (C-O-C) functional groups due to the formation of interand intra-molecular hydrogen bonds between the biopolymer and the ionic dopant. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss increase with increasing dopant composition, thereby increasing the number of charge carriers and ionic mobility.
{"title":"Ionic Conductiviy of Alginate-NH4Cl Polymer Electrolyte","authors":"Nurhasniza Mamajan Khan, Noor Saadiah Mohd Ali, Ahmad Faizrin Ahmad Fuzlin, A. S. Samsudin","doi":"10.7454/mst.v24i3.3841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v24i3.3841","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to produce a solid biopolymer electrolyte (SBE) by doping ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) into alginate. Solution casting was used to prepare the alginate–NH4Cl SBE system. Electrical impedance spectroscopy was performed to analyze the electrical properties of the SBE under the applied frequency range of 50 Hz–1 MHz. The incorporation of 8 wt.% NH4Cl enhances the ionic conductivity of the SBE up to 3.18 × 10 -7 S/cm at ambient room temperature. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows that complexation occurs between the hydroxyl (-OH), carboxylate (COO ) and ether linkage (C-O-C) functional groups due to the formation of interand intra-molecular hydrogen bonds between the biopolymer and the ionic dopant. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss increase with increasing dopant composition, thereby increasing the number of charge carriers and ionic mobility.","PeriodicalId":42980,"journal":{"name":"Makara Journal of Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47606552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Abdollahzadeh, Hadi Faghihmaleki, H. H. Jamnani, Atefeh Ebrahimi Bardar
In this paper, we evaluated the effect of viscoplastic dampers on the response of steel frames under blast loading. We used SAP2000 software and link elements to investigate the responses of nine-story steel frames with and without dampers. The proposed viscoplastic damper is a new type of viscous damper. The application of this damper is based on the availability of its constituent materials. The damper acts as a viscoelastic damper at low levels of vibration, but it acts as a combination of viscoelastic operator and metal-yielding device at extreme levels of vibration. With respect to the height of the structure, the need for the correct distribution is underlined, which is addressed by developing a non-uniform loading at the height of the structure. We used A.T.-Blast software program to measure the required parameters to calculate the pressure coming from the blast. The comparison of the simulation results with and without dampers demonstrated about 33% reduction in responses with respect to the top floor displacements and about 59% reduction in modeling the nine-story steel frame with brass and bending moments at column bases, which represents the optimal operation of viscoplastic damper in steel frame under blast loading. It is demonstrated that using viscoplastic damper with brace improves the blast resistance of structures.
{"title":"Use of Viscoplastic Damper for Improving the Resistance of Steel Frames to Blast Loading","authors":"G. Abdollahzadeh, Hadi Faghihmaleki, H. H. Jamnani, Atefeh Ebrahimi Bardar","doi":"10.7454/mst.v24i3.3907","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v24i3.3907","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we evaluated the effect of viscoplastic dampers on the response of steel frames under blast loading. We used SAP2000 software and link elements to investigate the responses of nine-story steel frames with and without dampers. The proposed viscoplastic damper is a new type of viscous damper. The application of this damper is based on the availability of its constituent materials. The damper acts as a viscoelastic damper at low levels of vibration, but it acts as a combination of viscoelastic operator and metal-yielding device at extreme levels of vibration. With respect to the height of the structure, the need for the correct distribution is underlined, which is addressed by developing a non-uniform loading at the height of the structure. We used A.T.-Blast software program to measure the required parameters to calculate the pressure coming from the blast. The comparison of the simulation results with and without dampers demonstrated about 33% reduction in responses with respect to the top floor displacements and about 59% reduction in modeling the nine-story steel frame with brass and bending moments at column bases, which represents the optimal operation of viscoplastic damper in steel frame under blast loading. It is demonstrated that using viscoplastic damper with brace improves the blast resistance of structures.","PeriodicalId":42980,"journal":{"name":"Makara Journal of Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46930203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Handika, R. A. Idhar, J. Sjah, E. Arijoeni, E. Tjahjono
According to the current applicable national standard in Indonesia, i.e. SNI 07 2529 1991, in addition to the limitation on the loading rate, the steel bar must be reduced, formed, or lathed, as part of the shaping process of samples. This study determined and compared the effect of the shaping process on the yield strength, ultimate strength, and percent elongation by conducting tensile tests of steel bar grade BJTS40, i.e. deformed bar type of steel, and grade BJTP24, i.e., plain bar type of steel. Three diameters of the deformed bar (BJTS40) and one diameter of the plain bar (BJTP24) were used. Samples of the bars were taken randomly from a local distributor in the Greater Jakarta area. Each 1 m of the bar is divided into two, i.e. one end being the non-shaped sample and the other end being the shaped sample. Tensile tests of these two sides were conducted. This study determined that the shaping process influences the results of the tensile test, particularly the variation of percent elongation. Moreover, the effects of the shaping process can be inferred from the high coefficients of variation of yield strength (4.33%) and ultimate strength (2.40%) of the shaped sample. The results of this study, which elucidate the effects of the shaping process on tensile tests, can be used as an information resource in engineering practice.
{"title":"Influence of the Shaping Process on the Tensile Properties of Steel Reinforcement Bars Carbon Steel Grades BJTP24 and BJTS40","authors":"N. Handika, R. A. Idhar, J. Sjah, E. Arijoeni, E. Tjahjono","doi":"10.7454/mst.v24i3.3914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v24i3.3914","url":null,"abstract":"According to the current applicable national standard in Indonesia, i.e. SNI 07 2529 1991, in addition to the limitation on the loading rate, the steel bar must be reduced, formed, or lathed, as part of the shaping process of samples. This study determined and compared the effect of the shaping process on the yield strength, ultimate strength, and percent elongation by conducting tensile tests of steel bar grade BJTS40, i.e. deformed bar type of steel, and grade BJTP24, i.e., plain bar type of steel. Three diameters of the deformed bar (BJTS40) and one diameter of the plain bar (BJTP24) were used. Samples of the bars were taken randomly from a local distributor in the Greater Jakarta area. Each 1 m of the bar is divided into two, i.e. one end being the non-shaped sample and the other end being the shaped sample. Tensile tests of these two sides were conducted. This study determined that the shaping process influences the results of the tensile test, particularly the variation of percent elongation. Moreover, the effects of the shaping process can be inferred from the high coefficients of variation of yield strength (4.33%) and ultimate strength (2.40%) of the shaped sample. The results of this study, which elucidate the effects of the shaping process on tensile tests, can be used as an information resource in engineering practice.","PeriodicalId":42980,"journal":{"name":"Makara Journal of Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47331701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
U. Darusalam, A. Raj, Fitri Yuli Zulkifli, P. Priambodo, E. Rahardjo
With the growth of digital technology in the stage of industrial revolution 4.0, the demand for broadcasting large amounts of information to last mile users has increased. Free-space optical (FSO) communication is one of the telecommunication platforms that has shown immense potential in meeting the demand for information broadcasting. In this work, the performance of FSO communication based on wavelength division multiplexing with a data rate of 80 Gbps is investigated through simulations. The configuration of optical amplifiers in the FSO system is set up on the basis of the amplifyforward and amplify-received configurations to expand the network. The investigation is aimed at identifying the best optical signal amplification between an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) under an atmospheric channel. Simulation results show that the EDFA performs better than the SOA in terms of the optical signal amplification for eight channels of the C band. The maximum optical propagation path length under the atmospheric channel for the amplify-forward and -received schemes using the EDFA is 1.7 km, with the bit error rate achieved at 10 −6 .
{"title":"Performance of Free-space Optical Communication Systems using Optical Amplifiers under Amplify-forward and Amplify-received Configurations","authors":"U. Darusalam, A. Raj, Fitri Yuli Zulkifli, P. Priambodo, E. Rahardjo","doi":"10.7454/mst.v24i3.3648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7454/mst.v24i3.3648","url":null,"abstract":"With the growth of digital technology in the stage of industrial revolution 4.0, the demand for broadcasting large amounts of information to last mile users has increased. Free-space optical (FSO) communication is one of the telecommunication platforms that has shown immense potential in meeting the demand for information broadcasting. In this work, the performance of FSO communication based on wavelength division multiplexing with a data rate of 80 Gbps is investigated through simulations. The configuration of optical amplifiers in the FSO system is set up on the basis of the amplifyforward and amplify-received configurations to expand the network. The investigation is aimed at identifying the best optical signal amplification between an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) under an atmospheric channel. Simulation results show that the EDFA performs better than the SOA in terms of the optical signal amplification for eight channels of the C band. The maximum optical propagation path length under the atmospheric channel for the amplify-forward and -received schemes using the EDFA is 1.7 km, with the bit error rate achieved at 10 −6 .","PeriodicalId":42980,"journal":{"name":"Makara Journal of Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42034913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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