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(Un)staþolfæstnes and its Problems: Grounding Minds in Early Medieval England (1)staþolfæstnes及其问题:中世纪早期英格兰的基础思想
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.16995/olh.9560
Merel Veldhuizen
The Old English text Solomon and Saturn includes a list of materials from which Adam, the first man, is made. A pound of cloud constitutes his modes unstaðelfæstnes [mind’s unsteadfastness / instability]. Various other texts from early medieval England also refer to the mod, or mind, as an intrinsically unstable and changeable entity, using key terms such as staðelfæst [grounded / stable] and staðolian [to ground / stabilise]. In many of these texts, this instability is mentioned as an inherent quality of mind. Instability, contingency and change are regarded as integral and typical features of the mind but equally, there are warnings for the waywardness of the mind. The literature frequently encourages readers to ground and maintain control over their minds. Sources recommend restraining and training the mind to ‘govern’ and ‘steer’ it, and they even refer to the possibility of finding mental stability in another foundation. This article considers these seemingly contradictory portrayals of minds and instructions for grounding them, and delivers a more nuanced conception of what (physical) freedom early medieval people would imagine their minds to have, and what foundations they considered helpful for grounding them.
古英语文本所罗门和土星包括一个材料清单,从亚当,第一个人,是由。一磅云构成了他的模式unsta / elfæstnes[心神不定/不稳定]。来自中世纪早期英格兰的各种其他文本也将mod或心智称为本质上不稳定且多变的实体,使用了诸如staðelfæst[接地/稳定]和staðolian[接地/稳定]等关键术语。在许多这些文本中,这种不稳定性被认为是心灵的内在品质。不稳定性、偶然性和变化被认为是精神的整体和典型特征,但同样,对精神的任性也有警告。文学作品经常鼓励读者扎根并保持对自己思想的控制。消息来源建议限制和训练思想,以“支配”和“引导”它,他们甚至提到在另一个基础上找到精神稳定的可能性。这篇文章考虑了这些看似矛盾的思想描述和指导,并提供了一个更细致的概念,即早期中世纪的人们会想象他们的思想拥有什么样的(身体)自由,以及他们认为哪些基础有助于他们的思想。
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引用次数: 0
Briefing Paper: Assessing the Period Products (Free Provision) (Scotland) Act 2021 as Model Menstruation Legislation 简报:评估《2021年经期产品(免费提供)(苏格兰)法案》作为月经立法的典范
IF 0.5 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-06-20 DOI: 10.16995/olh.9129
Bettina Bildhauer, C. Røstvik, Sharra L. Vostral
This briefing paper discusses how to include historical perspectives to assess the potential success for current and future menstruation legislation. The case of Scotland provides an instructive example of law-making about free period products and period poverty. While commercial products are perceived as a solution, historical research suggests that cultural attitudes, lingering stigma, and regional differences affect opportunities for passing laws. To predict the likelihood that proposed menstrual product legislation might be adopted in other locations, historical factors related to attitudes about menstruation, including stigma, must be considered and understood to effect lasting change. 
本简报讨论了如何纳入历史观点来评估当前和未来月经立法的潜在成功。苏格兰的案例为免费经期产品和经期贫困的立法提供了一个有益的例子。虽然商业产品被认为是一种解决方案,但历史研究表明,文化态度、挥之不去的耻辱和地区差异会影响法律通过的机会。为了预测拟议的月经产品立法可能在其他地方通过的可能性,必须考虑和了解与对月经的态度有关的历史因素,包括耻辱,以影响持久的变化。
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引用次数: 1
Lost in Fragmentation: On how to deal with Fragments of a special Performance Form from Mali in the Collection KOLK 17 in Lübeck 迷失在碎片中:论如何处理来自马里的一种特殊表演形式的碎片
IF 0.5 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-06-17 DOI: 10.16995/olh.6409
Sonja Riehn
On the basis of three selected pieces from a 1991 acquisition documented by both the collector and the museum of Theatre Puppets in Lübeck (now KOLK 17), it is shown that many of the approximately 60 puppets from Mali within the collection KOLK 17 are presumably set pieces from movable animal puppet stages, a special form of costume puppets that only exist in Mali. It is shown that the terms ascribed to the objects often do not do justice to the former performing objects, since they only describe individual elements and do not take the actual performative action into account. Particularly in the case of those puppets that are animated by the physical movement of the puppet player, as is the case with costume puppets, this fragmentary view of the performing objects, which can also be encountered to an extent in the specialist literature, leads to an enormous loss of meaning. The complexity of moving animal puppet stages is demonstrated by the presentation of the versatile performance techniques and stage contexts. How the puppets from Mali within the collection KOLK 17 were actually played could not be conclusively clarified. Nevertheless, the objects could be extended to include possible contexts of use and meaning: these contexts are essential for further research.
根据收藏家和l贝克剧院木偶博物馆(现KOLK 17) 1991年收购的三件精选作品的记录,表明在KOLK 17收藏中来自马里的大约60个木偶中,有许多可能是来自可移动动物木偶舞台的固定作品,这是一种特殊形式的服装木偶,仅存在于马里。研究表明,赋予客体的术语往往不能公正地描述先前的行为客体,因为它们只描述了单个要素,而没有考虑到实际的行为。特别是那些木偶是由木偶演员的身体运动而产生动画的,就像服装木偶一样,这种对表演对象的零碎看法,在某种程度上也可以在专业文献中遇到,导致了意义的巨大丧失。通过多种表演技巧和舞台环境的呈现,展示了动物木偶舞台的复杂性。在KOLK 17系列中,来自马里的木偶实际上是如何被演奏的还不能最终澄清。然而,这些对象可以扩展到包括可能的使用和意义背景:这些背景对进一步的研究是必不可少的。
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引用次数: 0
Confinement and the Transnational in Emma Donoghue’s Room 在艾玛·多诺霍的房间里的禁闭和跨国
IF 0.5 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-06-17 DOI: 10.16995/olh.8774
James Little
This article contends that Emma Donoghue’s Room (2010) generates its transnational effects through its approach to narrating elements of the carceral situation which its central characters Ma and Jack survive. Situating Room within Donoghue’s practice as a writer of historical fiction, the article studies the sources she drew on when writing her novel, the spaces the characters inhabit and the things they surround themselves with, as well as the language used by the narrator, Jack. By focalising this narrative of coercive confinement through the worldview of a five-year-old child, Donoghue creates a text that is transnationally mobile in its approach to language, space and things. In this way, Room can be read as part of Ireland’s literature of coercive confinement, while also showing that this literary tradition can be profitably interpreted through a transnational lens.  @font-face{font-family:"Cambria Math";panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:roman;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal{mso-style-unhide:no;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";margin:0cm;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}.MsoChpDefault{mso-style-type:export-only;mso-default-props:yes;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}div.WordSection1{page:WordSection1;}
本文认为,艾玛·多诺霍的《房间》(2010)通过对主人公马和杰克所处的残酷处境的叙述,产生了跨国效应。本文将《房间》置于多诺霍作为历史小说作家的实践之中,研究了她在创作小说时所使用的素材、人物居住的空间和他们周围的事物,以及叙述者杰克使用的语言。通过一个五岁孩子的世界观,多诺霍将这种强制性禁闭的叙述集中起来,创造了一个在语言、空间和事物的方法上具有跨国流动性的文本。通过这种方式,《房间》可以作为爱尔兰强制监禁文学的一部分来阅读,同时也表明,这种文学传统可以通过跨国视角进行有益的解读。mso- general -font-family:roman;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;MsoNormal,李。MsoNormal,mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-family:"Times New Roman"mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;
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引用次数: 0
Periods and the Menstrualscape: Menstrual Technology and Economic Imperatives in Scotland and the United States, 1870-2020 经期与月经情况:1870-2020年苏格兰和美国的月经技术和经济要求
IF 0.5 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-06-09 DOI: 10.16995/olh.6347
Sharra L. Vostral
The Free Provisions Act is the first national legislation of its kind to provide menstrual products at no cost to women and menstruators throughout Scotland. Yet, this did not happen by accident, and follows historical trends in technoscientific progress and social change. This essay tracks the relationship of women’s acceptance of menstrual technologies with prevailing social and political vectors in United States and Scotland. There are four significant historical moments marking technological change and adoption: the late-Victorian period and the first menstrual product commodities; the modern period marked by World War I through the 1930s that included broadly produced and advertised sanitary napkins; World War II to the mid-twentieth century and the acceptance of tampons; and the 1970s women’s rights movement including the emerging transition to menstrual cups. Within each are differing pressures exerted by both world events and internal societal changes that encourage women to adopt new products. But at moments when wage labor benefits the state, some institutions, heath providers, and educators exert pressure to disregard forms of menstrual stigma and use menstrual products instead. These shifts and movements, along with the prevailing visual culture of advertising and product branding, encompass the menstrualscape. These historical moments and the contemporary menstrualscape signal a current transition in the making, with the promotion of menstrual cups as an environmentally sustainable way to manage menstruation. This aligns with the Free Provisions Act, in which state-sponsored provision of menstrual products serve the needs of the economy, the environment, and concern for gender equity.
《免费用品法》是第一个向苏格兰各地的妇女和月经者免费提供月经用品的全国性立法。然而,这并不是偶然发生的,它遵循着科技进步和社会变革的历史趋势。本文追踪妇女接受月经技术与盛行的社会和政治向量在美国和苏格兰的关系。有四个重要的历史时刻标志着技术的变革和采用:维多利亚时代晚期和第一批月经产品;从第一次世界大战到20世纪30年代的现代时期,大量生产和宣传卫生巾;第二次世界大战到二十世纪中期,卫生棉条的普及;以及20世纪70年代的女权运动,包括向月经杯的转变。在每一种产品中,都有来自世界事件和内部社会变化的不同压力,这些变化鼓励女性采用新产品。但是,当雇佣劳动对国家有利的时候,一些机构、医疗服务提供者和教育工作者施加压力,要求人们忽视各种形式的月经耻辱,转而使用月经产品。这些转变和运动,以及广告和产品品牌的流行视觉文化,涵盖了月经景观。这些历史时刻和当代月经景观标志着当前的转变正在形成,月经杯作为一种环境可持续的方式来管理月经。这与《免费供应法案》相一致,根据该法案,国家资助的经期产品供应服务于经济、环境和对性别平等的关注。
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引用次数: 0
‘A lamp burns on’: W.B. Yeats’s Christ “一盏灯亮着”:叶芝的《基督》
IF 0.5 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-05-30 DOI: 10.16995/olh.6318
Charika Swanepoel
This paper considers the sources that inform the Irishpoet W.B. Yeats’s conception of Unity of Being. Yeats expresses his belief inUnity of Being in religious terms and syncretically aligns his‘Christ’, his Unity of Being, with different forms of belief and philosophy. In this paper, I focus on a triad of influences Yeats frequently pose together: Dante, Blake, and the Upanishads. Through a reading of certain images from ‘Ego Dominus Tuus’ and ‘The Phases of the Moon’, this paper hopes to enrich existing literature on what Yeats considered to be his religion by the time the second edition of A Vision would be published. 
本文考察了爱尔兰诗人叶芝“存在的统一”概念的来源。叶芝用宗教术语表达了他对存在的统一的信仰,并将他的“基督”,他的存在的统一,与不同形式的信仰和哲学结合在一起。在本文中,我着重于叶芝经常提出的三个影响因素:但丁、布莱克和《奥义书》。通过对《自我主宰》和《月相》中某些意象的解读,本文希望在叶芝第二版《异象》出版之前,丰富叶芝所认为的他的宗教的现有文献。
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引用次数: 0
Reading Brexit Backwards: British Eurosceptic Fiction from ECSC to Maastricht 向后解读英国脱欧:从欧洲经委会到马斯特里赫特的英国欧洲怀疑主义小说
IF 0.5 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-05-17 DOI: 10.16995/olh.8840
Kristian Shaw
The post-war years were a period of introspection for Britishsociety as the nation endeavoured to remain fiercely insular yet becameincreasingly troubled by geopolitical relations reshaping the war-torn continent.Britain swiftly assumed the role of the reluctant European; their opposition tointegration hindered by a destructive nostalgia for the past, the perceivederosion of cultural heritage and a sense of English exceptionalism. Beginningwith a brief contextual analysis of the events leading to the 2016 EU Referendum,this article will argue that early warning signs of British antipathy wereevident in literary responses to integration from the creation of the EuropeanCoal and Steel Community (ECSC) to the signing of the Maastricht Treaty whichestablished the European Union. Through a close reading of selected fictions by key figures inthis period, including Kingsley Amis, Nancy Mitford, Angus Wilson and MalcolmBradbury, the article identifies how early warning signs of British antipathyto European integration were clearly evident in post-war literature. By readingBrexit backwards, the article excavates the historical roots of Euroscepticism implantedin the cultural imaginary. 
战后几年是英国社会反省的时期,英国努力保持极度孤立,但却越来越受到重塑饱受战争蹂躏的大陆的地缘政治关系的困扰。英国迅速扮演了不情愿的欧洲人的角色;他们对融合的反对受到了对过去的破坏性怀旧、对文化遗产的感知和英国例外主义意识的阻碍。从对2016年欧盟公投事件的简要背景分析开始,本文将认为,从欧洲煤钢共同体(ECSC)的成立到建立欧盟的《马斯特里赫特条约》的签署,英国对一体化的文学反应中都有明显的反感预警信号。通过仔细阅读这一时期关键人物的小说,包括金斯利·艾米斯、南希·米特福德、安格斯·威尔逊和马尔科姆·布拉德伯里,文章确定了英国对欧洲一体化的反感的早期预警信号在战后文学中是多么明显。通过倒读英国脱欧,文章挖掘了植入文化想象中的欧洲怀疑主义的历史根源。
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引用次数: 0
Writers and Intellectuals on Britain and Europe, 1918-2018: An Introduction 1918-2018年英国与欧洲的作家与知识分子
IF 0.5 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-04-22 DOI: 10.16995/olh.8890
Ann-Marie Einhaus, Kristian Shaw
Introducing a Special Collection focused on exploring the engagement of artists, writers and intellectuals with Britain's relationship to Europe, this short introduction reflects on common strands and recurring themes in such engagement across a turbulent century. It draws out parallels between three time periods covered by articles included in the connection: the inter-war period, the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, and the period from the 1970s to the EU referendum.
介绍了一个特别收藏,重点探讨艺术家、作家和知识分子与英国与欧洲关系的互动,这篇简短的介绍反映了在动荡的世纪中,这种互动的共同点和反复出现的主题。它将相关条款所涵盖的三个时间段进行了比较:战争期间、第二次世界大战的直接后果以及20世纪70年代至欧盟公投期间。
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引用次数: 0
Access to Menstrual Resources as a Public Health Issue in the US and Scotland 获取月经资源是美国和苏格兰的一个公共卫生问题
IF 0.5 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.16995/olh.6342
Noelle Spencer
Introduction: Menstrual health is an important and complex topic, one aspect of which is access to menstrual resources. Resources in this case will be understood to mean such factors as menstrual products, education, safe restroom facilities, and appropriate and accessible healthcare. Objectives: The objective of this paper was to answer the research question: "in what ways is access to resources related to menstruation a public health issue in the US and Scotland?"Methods: The Social Ecological Model (SEM) was used to structure analysis of the factors related to access to menstrual resources. Applying the SEM offers a novel approach to engage critical menstruation studies, and better understand how access to resources affects menstrual health and the experience of menstruation in the US and Scotland. Results: Factors explored at the four levels of the SEM were: individual (education, socioeconomic status), relationship (stigma and discrimination), community (menstrual leave, access to restrooms and healthcare), and societal (safety, sanitation, tampon tax, and national policies). Discussion: Study of access to menstrual resources through the SEM allowed for exploration of the separate and interconnected nature of factors at all levels. Understanding these interconnections is imperative to work toward equitable experiences of menstruation for all menstruators. Conclusion: The aim of this paper is to begin a conversation into the ways in which the different factors that relate to access to menstrual resources form a collective public health issue. Future research is needed to continue to track and to understand this issue over time. 
导读:月经健康是一个重要而复杂的话题,其中一个方面是获得月经资源。在这种情况下,资源将被理解为诸如月经用品、教育、安全的厕所设施以及适当和可获得的医疗保健等因素。目的:本文的目的是回答研究问题:“在美国和苏格兰,获得与月经有关的资源是一个怎样的公共卫生问题?”方法:采用社会生态模型(SEM)对月经资源获取相关因素进行结构分析。应用扫描电镜提供了一种新颖的方法来参与关键的月经研究,并更好地了解如何获得资源影响月经健康和月经在美国和苏格兰的经验。结果:SEM的四个层面探讨的因素是:个人(教育,社会经济地位),关系(耻辱和歧视),社区(月经假,洗手间和医疗保健)和社会(安全,卫生,卫生棉条税和国家政策)。讨论:通过扫描电镜研究获得月经资源的途径,可以探索各个层面因素的分离和相互联系的性质。了解这些相互联系对于所有月经来潮者获得公平的月经体验至关重要。结论:本文的目的是开始讨论与获得月经资源相关的不同因素形成集体公共卫生问题的方式。未来的研究需要随着时间的推移继续跟踪和理解这个问题。
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引用次数: 0
The Gift of Happy Memories: A World War II Christmas Puppet Play in Ravensbrück 快乐回忆的礼物:在ravensbrck的第二次世界大战圣诞木偶剧
IF 0.5 0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2022-04-20 DOI: 10.16995/olh.6379
Cynthia Lisa Dretel
Szopki, Polish musical nativity puppet plays, were a widespread but relatively unstudied artistic response to Nazi occupation among Polish Catholics in Nazi concentration camps. Polish inmates used the szopki as an opportunity to subvert censorship, as the nativity story is only a small portion of a szopki production. The artist Maja Berezowska and Varsovian actress Jadwiga Kopijowska wrote and performed the Szopka Polska in Ravensbrück in 1942, 1943 and 1944. This article examines the adaption of traditional carols and puppets to facilitate a purposeful recreation of happy and comforting prewar memories in the play. Framing the sharing of positive memories as a form of caretaking builds on scholarship that focuses on less visible resistance, as these activities, especially communal activities led by women, are often overlooked in scholarship in favor of more overt or dramatic actions. The Szopka Polska writers drew strength from representations of childhood and motherhood. Parodied traditional songs and stock szopki scenes promoted Polish heritage and normalcy, using Poland's past triumphs as hope for future liberation. Three puppets, the Soldier, Polish Mother, and Inmate, who attend the nativity, directly address the inmates' World War II experiences, a phenomenon that rarely occurred in other forms of concentration camp theater. These three puppets, the nineteenth-century puppet Wiarus, and a skit for two children who address the puppets on stage promote survival and resistance by modeling productive reactions to oppression.  @font-face{font-family:"Cambria Math";panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:roman;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal{mso-style-unhide:no;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";margin:0in;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";}.MsoChpDefault{mso-style-type:export-only;mso-default-props:yes;font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-fareast-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN;}.MsoPapDefault{mso-style-type:export-only;line-height:115%;}div.WordSection1{page:WordSection1;}
Szopki,波兰音乐耶稣诞生木偶剧,是纳粹集中营中波兰天主教徒对纳粹占领的广泛但相对未经研究的艺术回应。波兰囚犯利用szopki作为颠覆审查制度的机会,因为耶稣诞生故事只是szopki制作的一小部分。艺术家Maja Berezowska和Varsovia女演员Jadwiga Kopijowska于1942年、1943年和1944年在Ravensbrück创作并表演了《Szopka Polska》。本文探讨了对传统颂歌和木偶的改编,以便于有目的地再现剧中快乐和安慰的战前记忆。将分享积极记忆视为一种照顾形式建立在关注不太明显阻力的学术基础上,因为这些活动,尤其是由女性领导的社区活动,在学术上往往被忽视,而倾向于更公开或戏剧性的行动。绍普卡·波尔斯卡的作家们从童年和母性的表现中汲取力量。模仿传统歌曲和怀旧的绍普基场景促进了波兰的传统和常态,将波兰过去的胜利视为未来解放的希望。参加耶稣诞生仪式的三个木偶,士兵、波兰母亲和囚犯,直接讲述了囚犯的二战经历,这一现象在其他形式的集中营剧院中很少发生。这三个木偶,19世纪的木偶Wiarus,以及一个为两个孩子准备的短剧,他们在舞台上对着木偶讲话,通过塑造对压迫的富有成效的反应来促进生存和抵抗。@font face{font-family:“Cambria Math”;panose-1:24 5 3 5 4 6 2 4;mso字体字符集:0;mso通用字体家族:罗马;mso字号:可变;mso字形签名:-53687015073270 415 0;}p.MsoNormal,li.MsoNormal,div.MsoNormal{mso-styleunhide:no;mso-styleqformat:yes;mso-ststyleparent:“”;margin:0in;mso-pagination:寡妇孤儿;font-size:12.0pt;font-family:“Times New Roman”,衬线;mso-fareast font-family:,无衬线体;mso-ascii字体家族:Arial;mso-fareast字体家族:Arial;mso-hansi字体家族:Arial;mso-bidi字体家族:Arial;mso-ansi语言:EN;}。MsoPapDefault{mso样式类型:仅导出;行高:115%;}div.WordSection1{page:WordSection1;}
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