Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.1177/15356841231223684
Steven Schmidt
Structural racism and individual discrimination contribute to racial inequalities in poor housing conditions in the United States. Less is known about whether and how structural racism and individual discrimination shape a parallel, but distinct, process that is also consequential for family wellbeing: experiencing housing unit maintenance delays. Maintenance delays transform acute problems into chronic stressors and increase exposure to physical hazards over time. Using the 2013 American Housing Survey, I examine racial/ethnic disparities in maintenance delays across non-Hispanic White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and American Indian/Alaska Native renters. Given that 2.3 million low-income households rent using Housing Choice Vouchers (HCVs), a federal housing assistance program with requirements around repair timing, I also examine how renting with a voucher shapes maintenance delays. There are three principal findings. First, White renters are more likely to report timely repairs than either Black or Hispanic renters. Second, for Black renters, both structural racism experienced in rental markets and individual discrimination drive this disparity, whereas Hispanic renters’ diverging maintenance experiences are largely explained by pathways impacted by structural racism. Third, renting with an HCV is not associated with repair timeliness for any racial/ethnic group. Taken together, the findings suggest that racial/ethnic disparities in substandard housing emerge not only through unequal exposure to housing quality problems but also through unequal responses to these issues.
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Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.1177/15356841241228714
Phil Hubbard
{"title":"Book Review: Amelia Thorpe, Owning the Street: The Everyday Life of Property","authors":"Phil Hubbard","doi":"10.1177/15356841241228714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841241228714","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":430447,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139858073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.1177/15356841231223684
Steven Schmidt
Structural racism and individual discrimination contribute to racial inequalities in poor housing conditions in the United States. Less is known about whether and how structural racism and individual discrimination shape a parallel, but distinct, process that is also consequential for family wellbeing: experiencing housing unit maintenance delays. Maintenance delays transform acute problems into chronic stressors and increase exposure to physical hazards over time. Using the 2013 American Housing Survey, I examine racial/ethnic disparities in maintenance delays across non-Hispanic White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and American Indian/Alaska Native renters. Given that 2.3 million low-income households rent using Housing Choice Vouchers (HCVs), a federal housing assistance program with requirements around repair timing, I also examine how renting with a voucher shapes maintenance delays. There are three principal findings. First, White renters are more likely to report timely repairs than either Black or Hispanic renters. Second, for Black renters, both structural racism experienced in rental markets and individual discrimination drive this disparity, whereas Hispanic renters’ diverging maintenance experiences are largely explained by pathways impacted by structural racism. Third, renting with an HCV is not associated with repair timeliness for any racial/ethnic group. Taken together, the findings suggest that racial/ethnic disparities in substandard housing emerge not only through unequal exposure to housing quality problems but also through unequal responses to these issues.
{"title":"Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Renters’ Experiences with Maintenance Delays in the United States","authors":"Steven Schmidt","doi":"10.1177/15356841231223684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841231223684","url":null,"abstract":"Structural racism and individual discrimination contribute to racial inequalities in poor housing conditions in the United States. Less is known about whether and how structural racism and individual discrimination shape a parallel, but distinct, process that is also consequential for family wellbeing: experiencing housing unit maintenance delays. Maintenance delays transform acute problems into chronic stressors and increase exposure to physical hazards over time. Using the 2013 American Housing Survey, I examine racial/ethnic disparities in maintenance delays across non-Hispanic White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, and American Indian/Alaska Native renters. Given that 2.3 million low-income households rent using Housing Choice Vouchers (HCVs), a federal housing assistance program with requirements around repair timing, I also examine how renting with a voucher shapes maintenance delays. There are three principal findings. First, White renters are more likely to report timely repairs than either Black or Hispanic renters. Second, for Black renters, both structural racism experienced in rental markets and individual discrimination drive this disparity, whereas Hispanic renters’ diverging maintenance experiences are largely explained by pathways impacted by structural racism. Third, renting with an HCV is not associated with repair timeliness for any racial/ethnic group. Taken together, the findings suggest that racial/ethnic disparities in substandard housing emerge not only through unequal exposure to housing quality problems but also through unequal responses to these issues.","PeriodicalId":430447,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139794996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-02-07DOI: 10.1177/15356841241228714
Phil Hubbard
{"title":"Book Review: Amelia Thorpe, Owning the Street: The Everyday Life of Property","authors":"Phil Hubbard","doi":"10.1177/15356841241228714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841241228714","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":430447,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"44 46","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139798413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-02DOI: 10.1177/15356841231188968
John R Logan, Elisabeta Minca, Benjamin Bellman, Amory Kisch
A standard interpretation of the intensification of segregation in the early twentieth century is that residents of Northern cities reacted against a growing African American presence, using segregation as a tool of social control that was less needed in the South. Evidence from newly available data for 134 cities in 1900–1940 puts this interpretation in question in several ways. We find that segregation was already high in 1900 at the neighborhood scale. Not only was it rising, but it was changing its spatial scale as clusters of Black settlement in side streets and alleys disappeared from White districts while expanding into large Black zones. Finally, multivariate analyses show that trends were similar in the North and South, and in neither region was Black population size (i.e., “Black threat”) a significant predictor of increasing segregation. The general trends of rising segregation and increasing spatial scale became a nationwide pattern.
{"title":"From Side Street to Ghetto: Understanding the Rising Levels and Changing Spatial Pattern of Segregation, 1900–1940","authors":"John R Logan, Elisabeta Minca, Benjamin Bellman, Amory Kisch","doi":"10.1177/15356841231188968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841231188968","url":null,"abstract":"A standard interpretation of the intensification of segregation in the early twentieth century is that residents of Northern cities reacted against a growing African American presence, using segregation as a tool of social control that was less needed in the South. Evidence from newly available data for 134 cities in 1900–1940 puts this interpretation in question in several ways. We find that segregation was already high in 1900 at the neighborhood scale. Not only was it rising, but it was changing its spatial scale as clusters of Black settlement in side streets and alleys disappeared from White districts while expanding into large Black zones. Finally, multivariate analyses show that trends were similar in the North and South, and in neither region was Black population size (i.e., “Black threat”) a significant predictor of increasing segregation. The general trends of rising segregation and increasing spatial scale became a nationwide pattern.","PeriodicalId":430447,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"39 8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123008887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-21DOI: 10.1177/15356841231183894
L. Lobao, Paige Kelly
Urban theorists offer varying explanations for why communities use austerity policies that limit or cut government. We develop a synthesis of political-economic and institutional explanations. Using this new synthetic approach, we analyze the characteristics of communities that promote the use of cutback policies and question whether relationships derived from urban theories can be extended across the urban-rural continuum. We draw on original primary data for over 1,000 communities. Our study provides a new lens on local austerity policies and the distinctiveness of the urban experience. We find that economic pressures, political context, and local governments’ characteristics influence cutback policies across both urban and rural America. Large metro counties use more cutback policies suggesting progressive communities are downsizing, and fiscal stress is a strong determinant. Among rural counties, political context and governmental attributes further influence cutback policies. Surprising similarities exist across urban and rural communities in citizen pressures to reduce government. The findings demonstrate that urban frameworks can be pushed beyond their conventional focus. Our study highlights the importance of viewing communities across a continuum rather than analyzing urban and rural communities as if they occupy different worlds.
{"title":"Urban Austerity Theory, Politicizing Space, and Cutback Policies across Urban and Rural Communities","authors":"L. Lobao, Paige Kelly","doi":"10.1177/15356841231183894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841231183894","url":null,"abstract":"Urban theorists offer varying explanations for why communities use austerity policies that limit or cut government. We develop a synthesis of political-economic and institutional explanations. Using this new synthetic approach, we analyze the characteristics of communities that promote the use of cutback policies and question whether relationships derived from urban theories can be extended across the urban-rural continuum. We draw on original primary data for over 1,000 communities. Our study provides a new lens on local austerity policies and the distinctiveness of the urban experience. We find that economic pressures, political context, and local governments’ characteristics influence cutback policies across both urban and rural America. Large metro counties use more cutback policies suggesting progressive communities are downsizing, and fiscal stress is a strong determinant. Among rural counties, political context and governmental attributes further influence cutback policies. Surprising similarities exist across urban and rural communities in citizen pressures to reduce government. The findings demonstrate that urban frameworks can be pushed beyond their conventional focus. Our study highlights the importance of viewing communities across a continuum rather than analyzing urban and rural communities as if they occupy different worlds.","PeriodicalId":430447,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114436526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-28DOI: 10.1177/15356841231182071
Cal Lee Garrett
Urban greening initiatives frequently promise to support economic growth and to improve environmental conditions for communities with ecological science. Despite these lofty goals, much of the labor required to carry out the quotidian, mundane work of cultivating and maintaining urban nature is provided by unpaid volunteers or low-wage landscapers. Drawing on ethnographic research and 50 in-depth interviews with experts and volunteers who manage greening initiatives in Chicago, this article provides an account for why greening labor is valued in abstract symbolic terms but economically marginalized. Namely, I argue that the everyday labor of greening cities is a distinct form of devalued care work that can be referred to as greenwork. Greenwork is devalued because: (1) urban nature is affectively framed as an invaluable asset to communities, (2) greening initiatives have a stratified labor force with few professional opportunities, and (3) nature is theorized as complex and self-sustaining by experts.
{"title":"Greenwork: The Devaluation of Labor When Caring for Nature","authors":"Cal Lee Garrett","doi":"10.1177/15356841231182071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841231182071","url":null,"abstract":"Urban greening initiatives frequently promise to support economic growth and to improve environmental conditions for communities with ecological science. Despite these lofty goals, much of the labor required to carry out the quotidian, mundane work of cultivating and maintaining urban nature is provided by unpaid volunteers or low-wage landscapers. Drawing on ethnographic research and 50 in-depth interviews with experts and volunteers who manage greening initiatives in Chicago, this article provides an account for why greening labor is valued in abstract symbolic terms but economically marginalized. Namely, I argue that the everyday labor of greening cities is a distinct form of devalued care work that can be referred to as greenwork. Greenwork is devalued because: (1) urban nature is affectively framed as an invaluable asset to communities, (2) greening initiatives have a stratified labor force with few professional opportunities, and (3) nature is theorized as complex and self-sustaining by experts.","PeriodicalId":430447,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116041186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-22DOI: 10.1177/15356841231179436
S. Alvarado, Alexandra Cooperstock
Drawing on 35 years of restricted geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data, we estimate the association between multigenerational exposure to neighborhood disadvantage in childhood and income in adulthood. Invoking cousin fixed effects models that adjust for unobserved legacies of disadvantage that cascade across generations, we find that families where both mothers and their children are exposed to childhood neighborhood disadvantage yield reduced earnings, net of observed and unobserved confounders, for all groups except for Blacks. We theorize that discrimination and racism salient for Blacks in the labor market may dim the ability of neighborhood attainment to act as a main pathway to social and economic mobility. These results push scholars to conceptualize neighborhoods as much more durable features of inequality and refine our understanding of the uneven economic returns to neighborhood attainment across race and ethnicity.
{"title":"The Echo of Neighborhood Disadvantage: Multigenerational Contextual Hardship and Adult Income for Whites, Blacks, and Latinos","authors":"S. Alvarado, Alexandra Cooperstock","doi":"10.1177/15356841231179436","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841231179436","url":null,"abstract":"Drawing on 35 years of restricted geocoded National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data, we estimate the association between multigenerational exposure to neighborhood disadvantage in childhood and income in adulthood. Invoking cousin fixed effects models that adjust for unobserved legacies of disadvantage that cascade across generations, we find that families where both mothers and their children are exposed to childhood neighborhood disadvantage yield reduced earnings, net of observed and unobserved confounders, for all groups except for Blacks. We theorize that discrimination and racism salient for Blacks in the labor market may dim the ability of neighborhood attainment to act as a main pathway to social and economic mobility. These results push scholars to conceptualize neighborhoods as much more durable features of inequality and refine our understanding of the uneven economic returns to neighborhood attainment across race and ethnicity.","PeriodicalId":430447,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131227188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-02DOI: 10.1177/15356841231176539
Raoul S. Liévanos
This article advances a novel “critical race urban-environmental sociology” (CRUES) approach that synthesizes Marxist and critical race theory to focus on the “production of racialized hazardous space” and “residential security” during the Great Depression in the U.S. It applies the CRUES lens to the work of Frederick M. Babcock, the economist who disseminated authoritative and racially discriminatory statements on residential security and neighborhood appraisals before and during his tenure at the Federal Housing Administration. The article shows how Babcock paralleled and intersected with strands of classic urban ecology to conflate racially segregated and environmentally hazardous neighborhoods and naturalize their devalued status. Using the CRUES lens, the article also frames the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation’s (HOLC) worst neighborhood rating in its 1930s Residential Security Surveys as racialized hazardous space, and advances a conceptual model for future research on how environmental hazards, racialized social “threats,” and other sociospatial factors conditioned HOLC hazardous grade assignments.
{"title":"Racialized Hazardous Space: A Critical Race Urban-Environmental Sociology of Residential Security in the Depression Era","authors":"Raoul S. Liévanos","doi":"10.1177/15356841231176539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841231176539","url":null,"abstract":"This article advances a novel “critical race urban-environmental sociology” (CRUES) approach that synthesizes Marxist and critical race theory to focus on the “production of racialized hazardous space” and “residential security” during the Great Depression in the U.S. It applies the CRUES lens to the work of Frederick M. Babcock, the economist who disseminated authoritative and racially discriminatory statements on residential security and neighborhood appraisals before and during his tenure at the Federal Housing Administration. The article shows how Babcock paralleled and intersected with strands of classic urban ecology to conflate racially segregated and environmentally hazardous neighborhoods and naturalize their devalued status. Using the CRUES lens, the article also frames the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation’s (HOLC) worst neighborhood rating in its 1930s Residential Security Surveys as racialized hazardous space, and advances a conceptual model for future research on how environmental hazards, racialized social “threats,” and other sociospatial factors conditioned HOLC hazardous grade assignments.","PeriodicalId":430447,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127353740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1177/15356841231173644
M. Patterson
Georg Simmel famously argued that the sensory onslaught of the urban environment forces people to reduce the world to calculable quantities over colorful qualities and adopt a blasé attitude of muted emotions. Today’s digitally mediated city involves levels of quantification that Simmel could have scarcely imagined. However, rather than exacerbating the blasé attitude, this paper makes the case that digital technologies potentially increase our emotional and moral attachments to the urban environment—a phenomenon that can be called “scoreboard urbanism.” From Yelp ratings to Fitbit step scores, our relationship to the city is increasingly mediated by quantitative metrics. The purpose of this paper is to outline the basic characteristics of scoreboard urbanism as a distinct mode of life that entails new ways of perceiving and interacting with the urban public realm. In doing so, the paper argues that this phenomenon has transformed the city into a “gamespace” characterized by the competitive and exhilarating drive to score points.
{"title":"Scoreboard Urbanism: Theorizing Mental Life in the Digitally Mediated Metropolis","authors":"M. Patterson","doi":"10.1177/15356841231173644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841231173644","url":null,"abstract":"Georg Simmel famously argued that the sensory onslaught of the urban environment forces people to reduce the world to calculable quantities over colorful qualities and adopt a blasé attitude of muted emotions. Today’s digitally mediated city involves levels of quantification that Simmel could have scarcely imagined. However, rather than exacerbating the blasé attitude, this paper makes the case that digital technologies potentially increase our emotional and moral attachments to the urban environment—a phenomenon that can be called “scoreboard urbanism.” From Yelp ratings to Fitbit step scores, our relationship to the city is increasingly mediated by quantitative metrics. The purpose of this paper is to outline the basic characteristics of scoreboard urbanism as a distinct mode of life that entails new ways of perceiving and interacting with the urban public realm. In doing so, the paper argues that this phenomenon has transformed the city into a “gamespace” characterized by the competitive and exhilarating drive to score points.","PeriodicalId":430447,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129877748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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