Language Dynamics and Change最新文献

英文中文

How long is ‘a long term’ for sound change? 声音变化的“长期”是多长时间?

IF 0.7 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Language Dynamics and Change

Pub Date : 2021-06-29 DOI: 10.1163/22105832-BJA10014

C. Voeten

This paper investigates the adoption of ongoing community sound change by individuals by considering it as an instance of second-dialect acquisition. Four ongoing changes in Dutch, all involving the move from one-allophone to two-allophone systems, make this possible: these ongoing diachronic changes are simultaneously a source of synchronic variation between Netherlandic Dutch and Flemish Dutch. The paper investigates the adoption of these differences by sociolinguistic migrants: Flemish-Dutch speakers who migrated to the Netherlands to start their university studies. Participants were tracked over the course of nine months, using a rhyme-decision task and a word-list-reading task. Results show robust differences from Netherlandic-Dutch controls, which do not diminish over the nine months. While longer-term accommodation to these same changes has been found elsewhere, it appears that nine months is not enough time. The implications of these findings for various subfields of linguistics, particularly sound change and second-dialect acquisition, are discussed.

本文通过将其视为第二方言习得的一个实例来研究个体对正在进行的社区语音变化的接受。荷兰语中四个正在进行的变化，都涉及到从一个音素系统到两个音素系统的转变，使这成为可能:这些正在进行的历时性变化同时也是荷兰语和佛兰德语之间共时性变化的来源。这篇论文调查了社会语言学移民对这些差异的接受情况:说佛兰德语的移民到荷兰开始他们的大学学习。研究人员对参与者进行了为期9个月的跟踪调查，其中包括决定韵脚的任务和阅读单词列表的任务。结果显示，与荷兰-荷兰对照相比，这种差异在9个月内没有减少。虽然其他地方也发现了对这些变化的长期适应，但9个月的时间似乎不够。这些发现对语言学各个子领域的影响，特别是语音变化和第二方言习得，进行了讨论。

引用次数: 2

On cause and correlation in language change: Word order and clefting in Brazilian Portuguese 语言变化的原因与关联:巴西葡萄牙语的词序与分词

IF 0.7 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Language Dynamics and Change

Pub Date : 2021-03-04 DOI: 10.1163/22105832-01001500

Malte Rosemeyer, Freek Van de Velde

Studies of language change frequently wrestle with the problem of cause and correlation. It is comparatively simple to observe a correlation between historical trends. However, it is much more difficult to demonstrate that the changes in the frequency of a construction A were indeed the cause of the changes in the frequency of a construction B. We present a statistical method that can help to assess whether two historical changes are not only correlated, but also causally related. In particular, we use Granger Causality to determine whether the gradual replacement of ex-situ wh-interrogatives with clefted wh-interrogatives in 18th to 20th century Brazilian Portuguese resulted from word order change, and particularly the rise in the frequency of SV word order. Our results indeed suggest that SV word order Granger-causes the use of clefted wh-interrogatives, as well as declarative ‘that’-clefts, but not the other way around.

语言变化的研究经常与原因和相关性的问题作斗争。观察历史趋势之间的相互关系比较简单。然而，要证明结构a频率的变化确实是结构b频率变化的原因要困难得多。我们提出了一种统计方法，可以帮助评估两个历史变化是否不仅相关，而且还存在因果关系。特别是，我们使用格兰杰因果关系来确定18至20世纪巴西葡萄牙语中离位wh-疑问句逐渐被断续wh-疑问句所取代，是否是由于词序变化，特别是SV词序频率的上升所导致的。我们的研究结果确实表明，SV词序格兰杰——导致使用分裂的wh-疑问句，以及陈述性的“that”——分裂，而不是相反。

引用次数: 2

Numeral classifiers and number marking in Indo-Iranian 印度-伊朗语的数字分类和数字标记

IF 0.7 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Language Dynamics and Change

Pub Date : 2020-10-29 DOI: 10.1163/22105832-bja10013

C. Cathcart, Andreas Hölzl, Gerhard Jäger, P. Widmer, B. Bickel

This paper investigates the origins of sortal numeral classifiers in the Indo-Iranian languages. While these are often assumed to result from contact with non-Indo-European languages, an alternative possibility is that classifiers developed as a response to the rise of optional plural marking. This alternative is in line with the so-called Greenberg-Sanches-Slobin (henceforth GSS) generalization. The GSS generalization holds that the presence of sortal numeral classifiers across languages is negatively correlated with obligatory plural marking on nouns. We assess the extent to which Indo-Iranian classifier development is influenced by loosening of restrictions on plural marking using a sample of 65 languages and a Bayesian phylogenetic model, inferring posterior distributions over evolutionary transition rates between typological states and using these rates to reconstruct the history of classifiers and number marking throughout Indo-Iranian, constrained by historically attested states. We find broad support for a diachronically oriented construal of the GSS generalization, but find no evidence for a strong bias against the synchronic co-occurrence of classifiers and obligatory plural marking. Inspection of the most likely diachronic trajectories in individual lineages in the tree shows a stronger effect of the GSS among Iranian languages than Indo-Aryan languages. Taken as a whole, these findings suggest that the association of classifiers and optional number marking in Indo-Iranian is neither solely the effect of universal mechanisms nor of the contingency of local contact histories.

本文研究了印度-伊朗语数列分类词的起源。虽然这些通常被认为是与非印欧语言接触的结果，但另一种可能性是，分类器的发展是对可选复数标记兴起的回应。这种选择符合所谓的格林伯格-桑切斯-斯洛宾(以下简称GSS)概括。GSS的推广认为，各种语言中数词分类器的存在与名词的强制性复数标记负相关。我们使用65种语言的样本和贝叶斯系统发育模型来评估印度-伊朗语分类器发展受到复数标记限制放宽的影响程度，推断类型学状态之间进化过渡率的后验分布，并使用这些速率来重建整个印度-伊朗语分类器和数字标记的历史，受历史证明状态的限制。我们发现GSS概括的历时性取向解释得到广泛支持，但没有证据表明对分类器和强制性复数标记的共时性共存存在强烈偏见。对谱系树中单个谱系中最可能的历时轨迹的检查显示，GSS对伊朗语言的影响比印度雅利安语言更强。作为一个整体，这些发现表明，在印度-伊朗语中，分类器和可选数字标记的关联既不是单一的普遍机制的影响，也不是当地接触历史的偶然性。

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引用次数: 10

An agent-based model of sign language persistence informed by real-world data 一个基于代理的基于真实世界数据的手语持久性模型

IF 0.7 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Language Dynamics and Change

Pub Date : 2020-09-10 DOI: 10.1163/22105832-bja10010

Katie Mudd, C. Vos, B. D. Boer

As evidence from sign languages is increasingly used to investigate the process of language emergence and evolution, it is important to understand the conditions that allow for sign languages to persist. We build on a mathematical model of sign language persistence (i.e. protection from loss) which takes into account the genetic transmission of deafness, the cultural transmission of sign language and marital patterns (Aoki & Feldman, 1991). We use agent-based modeling techniques and draw inspiration from the wealth of genetic and cultural data on the sign language Kata Kolok to move towards a less abstract model of sign language persistence. In a set of experiments we explore how sign language persistence is affected by language transmission types, the distribution of deaf alleles, population size and marital patterns. We highlight the value of using agent-based modeling for this type of research, which allows for the incorporation of real-world data into model development.

随着手语证据越来越多地被用于研究语言出现和进化的过程，了解手语持续存在的条件很重要。我们建立在手语持久性（即免受损失）的数学模型基础上，该模型考虑了耳聋的基因传播、手语的文化传播和婚姻模式（Aoki&Feldman，1991）。我们使用基于代理的建模技术，并从手语Kata Kolok的丰富遗传和文化数据中获得灵感，以实现手语持久性的不那么抽象的模型。在一组实验中，我们探讨了语言传播类型、聋人等位基因的分布、人口规模和婚姻模式对手语持久性的影响。我们强调了在这类研究中使用基于代理的建模的价值，这允许将真实世界的数据纳入模型开发中。

引用次数: 3

Directionals and re-autonomization in Dutch modals 荷兰语情态动词的方向性和再自主化

IF 0.7 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Language Dynamics and Change

Pub Date : 2020-08-14 DOI: 10.1163/22105832-bja10012

J. Nuyts, W. Caers

Modal auxiliaries in Present Day Dutch are going through a process of ‘re-autonomization’, i.e. they are increasingly used without a main verb elsewhere in the clause, in ways which are not possible in other Germanic languages. Many Germanic languages do allow omission of the main verb when a modal is combined with a directional phrase in the clause. This paper investigates whether the latter phenomenon may have been the cause of the former process in Dutch. A diachronic corpus study of the Dutch modals shows that the answer is negative. The paper offers an alternative suggestion as to how the re-autonomization trend may have emerged.

现代荷兰语中的情态助动词正在经历一个“再自主化”的过程，也就是说，它们越来越多地在从句的其他地方不带主动词，这在其他日耳曼语言中是不可能的。在许多日耳曼语言中，当情态动词与从句中的方向短语结合在一起时，确实允许省略主动词。本文探讨了后一种现象是否可能是荷兰语前一种过程的原因。对荷兰语情态动词历时语料库的研究表明，答案是否定的。本文提供了另一种关于再自治化趋势是如何出现的建议。

引用次数: 1

Diachronic evidence against source-oriented explanation in typology 反对类型学中以来源为导向的解释的长期证据

IF 0.7 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Language Dynamics and Change

Pub Date : 2020-06-26 DOI: 10.1163/22105832-bja10009

Ilja A. Seržant, Dariya Rafiyenko

Source-oriented explanation in typology challenges a number of well-established universals, including the correlational universals of harmonic ordering of heads and dependents. It dispenses with functional or cognitive explanations of these because harmonic orders may simply be explained as one order emerging from the other and thus as historical accidents. We provide twofold evidence against this approach and show that (i) universally preferred structures may emerge without any preconditions in the grammaticalization source and (ii) that universally dispreferred structures of the source disappear in the course of time. First, we demonstrate that the development of the three harmonic, head-first word orders (VO, AdpN, NGen) in Postclassical Greek can hardly be considered a historical coincidence, because they match chronologically and, at the same time, are entirely unrelated etymologically, and because neither of these had a bias for ordering heads before dependents in the source. The emergence of the three harmonic word orders is extremely improbable under the null hypothesis of a development by chance (odds 0.037). Secondly, we provide evidence for the reverse case: cross-linguistically dispreferred properties inherited from the source are abandoned in the course of the development.

类型学中以源为导向的解释挑战了许多公认的普遍性，包括头部和附属的调和排序的相关普遍性。它省去了对这些的功能性或认知性解释，因为和谐秩序可以简单地解释为一个秩序从另一个秩序中出现，从而解释为历史事故。我们提供了反对这种方法的双重证据，并表明：（i）普遍偏好的结构可能在语法化来源中出现，而没有任何先决条件；（ii）来源的普遍否定结构随着时间的推移而消失。首先，我们证明了后古典希腊语中三个和谐的首字母顺序（VO、AdpN、NGen）的发展很难被认为是历史上的巧合，因为它们在时间上匹配，同时在词源上完全不相关，而且这两个顺序都不偏向于在来源中将首字母排列在从属字母之前。在偶然发展的零假设（赔率0.037）下，三个调和语序的出现是极不可能的。其次，我们为相反的情况提供了证据：在发展过程中，从源头继承的跨语言争议性质被放弃了。

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引用次数: 1

Language evolution research in the year 2020: A survey of new directions 2020年的语言进化研究:新方向综述

IF 0.7 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Language Dynamics and Change

Pub Date : 2020-06-15 DOI: 10.1163/22105832-bja10005

Jonas Nölle, Stefan Hartmann, Peeter Tinits

This introductory paper reviews recent advances in language evolution research and summarizes the contributions of the special issue “New Directions in Language Evolution Research” in the broader context of these developments. Specifically, we discuss the increasing role of multimodality and iconicity, the more integrative view of language dynamics that has arguably broadened the scope of language evolution research, and recent methodological innovations that allow for a more fine-grained study of e.g. typological distributions or behavioral patterns that can give clues to some of the key questions discussed in the field.

这篇介绍性论文回顾了语言进化研究的最新进展，并总结了特刊“语言进化研究的新方向”在这些发展的更广泛背景下的贡献。具体来说，我们讨论了多模态和象似性的日益重要的作用，更综合的语言动力学观点，可以说扩大了语言进化研究的范围，以及最近的方法创新，允许更细粒度的研究，例如类型分布或行为模式，可以为该领域讨论的一些关键问题提供线索。

引用次数: 0

Theory of mind as a proxy for Palaeolithic language ability 心理理论作为旧石器时代语言能力的表征

IF 0.7 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Language Dynamics and Change

Pub Date : 2020-02-10 DOI: 10.1163/22105832-20201000

C. Stade

Symbolic artefacts have long been archaeology’s primary contribution to tracing the origin and subsequent development of human language. But the identification and interpretation of symbolic behaviour poses numerous interpretive problems, particularly before the Upper Palaeolithic where clearly referential forms of symbolic material are rare. As an alternative, theory of mind is presented here, detailing its intimate relationship with language and likely coevolution, alongside the factors which make it a more effective proxy. As a cognitive ability that grades in complexity and predicts linguistic skill in modern cognition, theory of mind also has the potential to denote specific syntactic and semantic features of language such as word reference, mental state verbs and complementation. The potential to detect theory of mind in the archaeological record is considered here, such as within the cultural transmission of stone tool technology and forms of complex social learning like imitation and teaching in early hominin technologies.

长期以来，象征性文物一直是考古学在追踪人类语言起源和随后发展方面的主要贡献。但是，对象征行为的识别和解释带来了许多解释问题，特别是在旧石器时代晚期之前，那里很少有明确的象征材料参考形式。作为另一种选择，这里介绍了心智理论，详细介绍了它与语言的亲密关系，以及可能的共同进化，以及使其成为更有效代理的因素。心理理论作为一种在现代认知中对复杂性进行分级并预测语言技能的认知能力，也有可能表示语言的特定句法和语义特征，如词语指称、心理动词和补语。这里考虑了在考古记录中发现心理理论的潜力，例如石器技术的文化传播和复杂的社会学习形式，如早期人类技术的模仿和教学。

引用次数: 5

Prehistoric languages and human self-domestication 史前语言与人类自我驯化

IF 0.7 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Language Dynamics and Change

Pub Date : 2020-02-10 DOI: 10.1163/22105832-01001400

Antonio Benítez-Burraco

The comparative method has enabled us to trace distant phylogenetic relationships among languages and reconstruct extinct languages from the past. Nonetheless, it has limitations, mostly resulting from the circumstance that languages also change by contact with unrelated languages and in response to external factors, particularly, aspects of human cognition and features of our physical and cultural environments. In this paper, it is argued that the limitations of historical linguistics can be partially alleviated by the consideration of the links between language structure and the biological underpinnings of human language, human cognition, and human behaviour, and specifically, of human self-domestication (that is, the existence in humans of features of domesticated mammals). Overall, we can expect that the languages spoken in remote prehistory exhibited most of the features of the so-called esoteric languages, which are used by present-day, close-knit, small human communities that share a great deal of knowledge about their environment.

比较方法使我们能够追溯语言之间遥远的系统发育关系，并从过去重建已灭绝的语言。然而，它也有局限性，主要是由于语言也会因与不相关的语言接触而发生变化，并对外部因素作出反应，特别是人类认知方面和我们的物理和文化环境的特征。本文认为，考虑语言结构与人类语言、人类认知和人类行为的生物学基础之间的联系，特别是人类自我驯化(即人类中存在驯化哺乳动物的特征)，可以部分缓解历史语言学的局限性。总的来说，我们可以预期，在遥远的史前时期所说的语言表现出所谓的深奥语言的大部分特征，这些语言是由当今紧密联系的小型人类社区使用的，他们分享了大量关于他们环境的知识。

引用次数: 0

The impact of language contact on the Quechua varieties of Northern Peru 语言接触对秘鲁北部克丘亚语变种的影响

IF 0.7 Q1 Arts and Humanities

Language Dynamics and Change

Pub Date : 2019-08-08 DOI: 10.1163/22105832-00902007

M. Urban

Studies of language contact in the Central Andes of Peru and Bolivia have focused strongly on the present-day contact situation between Quechua and Spanish, and the intricate and multilayered contact relationship between the Quechua and Aymara lineages. There are fewer studies of the influence of Quechua on minor non-Quechua languages of the Andes, and still fewer studies which, conversely, explore the influence of non-Quechua languages on Quechua. Focusing on the lexicon, this article explores the impact of the complex linguistic ecology of Northern Peru on the five Quechua varieties of that region—Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Chachapoyas, San Martín and Ancash Quechua. The study identifies lexical items that lack clear Quechua etymologies in the relevant varieties and carries out external comparisons of these items with the vocabulary of the non-Quechua languages of Northern Peru to identify possible sources. Results show that borrowing is mostly localized: that is, whereas influence from Amazonian lowland languages is almost exclusively found in the eastern varieties of Chachapoyas and San Martín, highland Quechua varieties have typically borrowed from neighboring highland languages.

对秘鲁和玻利维亚中部安第斯山脉的语言接触的研究主要集中在盖丘亚语和西班牙语之间的当今接触情况，以及盖丘亚语和艾马拉语血统之间复杂而多层次的接触关系。关于盖丘亚语对安第斯山脉非盖丘亚语的影响的研究较少，相反，探讨非盖丘亚语对盖丘亚语影响的研究就更少了。本文以词汇为重点，探讨了秘鲁北部复杂的语言生态对该地区五种盖丘亚语的影响——兰巴耶克语、卡哈马卡语、查恰波亚斯语、桑Martín语和安卡什盖丘亚语。该研究在相关的词汇变体中找出缺乏明确的盖丘亚语源的词汇，并将这些词汇与秘鲁北部非盖丘亚语言的词汇进行外部比较，以确定可能的来源。结果表明，借用大多是局部的:也就是说，来自亚马逊低地语言的影响几乎只存在于查恰波亚语和桑语的东部变种Martín中，而高地克丘亚语的变种通常是从邻近的高地语言中借用的。

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