Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.15
Robert J. Nichols
Chapter 13 examines the problem of corruption in Classical Athens. There are numerous references to corruption in Demosthenes, Attic oratory, and Greek literature. In an Athenian context, corruption typically involved the bribery of prominent officials. A central issue is ‘katapolitical’ bribery, or bribery at the expense of public interests or with intention to damage institutions or the community. The article considers the institutional and legal regulations adopted by Athens to combat bribery as well as the range of penalties and procedures against offenders, including prosecution. It also discusses the case of Aeschines, who was prosecuted by Demosthenes in his speech On the False Embassy (Dem. 19; Aeschin. 2) for mismanagement on the second embassy (parapresbeia) in support of the Peace of Philocrates in 346.
{"title":"Corruption","authors":"Robert J. Nichols","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.15","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 13 examines the problem of corruption in Classical Athens. There are numerous references to corruption in Demosthenes, Attic oratory, and Greek literature. In an Athenian context, corruption typically involved the bribery of prominent officials. A central issue is ‘katapolitical’ bribery, or bribery at the expense of public interests or with intention to damage institutions or the community. The article considers the institutional and legal regulations adopted by Athens to combat bribery as well as the range of penalties and procedures against offenders, including prosecution. It also discusses the case of Aeschines, who was prosecuted by Demosthenes in his speech On the False Embassy (Dem. 19; Aeschin. 2) for mismanagement on the second embassy (parapresbeia) in support of the Peace of Philocrates in 346.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116615015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.37
J. Trevett
Chapter 32 focuses on the authenticity, composition, and publication of Demosthenes’ speeches. In discussing authenticity, three alternatives need to be taken into consideration. A speech could be either a genuine work of Demosthenes, a real speech from fourth-century Athens wrongly attributed to Demosthenes, or a later composition. Most, if not all, of the speeches fall into the first two categories, while the last is possibly but not necessarily written with the intention of passing as a genuine work of Demosthenes. The article examines the debate over the authenticity of a large quantity of Demosthenes’ surviving oratory, and the distinctiveness of his style, on stylistic grounds. It also analyses how Demosthenes composed his speeches and other works, with emphasis on the extent to which he wrote his speeches in advance of delivery and what evidence exists for subsequent revision. Finally, it evaluates evidence of the publication and circulation of Demosthenes’ speeches.
{"title":"Authenticity, Composition, Publication","authors":"J. Trevett","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.37","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 32 focuses on the authenticity, composition, and publication of Demosthenes’ speeches. In discussing authenticity, three alternatives need to be taken into consideration. A speech could be either a genuine work of Demosthenes, a real speech from fourth-century Athens wrongly attributed to Demosthenes, or a later composition. Most, if not all, of the speeches fall into the first two categories, while the last is possibly but not necessarily written with the intention of passing as a genuine work of Demosthenes. The article examines the debate over the authenticity of a large quantity of Demosthenes’ surviving oratory, and the distinctiveness of his style, on stylistic grounds. It also analyses how Demosthenes composed his speeches and other works, with emphasis on the extent to which he wrote his speeches in advance of delivery and what evidence exists for subsequent revision. Finally, it evaluates evidence of the publication and circulation of Demosthenes’ speeches.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129250533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.20
K. Kapparis
The Demosthenic Corpus is the richest source available to us on the social and legal position of foreigners, metics, and slaves in Athenian society. Partly because of its size but also because most of the speeches in it were composed at a critical point in Athenian history documenting the high point of classical culture and literary production but at the same time the dramatic end of the polis, the Corpus is marked by both the complexity and richness of classical culture but also the anxieties and historical conflicts of the times. In this respect it becomes a faithful mirror of fourth-century Athenian society, law, and history. This chapter will explore the social and legal position of foreigners, metics, and slaves in fourth-century Athens through the prism of the Corpus Demosthenicum, cross-referencing with other significant sources on the topic.
{"title":"The Social and Legal Position of Metics, Foreigners, and Slaves","authors":"K. Kapparis","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.20","url":null,"abstract":"The Demosthenic Corpus is the richest source available to us on the social and legal position of foreigners, metics, and slaves in Athenian society. Partly because of its size but also because most of the speeches in it were composed at a critical point in Athenian history documenting the high point of classical culture and literary production but at the same time the dramatic end of the polis, the Corpus is marked by both the complexity and richness of classical culture but also the anxieties and historical conflicts of the times. In this respect it becomes a faithful mirror of fourth-century Athenian society, law, and history. This chapter will explore the social and legal position of foreigners, metics, and slaves in fourth-century Athens through the prism of the Corpus Demosthenicum, cross-referencing with other significant sources on the topic.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116381954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.33
E. Harris
Chapter 28 examines Demosthenes’ speeches in public prosecutions and before the Assembly, including speeches delivered during the early part of his career in the aftermath of the Social War and those against Philip II of Macedon delivered starting with the First Philippic (352/1) down to his masterpiece On the Crown at the trial of Ctesiphon in 330. Several of the speeches from the first period of Demosthenes’ career concern public finances, such as Against Leptines and Against Androtion. The chapter considers other speeches early in Demosthenes’ career, namely: Against Timocrates, On the Symmories, Against Aristocrates, For the Megalopolitans, and On the Freedom of the Rhodians. It also discusses Demosthenes’ speeches in opposition to Macedon, including First Philippic, Olynthiacs, Against Meidias, On the Peace, Second Philippic, On Halonnesus, On the False Embassy, On the Chersonese, Third Philippic, Fourth Philippic, and On the Crown.
{"title":"Speeches to the Assembly and in Public Prosecutions (DEM. 1–24)","authors":"E. Harris","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.33","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 28 examines Demosthenes’ speeches in public prosecutions and before the Assembly, including speeches delivered during the early part of his career in the aftermath of the Social War and those against Philip II of Macedon delivered starting with the First Philippic (352/1) down to his masterpiece On the Crown at the trial of Ctesiphon in 330. Several of the speeches from the first period of Demosthenes’ career concern public finances, such as Against Leptines and Against Androtion. The chapter considers other speeches early in Demosthenes’ career, namely: Against Timocrates, On the Symmories, Against Aristocrates, For the Megalopolitans, and On the Freedom of the Rhodians. It also discusses Demosthenes’ speeches in opposition to Macedon, including First Philippic, Olynthiacs, Against Meidias, On the Peace, Second Philippic, On Halonnesus, On the False Embassy, On the Chersonese, Third Philippic, Fourth Philippic, and On the Crown.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124734809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.21
J. Roisman
Chapter 18 examines Demosthenes’ rhetorical references to social and political values in classical Athens. The Athenians’ belief in the merits of their political system was accompanied by an anxiety that it was in danger from internal enemies. Both of these perceptions were utilized by Demosthenes to portray his legal and political adversaries as foes and potential destroyers of democracy and its values. He thus characterizes democracy as a bastion of morality. In his speeches Demosthenes attributes to men active in public life multiple violations of democratic values or tenets. The chapter also considers the Athenians’ pursuit and preservation of honour as well as the avoidance of shame, the duties of the Athenian citizens and jurors in upholding the laws and providing justice, and the Athenians’ views on the private vs. public spheres.
{"title":"The Rhetoric of Social and Political Values","authors":"J. Roisman","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198713852.013.21","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 18 examines Demosthenes’ rhetorical references to social and political values in classical Athens. The Athenians’ belief in the merits of their political system was accompanied by an anxiety that it was in danger from internal enemies. Both of these perceptions were utilized by Demosthenes to portray his legal and political adversaries as foes and potential destroyers of democracy and its values. He thus characterizes democracy as a bastion of morality. In his speeches Demosthenes attributes to men active in public life multiple violations of democratic values or tenets. The chapter also considers the Athenians’ pursuit and preservation of honour as well as the avoidance of shame, the duties of the Athenian citizens and jurors in upholding the laws and providing justice, and the Athenians’ views on the private vs. public spheres.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130298663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.9
Susan Lape
Chapter 8 focuses on how political elites in Athens are represented in Demosthenes’ speeches, with particular emphasis on the speakers and politicians. The speakers were a self-selected rather than elected group whose status depended on the willingness of ordinary citizens to listen to them and take them seriously. They were also usually members of the wealth elite. Although there were no formal political parties in Athens, fourth-century politicians often collaborated in informal groups to achieve their objectives. The article considers select passages from Against Meidias, a speech by Demosthenes that illustrates the importance of competition, democratic ideology, and personal history in shaping his portrayal of the proper and improper ways of being elite.
{"title":"Political Elites","authors":"Susan Lape","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.9","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 8 focuses on how political elites in Athens are represented in Demosthenes’ speeches, with particular emphasis on the speakers and politicians. The speakers were a self-selected rather than elected group whose status depended on the willingness of ordinary citizens to listen to them and take them seriously. They were also usually members of the wealth elite. Although there were no formal political parties in Athens, fourth-century politicians often collaborated in informal groups to achieve their objectives. The article considers select passages from Against Meidias, a speech by Demosthenes that illustrates the importance of competition, democratic ideology, and personal history in shaping his portrayal of the proper and improper ways of being elite.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115187920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.28
Christos Karvounis
Chapter 25 focuses on Demosthenes’ political career on the basis of his own public speeches (dêmêgoriai). To this end, it asks some fundamental questions concerning the ‘interpretation’ of the individual and his times, such as the allegedly ‘fateful’ importance of the conflict that opposed the kingdom of Macedon to Athens, compared to the conflict that pitched Athens against Sparta during the Peloponnesian Wars or that between Sparta and Thebes in the first quarter of the fourth century. The chapter links Demosthenes’ public speeches, especially the early ones, to the traditional goals of Athenian politics and the political climate of the period. It also considers some crucial developments that had an impact on Demosthenes’ political career, including the Battle of Chaeronea, the death of Philip II of Macedon in 336, and Demosthenes’ suicide in 322.
{"title":"Political Career","authors":"Christos Karvounis","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.28","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 25 focuses on Demosthenes’ political career on the basis of his own public speeches (dêmêgoriai). To this end, it asks some fundamental questions concerning the ‘interpretation’ of the individual and his times, such as the allegedly ‘fateful’ importance of the conflict that opposed the kingdom of Macedon to Athens, compared to the conflict that pitched Athens against Sparta during the Peloponnesian Wars or that between Sparta and Thebes in the first quarter of the fourth century. The chapter links Demosthenes’ public speeches, especially the early ones, to the traditional goals of Athenian politics and the political climate of the period. It also considers some crucial developments that had an impact on Demosthenes’ political career, including the Battle of Chaeronea, the death of Philip II of Macedon in 336, and Demosthenes’ suicide in 322.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114591012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.14
Leonhard A. Burckhardt
Chapter 12 focuses on the Athenian military during the fourth century. By the time Demosthenes was a youth Athens had more or less recovered after its major losses in the Peloponnesian Wars, but it never regained the position of power that it used to occupy in Greece at the beginning of the war. Although the Peace of Antalcidas (or King’s Peace) of 387 had largely freed Athens from the constraints of the peace treaty of 404 and despite the establishment in 378/7 of the Second Athenian League, the city was reduced to just one among a number of powers in the Greek world. Major military setbacks in conflicts with leading members of the Alliance in 357–355 and against Philip II of Macedon further restricted the Athenians’ sphere of influence. The chapter first considers military development and military leadership in fourth-century Athens before discussing the Athenian army and the fleet.
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Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.2
Thomas Paulsen
Chapter 1 discusses the range of scholarship dealing with Demosthenes’ life and work, published in three distinct periods: from the eighteenth century to 1945, from 1945 to the late 1990s, and during the last twenty years. Before World War II, work on Demosthenes focused on the constitution and translation of the text on the one hand, and on the political judgement—often one-sided and heavily influenced by the contemporary outlook—of Demosthenes the politician on the other hand. After the war political interpretation, and interest in oratory in general, waned, whereas the last two decades have seen a new surge of research on Demosthenes, with particular prominence of high-standard commentaries.
{"title":"Demosthenic Scholarship","authors":"Thomas Paulsen","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"Chapter 1 discusses the range of scholarship dealing with Demosthenes’ life and work, published in three distinct periods: from the eighteenth century to 1945, from 1945 to the late 1990s, and during the last twenty years. Before World War II, work on Demosthenes focused on the constitution and translation of the text on the one hand, and on the political judgement—often one-sided and heavily influenced by the contemporary outlook—of Demosthenes the politician on the other hand. After the war political interpretation, and interest in oratory in general, waned, whereas the last two decades have seen a new surge of research on Demosthenes, with particular prominence of high-standard commentaries.","PeriodicalId":431595,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Demosthenes","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121651671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-22DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198713852.013.24
H. Willey
Chapter 21 examines religion in classical Athens based on Demosthenes’ speeches. Some ancient commentators view the reading of oratory as a near religious experience. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, taken with Demosthenes’ exquisite rhetoric, felt ‘exactly like those who perform the rites of the Mother and Corybantic rituals’. The orator himself could be swept away by the occasion. Drawing on Eratosthenes and on Demetrius of Phaleron, Plutarch reports that in his unprepared speeches Demosthenes’ style was bacchant-esque, including poetic oaths delivered as if under divine influence. The article considers Demosthenes as a source for Athenian religion, oaths in the courtroom as a frequent feature of Attic oratory, and how the gods appear in Demosthenes’ rhetoric. It also discusses appeals to religious authority in the Demosthenic corpus and how Demosthenes in his speeches describes the way in which civic identities and institutions are articulated by sacrifices and other religious rituals.
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