F. Souty, T. Brunelle, P. Dumas, B. Dorin, P. Ciais, R. Crassous
Interactions between food demand, biomass energy and forest preservation are driving both food prices and land-use changes, regionally and globally. This study presents a new model called Nexus Land-Use which describes these interactions through a generic representation of agricultural intensification mechanisms. The Nexus Land-Use model equations combine biophysics and economics into a single coherent framework to calculate crop yields, food prices, and resulting pasture and cropland areas within 12 regions inter-connected with each other by international trade. The representation of cropland and livestock production systems in each region relies on three components: (i) a biomass production function derived from the crop yield response function to inputs such as industrial fertilisers ; (ii) a detailed representation of the livestock production system subdivided into an intensive and an extensive component, and (iii) a spatially explicit distribution of potential (maximal) crop yields prescribed from the Lund-Postdam-Jena global vegetation model for managed Land (LPJmL). The economic principles governing decisions about land-use and intensification are adapted from the Ricardian rent theory, assuming cost minimisation for farmers. The land-use modelling approach described in this paper entails several advantages. Firstly, it makes it possible to explore interactions among different types of demand for biomass for food and animal feed, in a consistent approach, including indirect effects on land-use change resulting from international trade. Secondly, yield variations induced by the possible expansion of croplands on less suitable marginal lands are modelled by using regional land area distributions of potential yields, and a calculated boundary between intensive and extensive production. The model equations and parameter values are first described in detail. Then, idealised scenarios exploring the impact of forest preservation policies or rising energy price on agricultural intensification are described, and their impacts on pasture and cropland areas are investigated.
{"title":"The Nexus Land-Use Model, An Approach Articulating Biophysical Potentials and Economic Dynamics to Model Competition for Land-Uses","authors":"F. Souty, T. Brunelle, P. Dumas, B. Dorin, P. Ciais, R. Crassous","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2038756","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2038756","url":null,"abstract":"Interactions between food demand, biomass energy and forest preservation are driving both food prices and land-use changes, regionally and globally. This study presents a new model called Nexus Land-Use which describes these interactions through a generic representation of agricultural intensification mechanisms. The Nexus Land-Use model equations combine biophysics and economics into a single coherent framework to calculate crop yields, food prices, and resulting pasture and cropland areas within 12 regions inter-connected with each other by international trade. The representation of cropland and livestock production systems in each region relies on three components: (i) a biomass production function derived from the crop yield response function to inputs such as industrial fertilisers ; (ii) a detailed representation of the livestock production system subdivided into an intensive and an extensive component, and (iii) a spatially explicit distribution of potential (maximal) crop yields prescribed from the Lund-Postdam-Jena global vegetation model for managed Land (LPJmL). The economic principles governing decisions about land-use and intensification are adapted from the Ricardian rent theory, assuming cost minimisation for farmers. The land-use modelling approach described in this paper entails several advantages. Firstly, it makes it possible to explore interactions among different types of demand for biomass for food and animal feed, in a consistent approach, including indirect effects on land-use change resulting from international trade. Secondly, yield variations induced by the possible expansion of croplands on less suitable marginal lands are modelled by using regional land area distributions of potential yields, and a calculated boundary between intensive and extensive production. The model equations and parameter values are first described in detail. Then, idealised scenarios exploring the impact of forest preservation policies or rising energy price on agricultural intensification are described, and their impacts on pasture and cropland areas are investigated.","PeriodicalId":431619,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Other Politics & Energy (Topic)","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129223924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates whether corporate climate risk is priced by the capital markets. Using carbon dioxide emission rates of publicly traded U.S. electric companies, we find that climate risk is positively associated with cost of capital measures, more specifically the implied cost of equity and the cost of debt. Additionally, we find that equity and debt investors evaluate corporate climate risk differently. The results show that the cost of debt decreases with the level of capital intensity, suggesting that debt investors value the increase in efficiency resulting from current capital investments. The results also show that the cost of equity decreases and the cost of debt increases with the newness of assets in places. Newer equipment is likely to be operationally and environmentally more efficient. While the results concerning the cost of debt are puzzling, we consider that debt investors may account for other performance indicators. We conclude that equity and debt investors evaluate climate risk differently according to their different payoff functions.
{"title":"The Pricing of Climate Risk","authors":"Linda H. Chen, Lucia Silva Gao","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1940727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1940727","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates whether corporate climate risk is priced by the capital markets. Using carbon dioxide emission rates of publicly traded U.S. electric companies, we find that climate risk is positively associated with cost of capital measures, more specifically the implied cost of equity and the cost of debt. Additionally, we find that equity and debt investors evaluate corporate climate risk differently. The results show that the cost of debt decreases with the level of capital intensity, suggesting that debt investors value the increase in efficiency resulting from current capital investments. The results also show that the cost of equity decreases and the cost of debt increases with the newness of assets in places. Newer equipment is likely to be operationally and environmentally more efficient. While the results concerning the cost of debt are puzzling, we consider that debt investors may account for other performance indicators. We conclude that equity and debt investors evaluate climate risk differently according to their different payoff functions.","PeriodicalId":431619,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Other Politics & Energy (Topic)","volume":"53 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116840636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Around 40 percent of Bangladesh’s population are poor people for whom a variable and unpredictable climate can critically restrict livelihood options. This is true in rural and urban areas alike, but this study focuses on the latter. Urban poverty continues to be neglected in research, policy and action for climate change adaptation in the country. The study builds on three propositions: (i) poor urban communities are places where physical and socioeconomic vulnerability coincide; (ii) urban areas are exposed to three forms of climate change impact: rapid-onset events, gradual-onset processes, and cascade effects; and (iii) poor urban people are already adapting to emergent climate change impacts by actively developing various practices. The analytical framework places a strong emphasis on poor people’s adaptation practices in order to understand their agency, cultural resources and economic strategies and the structural factors that both support and constrain their agency. The practices are examined in terms of three key elements: the socio-economic resources of poor urban households and communities; institutions and political economy; and external actors and resources. Six low-income settlements have been chosen for case studies from three cities – Dhaka, Chittagong and Khulna. Data collection involves: mini-surveys; qualitative methods; dialogues with local academics, policymakers and civil society groups; and action research. Key analytical findings include the identification and analysis of existing practices under five broad themes (e.g. livelihoods, built environment, networks, institutions, and external supports).
{"title":"Poverty and Climate Change in Urban Bangladesh (Climurb): An Analytical Framework","authors":"M. Roy, S. Guy, D. Hulme, F. Jahan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1833503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1833503","url":null,"abstract":"Around 40 percent of Bangladesh’s population are poor people for whom a variable and unpredictable climate can critically restrict livelihood options. This is true in rural and urban areas alike, but this study focuses on the latter. Urban poverty continues to be neglected in research, policy and action for climate change adaptation in the country. The study builds on three propositions: (i) poor urban communities are places where physical and socioeconomic vulnerability coincide; (ii) urban areas are exposed to three forms of climate change impact: rapid-onset events, gradual-onset processes, and cascade effects; and (iii) poor urban people are already adapting to emergent climate change impacts by actively developing various practices. The analytical framework places a strong emphasis on poor people’s adaptation practices in order to understand their agency, cultural resources and economic strategies and the structural factors that both support and constrain their agency. The practices are examined in terms of three key elements: the socio-economic resources of poor urban households and communities; institutions and political economy; and external actors and resources. Six low-income settlements have been chosen for case studies from three cities – Dhaka, Chittagong and Khulna. Data collection involves: mini-surveys; qualitative methods; dialogues with local academics, policymakers and civil society groups; and action research. Key analytical findings include the identification and analysis of existing practices under five broad themes (e.g. livelihoods, built environment, networks, institutions, and external supports).","PeriodicalId":431619,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Other Politics & Energy (Topic)","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124041193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
German abstract: Weltweit und auf sämtlichen politischen Ebenen, von der UNO über die OECD, EU, vielen Nationalstaaten und Regionen bis hin zur kommunalen Ebene haben sich bereits seit den 1990er Jahren Initiativen gebildet, das Leitbild einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung mithilfe von Nachhaltigkeitsindikatorensystemen mess- und damit greif- und für die Politik anwendbar zu machen. Warum scheinen Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren auf politischer Ebene so populär zu sein? Die hier vertretene These ist, dass eine der Ursachen im dominanten liberal-ökonomischen Weltbild liegt, welches der Politik Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren als Steuerungsinstrumente nahelegt. Um diese These zu vertiefen, wird in diesem Kurzpapier das Konzept der Gouvernementalität in aller Kürze auf Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren angewendet. Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren besitzen gouvernementales Potenzial, zur Transformation von Politik, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft in Richtung Nachhaltigkeit beizutragen, ohne dabei das ökonomisch-kapitalistische Weltbild grundsätzlich in Frage stellen zu müssen. Die (macht)politischen Mechanismen, die sowohl Nachhaltigkeit als auch deren Adressaten konstruieren, gilt es zusammen mit eben diesen Konstruktionen kritisch zu hinterfragen.
English abstract: Worldwide and at all political levels, from the UN to the OECD, the EU, many nation-states and regions, and even at the municipal level, initiatives have been underway since the 1990s to make the guiding principle of sustainable development measurable and thus tangible and applicable for politics with the help of sustainability indicator systems. Why do sustainability indicators seem to be so popular at the political level? The thesis put forward here is that one of the causes lies in the dominant liberal-economic worldview, which suggests to politicians that sustainability indicators can serve as steering instruments. In order to elaborate on this thesis, this short paper briefly applies the concept of governmentality to sustainability indicators. Sustainability indicators have governmental potential to contribute to the transformation of policy, society and economy towards sustainability without having to fundamentally question the economic-capitalist worldview. The (power-)political mechanisms that construct both sustainability and its addressees need to be critically scrutinized together with these very constructions.
德国队abstract:世界和所有政治层面,联合国关于经合组织、欧盟许多国家和地区的秘密到社区一级已经建议。20世纪90年代以来倡议成立,申明希望见到这个可持续发展靠“Nachhaltigkeitsindikatorensystemen计量和在现场及政策适用于使.为什么可持续性指标在政治上这么受欢迎?这里所提出的理论是，其中一个原因在于主导自由经济的世界格局，这使得政策的可持续性指标成为管理工具。为了加深这一论题，这篇简要论文很快地将治这个方法用于可持续性指标。可持续性指标具有帮助政治、社会和经济向可持续性转变的潜力，并不需要对世界经济资本主义观念提出任何质疑。设计可持续发展机制和收信人的(力量)政策机制必须通过正在思考的过程，一起对其产生极大的挑战。英语abstract: Worldwide and political所有分校梦境,从二十世纪联合国《经合组织,《欧盟许多nation-states and regions,和即使在municipal, initiatives级也就是underway the 1990s让《危险principle of可持续发展measurable and thus批发融资和applicable for政治思想和the help of风力发电机indicator .系统可再生部队都是如此平民化吗?他们得出的结论是，列强列报了列报上的主导列报经济列报，提出可以向前者提供编制。列报好事，接受了《生境治理概念》的列报。可再生能源机构具有重新平衡政策、社会和经济的可再生能源的潜力，除非可以根本改变经济学家世界资本。可再生能源基础设施，如太阳能和风力发电机;
{"title":"Die Gouvernementalität von Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren (The Governmentality of Sustainability Indicators)","authors":"M. Rose","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3796025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3796025","url":null,"abstract":"<b>German abstract:</b> Weltweit und auf sämtlichen politischen Ebenen, von der UNO über die OECD, EU, vielen Nationalstaaten und Regionen bis hin zur kommunalen Ebene haben sich bereits seit den 1990er Jahren Initiativen gebildet, das Leitbild einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung mithilfe von Nachhaltigkeitsindikatorensystemen mess- und damit greif- und für die Politik anwendbar zu machen. Warum scheinen Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren auf politischer Ebene so populär zu sein? Die hier vertretene These ist, dass eine der Ursachen im dominanten liberal-ökonomischen Weltbild liegt, welches der Politik Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren als Steuerungsinstrumente nahelegt.<br>Um diese These zu vertiefen, wird in diesem Kurzpapier das Konzept der Gouvernementalität in aller Kürze auf Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren angewendet. Nachhaltigkeitsindikatoren besitzen gouvernementales Potenzial, zur Transformation von Politik, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft in Richtung Nachhaltigkeit beizutragen, ohne dabei das ökonomisch-kapitalistische Weltbild grundsätzlich in Frage stellen zu müssen. Die (macht)politischen Mechanismen, die sowohl Nachhaltigkeit als auch deren Adressaten konstruieren, gilt es zusammen mit eben diesen Konstruktionen kritisch zu hinterfragen.<br><br><b>English abstract:</b> Worldwide and at all political levels, from the UN to the OECD, the EU, many nation-states and regions, and even at the municipal level, initiatives have been underway since the 1990s to make the guiding principle of sustainable development measurable and thus tangible and applicable for politics with the help of sustainability indicator systems. Why do sustainability indicators seem to be so popular at the political level? The thesis put forward here is that one of the causes lies in the dominant liberal-economic worldview, which suggests to politicians that sustainability indicators can serve as steering instruments.<br>In order to elaborate on this thesis, this short paper briefly applies the concept of governmentality to sustainability indicators. Sustainability indicators have governmental potential to contribute to the transformation of policy, society and economy towards sustainability without having to fundamentally question the economic-capitalist worldview. The (power-)political mechanisms that construct both sustainability and its addressees need to be critically scrutinized together with these very constructions.","PeriodicalId":431619,"journal":{"name":"SRPN: Other Politics & Energy (Topic)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123466486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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