European countries who participated in WWII remember the conflict as a trauma born out of defeat, collaboration, and genocide. In Switzerland, however, the war is seen as an extraordinary success in the fact of extreme circumstances. The country’s neutrality and army play a central role in this interpretation. These two factors inspired the Swiss to present a united front against the Nazi aggressors, a threat that the country decided to confront using a long-term approach. Writers, journalists, and film makers were the first to question this version of events after 1968, especially with respect to Switzerland’s economic cooperation with Nazi Germany. It was only much later, in the 1990s, and under international pressure that the Swiss were forced to consider that their country might have been complicit in the genocide. Recent research, including that of the Bergier Commission, led to the conclusion that sovereignty and neutrality, even in the face of a genocidal regime, carried darker consequences for the Swiss than their humanitarian mission would imply.
{"title":"I.1. Introduction psychologique et historiographique","authors":"Thomas Maissen","doi":"10.3917/rhsho.210.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/rhsho.210.0017","url":null,"abstract":"European countries who participated in WWII remember the conflict as a trauma born out of defeat, collaboration, and genocide. In Switzerland, however, the war is seen as an extraordinary success in the fact of extreme circumstances. The country’s neutrality and army play a central role in this interpretation. These two factors inspired the Swiss to present a united front against the Nazi aggressors, a threat that the country decided to confront using a long-term approach. Writers, journalists, and film makers were the first to question this version of events after 1968, especially with respect to Switzerland’s economic cooperation with Nazi Germany. It was only much later, in the 1990s, and under international pressure that the Swiss were forced to consider that their country might have been complicit in the genocide. Recent research, including that of the Bergier Commission, led to the conclusion that sovereignty and neutrality, even in the face of a genocidal regime, carried darker consequences for the Swiss than their humanitarian mission would imply.","PeriodicalId":432141,"journal":{"name":"Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126820503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"II.2. Le rapport de la commission Bergier sur les réfugiés. Rappels et perspectives","authors":"M. Perrenoud","doi":"10.3917/rhsho.210.0055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/rhsho.210.0055","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432141,"journal":{"name":"Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115141400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"III.3. Les passeports de Lados","authors":"Jakub Kumoch","doi":"10.3917/rhsho.210.0135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/rhsho.210.0135","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432141,"journal":{"name":"Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122951881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"I.13. Le martyrologe de l’enfance juive. Trois témoignages sur l’enfance juive pendant la guerre","authors":"","doi":"10.3917/rhsho.211.0123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/rhsho.211.0123","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432141,"journal":{"name":"Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah","volume":" 18","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120826454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Éditorial","authors":"Jean-Marc Dreyfus, Audrey Kichelewski","doi":"10.3917/rhsho.211.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/rhsho.211.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":432141,"journal":{"name":"Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134069175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Swiss policy of turning away Jewish refugees at the border during WWII has sparked endless debates. This article explores the migration of Jews from Italy in particular. The Independent Commission of Swiss Experts — World War II (ICE) found that Switzerland turned away at least 12,500 civilian refugees at the Italian border, most of whom were Jewish.According to this author, a large number of these refugees were in fact not civilians, but rather soldiers from the Italian army who, after the armistice of 8 September 1943, no longer wanted to fight alongside the Wehrmacht. Even though research into this topic is still ongoing, the author can already state that the number of refugees who were turned back at the Italian border was in the hundreds, not thousands.The Swiss Canton of Tessin, which bore the brunt of the influx of immigrants arriving from Italy, took steps to welcome political Italian refugees and provided them with preferential treatment, but was reticent to do the same with Jewish refugees seeking asylum. Like elsewhere in Switzerland, the Canton of Tessin also saw varying levels of anti-Semitic attitudes.It was only in July 1944 that Switzerland formally decided to welcome Jews. By that time, however, very few were requesting asylum. The country’s change of heart had come too late. Switzerland opened its doors to Jewish refugees only after a long and damning delay.
{"title":"II.4. L’afflux des réfugiés juifs de l’Italie vers la Suisse pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale : la question des refoulés","authors":"Adriano Bazzocco, L. Drouet","doi":"10.3917/rhsho.210.0103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3917/rhsho.210.0103","url":null,"abstract":"The Swiss policy of turning away Jewish refugees at the border during WWII has sparked endless debates. This article explores the migration of Jews from Italy in particular. The Independent Commission of Swiss Experts — World War II (ICE) found that Switzerland turned away at least 12,500 civilian refugees at the Italian border, most of whom were Jewish.According to this author, a large number of these refugees were in fact not civilians, but rather soldiers from the Italian army who, after the armistice of 8 September 1943, no longer wanted to fight alongside the Wehrmacht. Even though research into this topic is still ongoing, the author can already state that the number of refugees who were turned back at the Italian border was in the hundreds, not thousands.The Swiss Canton of Tessin, which bore the brunt of the influx of immigrants arriving from Italy, took steps to welcome political Italian refugees and provided them with preferential treatment, but was reticent to do the same with Jewish refugees seeking asylum. Like elsewhere in Switzerland, the Canton of Tessin also saw varying levels of anti-Semitic attitudes.It was only in July 1944 that Switzerland formally decided to welcome Jews. By that time, however, very few were requesting asylum. The country’s change of heart had come too late. Switzerland opened its doors to Jewish refugees only after a long and damning delay.","PeriodicalId":432141,"journal":{"name":"Revue d’Histoire de la Shoah","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114691396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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