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Preparation of mcl-polyhydroxyalkanoate nanoparticles stabilized by the Tween 80 nonionic surfactant Tween 80非离子表面活性剂稳定mcl-聚羟基烷酸酯纳米颗粒的制备
Q4 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-30 DOI: 10.21285/2227-2925-2023-13-3-454-460
I. N. Zubkov, V. V. Vysochinskaya, A. V. Kashina, S. M. Shishlyannikov
Nanoparticles based on biodegradable polymers find numerous applications in medicine as substances for intracellular drug delivery. Biosynthetically produced poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (P3HAs) are among the most promising polymers of a lipid nature. In particular, polyhydroxybutyrate and polyhydroxyvalerate (scl-poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates) are widely used compounds, which are soluble only in organochlorine solvents. The use of organochlorine solvents faces several obstacles, since such chemicals may exhibit carcinogenic effects on the human body. However, the P3Has compounds consisting of hydroxybutyric acid residues with 6–14 carbon atoms in the main chain (mcl-poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates) are soluble not only in CHCl 3 or CH 2 Cl 2 but also in paraffins. These hydrocarbons, such as n-hexane, can be easily separated from aqueous solutions and are not known to exhibit high cytotoxicity. Consequently, the application of mcl-poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates can prevent the contamination of prepared dosage forms with organochlorine compounds. To this end, a methodology for the synthesis of mcl-P3HA nanoparticles stabilized with the Tween 80 nonionic surfactant was proposed. The ratio between the concentration of P3HA and the detergent was optimized. The present study revealed that the obtained particles have an average size of 200±90 nm and a zeta potential of -17±5 mV. Upon investigating the stability of the particle solution at 4 °C, it was found that the nanoparticles did not alter their size and zeta potential for 90 days. The fluorescence microscopy method showed that they could be delivered into BHK-21 cells within 2 h. In addition, the nanoparticles synthesized had no toxic effect on BHK-21 cells at a concentration of up to 200 μg/mL.
基于可生物降解聚合物的纳米颗粒作为细胞内药物递送物质在医学上有许多应用。生物合成的聚3-羟基烷酸酯(P3HAs)是最有前途的脂质聚合物之一。特别是聚羟基丁酸酯和聚羟基戊酸酯(聚-聚-3-羟基烷酸酯)是广泛使用的化合物,它们只溶于有机氯溶剂。有机氯溶剂的使用面临着一些障碍,因为这种化学物质可能对人体产生致癌作用。然而,由主链上有6-14个碳原子的羟基丁酸残基(mcl-聚3-羟基烷酸酯)组成的P3Has化合物不仅可溶于CHCl 3或ch2cl 2,而且可溶于石蜡。这些碳氢化合物,如正己烷,可以很容易地从水溶液中分离出来,并且不知道表现出高的细胞毒性。因此,mcl-聚3-羟基烷酸酯的应用可以防止制备的剂型受到有机氯化合物的污染。为此,提出了一种用Tween 80非离子表面活性剂稳定mcl-P3HA纳米颗粒的合成方法。优化了P3HA浓度与洗涤剂的配比。本研究表明,所得粒子的平均尺寸为200±90 nm, zeta电位为-17±5 mV。在研究了颗粒溶液在4°C下的稳定性后,发现纳米颗粒在90天内没有改变它们的大小和zeta电位。荧光显微镜法显示,在2 h内可将纳米颗粒递送至BHK-21细胞内,且在浓度高达200 μg/mL时对BHK-21细胞无毒性作用。
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引用次数: 0
Enzymatic activity of extracts from higher fungi for manufacturing fermented dairy products 发酵乳制品用高等真菌提取物的酶活性研究
Q4 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.21285/2227-2925-2023-13-3-340-349
D. V. Minakov, Ya. V. Urazova, N. G. Bazarnova, S. L. Tikhonov, M. V. Minakova
The present study investigates the enzymatic activity and chemical composition of extracts obtained from the substrate mycelium of higher fungi. The investigated object is the biomass of fungi Piptoporus betulinus (substrate mycelium) gathered after solid-phase cultivation on natural substrate. The extracts were obtained using distilled water (pH=7.0), acetate (pH=4.7) and phosphate (pH=7.4) buffers, and Mcllvaine buffer (pH=4.0). Milk-clotting, proteolytic, cellulosolytic and lipolytic activity, as well as protein content, were determined in both aqueous or buffer extracts. As a result, the values of cellulosolytic (3.75–3.90 units/g), lipolytic (40.00–44.24 units/g) and milk-clotting (65.80–66.60 units/mL) activity of the substrate mycelium was determined. These values differ slightly in the extracts prepared on distilled water and buffers. Moreover, the concentration of protein substances in the native aqueous extract from the substrate mycelium of P. betulinus was 14.50 mg/mL. The values of proteolytic activity varied from 0.22 to 0.78 units/mL. Distilled water was found to be the most effective solvent for achieving high values of milk-clotting activity. Extract purification by microfiltration or with bentonite leads to a significant decrease in protein concentration (up to 5.90 mg/mL), cellulose(up to 1.40 units/g), lipo(up to 5.30 units/g), and proteolytic (up to 0.11 units/mL) activity, and an increase in milk-clotting activity values (up to 285.80 units/mL). The bentonite sorbs cellulosolytic, lipolytic, and non-specific proteolytic enzymes, resulting in a noticeable increase in the value of milk-clotting activity. In the aqueous extract of P. betulinus fungi, a high ratio of milk-clotting to proteolytic activity was found with a value of 2598.20. This may lead to an increased yield and improvement of the organoleptic properties of cheese and its storage period.
本研究研究了高等真菌底物菌丝体提取物的酶活性和化学成分。研究对象为天然基质上固相培养后的白桦皮托菌(Piptoporus betulinus)菌丝生物量。提取液采用蒸馏水(pH=7.0)、醋酸盐(pH=4.7)和磷酸盐(pH=7.4)缓冲液和麦levaine缓冲液(pH=4.0)。测定了乳凝、蛋白水解、纤维素水解和脂解活性以及蛋白质含量。测定了底物菌丝体的纤维素水解活性(3.75 ~ 3.90单位/g)、脂解活性(40.00 ~ 44.24单位/g)和凝乳活性(65.80 ~ 66.60单位/mL)。在蒸馏水和缓冲液中制备的提取物中,这些值略有不同。白桦皮松底物菌丝体天然水提物中蛋白质物质的浓度为14.50 mg/mL。蛋白水解活性值为0.22 ~ 0.78单位/mL。蒸馏水被发现是获得高凝乳活性值的最有效溶剂。通过微滤或膨润土纯化提取物可显著降低蛋白质浓度(高达5.90 mg/mL)、纤维素(高达1.40单位/g)、脂质(高达5.30单位/g)和蛋白水解(高达0.11单位/mL)活性,并增加凝乳活性值(高达285.80单位/mL)。膨润土吸收纤维素水解酶、脂肪水解酶和非特异性蛋白水解酶,从而显著提高凝乳活性。在白桦皮松真菌的水提物中,凝乳与蛋白水解活性之比较高,为2598.20。这可能会导致产量的增加和奶酪的感官特性的改善和它的储存期。
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引用次数: 0
Synthesis of the Ultem series polyetherimides Ultem系列聚醚酰亚胺的合成
Q4 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.21285/2227-2925-2023-13-3-325-332
A. A. Chayka, N. S. Shaglaeva, G. V. Bozhenkov, V. V. Bayandin, E. V. Rudyakova, Yu. N. Ivanov
Polyetherimides (PEIs) are a class of structural polymers with the most successful combination of such essential properties for practical applications as high heat resistance, thermal stability, ultimate tensile strength, elastic modulus, good dielectric properties, and high chemical and radiation resistance. However, along with these advantages, PEIs are compounds with high softening and melting points, which complicates their processing into products. In recent decades, specialists have found numerous ways to decrease the glass transition temperature by increasing the flexibility of the main polymer chain. To this end, functional groups with a higher degree of rotation, such as isopropylidene, hexafluoroisopropylidene, 1,2-dichloroethylene, and other substituents, are introduced into the main polymer chain. Polyetherimide, whose precursors are 3(4)-nitrophthalic anhydride, m-phenylenediamine, and bisphenol A, was first produced by General Electric under the Ultem brand name and is currently believed to be one of the best-known engineering thermoplastics. In particular, two synthetic methods can be used to obtain such polyetherimides. The first technique uses a cyclization of poly(amidocarboxylic acid), which is obtained by the polycondensation of dianhydride of 2,2-bis-[4-(3,4-dicarboxyphenoxy)phenyl]propane and m-phenylenediamine. The second technique uses the polynitro substitution of 1,3-bis[N-(3-nitrophthalimido)]benzene and the dynatrium salt of bisphenol A. To date, the Russian scientific literature lacks reviews with detailed descriptions of known methods for the preparation of Ultem series polyetherimides. The present review generalizes and systematizes the available literature data regarding the synthesis of the Ultem series PEIs. In addition, this study describes preparation methods of soluble thermoplastic polyetherimides of this series, available synthesis methods of initial monomers with reaction yields, and physical characteristics of such polymers.
聚醚酰亚胺(PEIs)是一类结构聚合物,在实际应用中最成功地结合了高耐热性、热稳定性、极限拉伸强度、弹性模量、良好的介电性能以及高耐化学性和耐辐射性等基本性能。然而,伴随着这些优点,pei是具有高软化点和熔点的化合物,这使得其加工成产品变得复杂。近几十年来,专家们发现了许多通过增加主聚合物链的柔韧性来降低玻璃化转变温度的方法。为此,在主聚合物链上引入具有较高旋转度的官能团,如异丙基、六氟异丙基、1,2-二氯乙烯和其他取代基。聚醚亚胺,其前体是3(4)-硝基邻苯二甲酸酐,间苯二胺和双酚A,最初由通用电气公司以Ultem品牌生产,目前被认为是最著名的工程热塑性塑料之一。特别地,有两种合成方法可用于获得这种聚醚酰亚胺。第一种方法是通过2,2-二-[4-(3,4-二羰基苯氧基)苯基]丙烷和间苯二胺的二酐缩聚得到聚氨基甲酸的环化反应。第二种技术使用1,3-双[N-(3-硝基邻苯二胺)]苯的多硝基取代和双酚a的钠盐。迄今为止,俄罗斯科学文献缺乏对制备Ultem系列聚醚酰亚胺的已知方法的详细描述。本文对有关Ultem系列PEIs合成的现有文献资料进行了归纳和系统整理。此外,本研究还介绍了该系列可溶性热塑性聚醚酰亚胺的制备方法,现有的初始单体合成方法及反应产率,以及该聚合物的物理特性。
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引用次数: 0
Synthesis, homopolymerization and properties of p-aminopyridine methacrylate 对氨基吡啶甲基丙烯酸酯的合成、均聚及性能研究
Q4 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.21285/2227-2925-2023-13-3-333-339
V. E. Vakhabova, K. G. Guliev
For the first time, p-aminopyridine methacrylate was synthesized by a reaction between p-aminopyridine and methacryloyl chloride. IR and NMR spectroscopy сonfirmed the obtained compound structure. Radical homopolymerization of synthesized p-aminopyridine methacrylate was carried out either in bulk or in benzene solution (initiator – AIBN). The study of radical polymerization regularities of p-aminopyridine methacrylate discovered no side reactions and induction period of the reported process under the created conditions with a maximum yield of 92%. It was found that p-aminopyridine methacrylate is a more reactive monomer in radical polymerization as compared to methyl methacrylate. The structure of the obtained monomer and polymer was investigated by IR and NMR spectroscopy. Based on these data, the polymerization proceeds by a double bond, with substituents in the side macro chain remaining unreacted. The study of the synthesized monomer polymerization in the bulk indicated the presence of the gel effect. The autoacceleration begins at ~25% monomer conversion during the polymerization process, which agrees with the literature data. It was discovered that the polymerization of p-aminopyridine methacrylate proceeds at a rate higher than that of methyl methacrylate. This observation is likely to be connected with the substituent contribution to the electronic state of the entire monomer molecule. Hence, the electron density of the vinyl group changes and the growing radical becomes stabilized with the substituent –M-effect. The polymer synthesized possesses high antimicrobial properties.
以对氨基吡啶和甲基丙烯酰氯为原料,首次合成了对氨基吡啶甲基丙烯酸酯。红外光谱和核磁共振光谱证实了所得化合物的结构。合成的对氨基吡啶甲基丙烯酸酯在散装或苯溶液(引发剂- AIBN)中进行自由基均聚。对甲基丙烯酸对氨基吡啶自由基聚合规律的研究发现,在所创造的条件下,所报道的工艺无副反应和诱导期,收率最高可达92%。发现甲基丙烯酸对氨基吡啶在自由基聚合中是一种比甲基丙烯酸甲酯更活跃的单体。用红外光谱和核磁共振光谱对所得单体和聚合物的结构进行了表征。根据这些数据,聚合通过双键进行,侧宏链上的取代基保持未反应。对合成的单体聚合体进行了研究,表明存在凝胶效应。聚合过程中单体转化率在~25%时开始出现自加速现象,与文献数据一致。发现对氨基吡啶甲基丙烯酸酯的聚合速度高于甲基丙烯酸甲酯的聚合速度。这一观察结果很可能与取代基对整个单体分子电子态的贡献有关。因此,乙烯基的电子密度发生了变化,生长中的自由基在取代基- m效应下变得稳定。所合成的聚合物具有较高的抗菌性能。
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引用次数: 0
Variety-strain interaction specificity of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> with salt-stressed <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L. plants 枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) &lt;/i&gt;与盐胁迫&lt;i&gt;Phaseolus vulgaris&lt;/i&gt;l .植物
Q4 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-29 DOI: 10.21285/2227-2925-2023-13-3-350-358
O. V. Markova, S. R. Garipova, L. I. Pusenkova
The effectiveness of crop inoculation using growth-stimulating bacteria can depend on the plant variety and environmental conditions. The reactions of three-week-old plants of the Ufimskaya and Zolotistaya green bean varieties to inoculation with strains 26D and 10-4 in normal conditions and under stress (1% NaCl 48 h) were analysed. Although the Zolotistaya variety formed less biomass and leaf area, it surpassed the Ufimskaya variety in terms of chlorophyll and root water content, as well as reacting to stress by reducing the content of photosynthetic pigments and root water content. Inoculation contributed to the preservation of these indicators at the level of non–stressed plants: the positive effect of strain 26D was expressed in the effect on the composition of pigments, while that of strain 10-4 was expressed in the hydration of roots. Under stress, the Ufinskaya variety improved the water status of the roots, on which inoculation had a weak or negative effect; however, the decrease in the level of synthetic pigments under stress was compensated by inoculation with both strains. According to the biomass of three-week-old plants, the Zolotistaya variety was shown to respond positively to inoculation with both strains both normally and under stress, while the Ufimskaya variety tended to react negatively to inoculation with strain 26D; under stress, the effect of inoculation with both strains was positive. Compared with the stress-induced control, the malondialdehyde content in the roots of inoculated plants of both varieties decreased in comparison with that of the uninoculated control both in normal conditions and under stress. The revealed differences in plant reactions to inoculation serve as a basis for further analysis of the effectiveness of variety-strain combinations of symbiotic partners.
利用促生菌接种作物的效果取决于植物品种和环境条件。分析了uimskaya和Zolotistaya绿豆品种3周龄植株在正常条件和逆境条件(1% NaCl 48 h)下接种26D和10-4的反应。虽然Zolotistaya品种的生物量和叶面积较少,但其叶绿素含量和根含水量均超过ufinskaya品种,并通过降低光合色素含量和根含水量来应对胁迫。接种有助于这些指标在非胁迫水平上的保存:菌株26D的积极作用表现在对色素组成的影响上,而菌株10-4的积极作用表现在根系的水化上。胁迫下,乌芬斯卡娅品种改善了根系水分状况,而接种对根系水分状况的影响较弱或为负;然而,在胁迫下合成色素水平的下降通过接种两种菌株得到补偿。从3周龄植株生物量来看,在正常和胁迫条件下,Zolotistaya品种对接种菌株26D均表现出正反应,而ufinskaya品种对接种菌株26D均表现出负反应;在胁迫条件下,两菌株接种效果均为阳性。与胁迫对照相比,在正常和胁迫条件下,两个品种接种植株根系丙二醛含量均低于未接种对照。植物对接种反应的差异为进一步分析共生伙伴的品种-品系组合的有效性提供了基础。
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引用次数: 0
Inorganic compounds of sunflower stems 向日葵茎的无机化合物
Q4 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-07-02 DOI: 10.21285/2227-2925-2023-13-2-220-227
A. V. Kovekhova, O. D. Arefieva, L. A. Zemnukhova, D. A. Samokhina
This paper presents the results of studying the inorganic components of sunflower stems. The test objects are the extracts obtained at different pH values of the medium and ash samples before and after treatment of stems with water, acid, and alkali. The results show that the nature of the extractant has a negligible effect on the yield of extractive substances from the crushed stems. According to atomic absorption analysis, the main ions in extracts obtained in different media are potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions. The mass fraction of ash after treatment of stems with solutions at different pH values varies from 0.5 to 5.2%. The lowest ash yield is characterized by a sample of stems after acid extraction. According to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, all ash samples contain mainly K, Ca, Mg, and P compounds. The ash components of the core and outer part of the stem were also studied in comparison with the original sample. The ash content of the stem core (9.3%) is higher than that of the outer shell (7.4%). The IR spectroscopy shows that the nature of band splitting in the IR spectra of the ash samples practically does not depend on the stem part and the pretreatment of raw materials at different pH values. Absorption bands characteristic of carbonates and silicates are observed in the IR spectra of the stem ash. According to X-ray diffraction analysis, the studied ash samples are in a crystalline state.
本文介绍了向日葵茎中无机成分的研究结果。试验对象为茎经水、酸、碱处理前后,在不同pH值的培养基和灰样下得到的提取物。结果表明,萃取剂的性质对粉碎茎中萃取物得率的影响可以忽略不计。根据原子吸收分析,在不同介质中得到的提取物中主要离子是钾、钙、镁和钠离子。不同pH值溶液处理后的茎干灰分质量分数在0.5 ~ 5.2%之间。最低的灰分产量是由酸提取后的茎样品表征的。根据能量色散x射线荧光光谱,所有灰分样品主要含有K、Ca、Mg和P化合物。并与原始样品进行了对比,研究了筒心和筒外的灰分成分。茎芯灰分(9.3%)高于外壳灰分(7.4%)。红外光谱分析表明,灰分样品红外光谱的条带分裂性质实际上不取决于茎部和不同pH值下原料的预处理。在茎灰的红外光谱中观察到碳酸盐和硅酸盐的吸收带特征。根据x射线衍射分析,所研究的灰分样品处于结晶状态。
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Izvestiya Vuzov-Prikladnaya Khimiya i Biotekhnologiya
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