Pub Date : 2010-08-27DOI: 10.4314/JASSA.V9I1.58606
A. Udoh
Small farmers in the humid regions of tropical Africa spend 30–42% of their total farm labour input in controlling weeds. Chemical weed control is normally recommended but high cost of herbicides and environmental pollution are specific problems with chemical weed control. A three year bio-weed control system with three populations of cowpea (20, 33, and 50 x 103 plants ha-1) and melon (5, 10 and 15 x 103 plants ha-1) in a cassava/maize intercrop was conducted to check weeds at 3, 5 and 8 weeks after planting (WAP) in the southeastern humid derived savanna and humid rainforest zones of Nigeria. Cowpea and melon populations at 50 x 103 and 15 x 103 plants ha-1 significantly reduced weed infestation in the cropping system. Since rural women constitute 50–60% of the farming population and are a significant source of labour in weeding operations then a weed control strategy with melon crop which provides oil and protein to farm families may be highly innovating to them. One hundred women farmers were invited to visit the research extension plot at 3, 5 and 8 WAP, before weeding. At 5 WAP, 80% of the farmers and at 8 WAP, 100% of them preferred to adopt 50 x 103 cowpea with 15 x 103 melon plants ha-1 since this combination gave the most effective weed control. Cassava grown as sole crop produced higher root yield ha-1 than when grown with maize, cowpea and melon in the three years and at both locations. Grain yield of maize was significantly depressed in the intercrop system. Cowpea grain yield increased with increase in population, but the increase per unit change in population was much higher in sole cowpea. Similarly, seed yield of melon increased significantly with increase in its population in intercropped and sole cropped melon. The highest net incomes of N83,540, N138,350 and N158,530 for 1989, 1990 and 1991 at Ogoja location and N134,000, N255,590 and N289,240 at Uyo for the respective years were obtained from a four-crop combination of 50 x 103 cowpea and 15 x 103 melon populations and with cassava and maize at 10 x 103 and 20 x 103 plants ha-1. Though sole crop of melon at 50 x 103 ha-1 gave a higher and significant seed yield, it was not profitable and sustainable to small-holder resource poor farmers. Keywords: Cowpea, melon, weed control, economic analysis, farmers’ attitude
{"title":"Influence of cowpea and melon populations on weed infestation and farmers’ attitude to weed control practice","authors":"A. Udoh","doi":"10.4314/JASSA.V9I1.58606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASSA.V9I1.58606","url":null,"abstract":"Small farmers in the humid regions of tropical Africa spend 30–42% of their total farm labour input in controlling weeds. Chemical weed control is normally recommended but high cost of herbicides and environmental pollution are specific problems with chemical weed control. A three year bio-weed control system with three populations of cowpea (20, 33, and 50 x 103 plants ha-1) and melon (5, 10 and 15 x 103 plants ha-1) in a cassava/maize intercrop was conducted to check weeds at 3, 5 and 8 weeks after planting (WAP) in the southeastern humid derived savanna and humid rainforest zones of Nigeria. Cowpea and melon populations at 50 x 103 and 15 x 103 plants ha-1 significantly reduced weed infestation in the cropping system. Since rural women constitute 50–60% of the farming population and are a significant source of labour in weeding operations then a weed control strategy with melon crop which provides oil and protein to farm families may be highly innovating to them. One hundred women farmers were invited to visit the research extension plot at 3, 5 and 8 WAP, before weeding. At 5 WAP, 80% of the farmers and at 8 WAP, 100% of them preferred to adopt 50 x 103 cowpea with 15 x 103 melon plants ha-1 since this combination gave the most effective weed control. Cassava grown as sole crop produced higher root yield ha-1 than when grown with maize, cowpea and melon in the three years and at both locations. Grain yield of maize was significantly depressed in the intercrop system. Cowpea grain yield increased with increase in population, but the increase per unit change in population was much higher in sole cowpea. Similarly, seed yield of melon increased significantly with increase in its population in intercropped and sole cropped melon. The highest net incomes of N83,540, N138,350 and N158,530 for 1989, 1990 and 1991 at Ogoja location and N134,000, N255,590 and N289,240 at Uyo for the respective years were obtained from a four-crop combination of 50 x 103 cowpea and 15 x 103 melon populations and with cassava and maize at 10 x 103 and 20 x 103 plants ha-1. Though sole crop of melon at 50 x 103 ha-1 gave a higher and significant seed yield, it was not profitable and sustainable to small-holder resource poor farmers. Keywords: Cowpea, melon, weed control, economic analysis, farmers’ attitude","PeriodicalId":43299,"journal":{"name":"JASSA-The Finsia Journal of Applied Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78645426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-08-27DOI: 10.4314/JASSA.V9I1.58605
T. Chinuwo, P. Mugabe, I. Mpofu, S. Makuza
Change in size and extent of cultivation and vegetation cover was analysed in three villages of an initial resettlement scheme in Zimbabwe using change detection depicted on serial aerial photographs taken at eight-year intervals from inception in 1981 to 1997. A geographic information system was used as an analytical tool. Interpretations were done using aerial photographs and 1995 Spot Images. The spot images were geo-referenced to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system to ensure continuity of features. All images were enhanced using TNTmips to come up with clearer images. Aerial photographs for the three selected villages were scanned and geo-referenced and then exported to ARC VIEW 3.2 for on-screen digitising of land parcels as cultivated and vegetation theme layers. Overlay and spatial analysis were also done in ARC VIEW 3.2 for change detection. Results showed an average increase in size of cultivated areas by 281% between 1981 and 1997 and a increase of 52% between 1989 and 1997 in the three villages. Rangelands declined by a mean 42% during 1981 and 1997. There was a shift in land-use in 1987/8, which exaggerated cultivated areas due to fuzzy classification of land reverting to grazing areas by 1989. This shift in cultivation sites was adequately captured on overlaid aerial photographs for each of the three villages. It was concluded that spatial and temporal changes occurred in resettlement schemes rangelands and were due to the actions of resettled farmers. Keywords: Resettlement schemes, change detection, spatial analysis.
{"title":"Rangelands in Zimbabwe’s initial resettlement schemes: Spatial and temporal change analyses","authors":"T. Chinuwo, P. Mugabe, I. Mpofu, S. Makuza","doi":"10.4314/JASSA.V9I1.58605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASSA.V9I1.58605","url":null,"abstract":"Change in size and extent of cultivation and vegetation cover was analysed in three villages of an initial resettlement scheme in Zimbabwe using change detection depicted on serial aerial photographs taken at eight-year intervals from inception in 1981 to 1997. A geographic information system was used as an analytical tool. Interpretations were done using aerial photographs and 1995 Spot Images. The spot images were geo-referenced to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system to ensure continuity of features. All images were enhanced using TNTmips to come up with clearer images. Aerial photographs for the three selected villages were scanned and geo-referenced and then exported to ARC VIEW 3.2 for on-screen digitising of land parcels as cultivated and vegetation theme layers. Overlay and spatial analysis were also done in ARC VIEW 3.2 for change detection. Results showed an average increase in size of cultivated areas by 281% between 1981 and 1997 and a increase of 52% between 1989 and 1997 in the three villages. Rangelands declined by a mean 42% during 1981 and 1997. There was a shift in land-use in 1987/8, which exaggerated cultivated areas due to fuzzy classification of land reverting to grazing areas by 1989. This shift in cultivation sites was adequately captured on overlaid aerial photographs for each of the three villages. It was concluded that spatial and temporal changes occurred in resettlement schemes rangelands and were due to the actions of resettled farmers. Keywords: Resettlement schemes, change detection, spatial analysis.","PeriodicalId":43299,"journal":{"name":"JASSA-The Finsia Journal of Applied Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78402137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-08-27DOI: 10.4314/JASSA.V9I1.58604
T. Munyombwe, I. Mdala, C. Mangwiro
This paper presents parametric and non-parametric survival analysis procedures that can be used to compare acaricides. The effectiveness of Delta Tick Pour On and Delta Tick Spray in knocking down tsetse flies were determined. The two formulations were supplied by Chemplex. The comparison was based on data collected from trials carried out in Zimbabwe at Rukomichi Research Station in 2003. Rukomichi Research Station is owned by the Department of Veterinary Services and is mainly used for conducting research on tsetse flies. The Kaplan Meier estimate of survivor and hazard function was used as the non-parametric procedure for comparing survival times of tsetse exposed to Delta Tick Spray and Delta Tick Pour On. In addition the log rank statistic was also used to explore the differences between the two formulations. The parametric procedure assumed that the survival times follow a lognormal distribution after checking the suitability of the distribution and estimating the hazard, survivor function and quartiles assuming the distribution. A proportional hazard model was also fitted to compare the two formulations. The non-parametric procedure revealed that the median survival times of tsetse exposed to Delta Tick Pour On was 10 minutes compared to 12 minutes for those exposed to Delta Tick Spray. The parametric procedure showed that the median survival time of tsetse exposed to Delta Tick Pour On was 10.59 minutes compared to 13.70 for those exposed to Delta Tick Spray. The proportional hazards model indicated that the hazard of being knocked down is 1.335 more for tsetse exposed to Delta Tick Pour On than those on Delta Tick Spray (p
{"title":"Use of parametric and non-parametric survival analysis techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of two acaricides in controlling tsetse flies. ( Diptera Glossinidae ).","authors":"T. Munyombwe, I. Mdala, C. Mangwiro","doi":"10.4314/JASSA.V9I1.58604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASSA.V9I1.58604","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents parametric and non-parametric survival analysis procedures that can be used to compare acaricides. The effectiveness of Delta Tick Pour On and Delta Tick Spray in knocking down tsetse flies were determined. The two formulations were supplied by Chemplex. The comparison was based on data collected from trials carried out in Zimbabwe at Rukomichi Research Station in 2003. Rukomichi Research Station is owned by the Department of Veterinary Services and is mainly used for conducting research on tsetse flies. The Kaplan Meier estimate of survivor and hazard function was used as the non-parametric procedure for comparing survival times of tsetse exposed to Delta Tick Spray and Delta Tick Pour On. In addition the log rank statistic was also used to explore the differences between the two formulations. The parametric procedure assumed that the survival times follow a lognormal distribution after checking the suitability of the distribution and estimating the hazard, survivor function and quartiles assuming the distribution. A proportional hazard model was also fitted to compare the two formulations. The non-parametric procedure revealed that the median survival times of tsetse exposed to Delta Tick Pour On was 10 minutes compared to 12 minutes for those exposed to Delta Tick Spray. The parametric procedure showed that the median survival time of tsetse exposed to Delta Tick Pour On was 10.59 minutes compared to 13.70 for those exposed to Delta Tick Spray. The proportional hazards model indicated that the hazard of being knocked down is 1.335 more for tsetse exposed to Delta Tick Pour On than those on Delta Tick Spray (p","PeriodicalId":43299,"journal":{"name":"JASSA-The Finsia Journal of Applied Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83909645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-08-03DOI: 10.1002/9781118266588.CH35
Joseph V. Rizzi
Financial institutions suffered large losses following the collapse of the credit markets despite making huge risk management investments. Major risks are frequently ignored due to behavioral biases resulting in incorrect decisions. These biases are reinforced by organizational obstacles, such as misaligned compensation systems. This article outlines a supplemental behavioral risk framework, and applies it to the structure finance market. Behavioral finance can improve how risk decisions are made. You ignore behavioral risk at your peril.
{"title":"Behavioral Basis of the Financial Crisis","authors":"Joseph V. Rizzi","doi":"10.1002/9781118266588.CH35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118266588.CH35","url":null,"abstract":"Financial institutions suffered large losses following the collapse of the credit markets despite making huge risk management investments. Major risks are frequently ignored due to behavioral biases resulting in incorrect decisions. These biases are reinforced by organizational obstacles, such as misaligned compensation systems. This article outlines a supplemental behavioral risk framework, and applies it to the structure finance market. Behavioral finance can improve how risk decisions are made. You ignore behavioral risk at your peril.","PeriodicalId":43299,"journal":{"name":"JASSA-The Finsia Journal of Applied Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81790562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) have raised around $22bn from investors since 2003, and comprised 20% of total funds raised in US IPOs in 2007. SPACs are interesting structures - allowing investors a risk-free option to invest in a future acquisition. However, we show that more than one-half of approved deals immediately destroy value. Investors, who can observe the market's view of the proposed deal, as well as that of the founders, should listen to the market, since the extreme incentives faced by the SPAC founders create corresponding conflicts of interest. We propose a simple, observable rule - based on market prices - which investors should heed.
{"title":"Why SPAC Investors Should Listen to the Market","authors":"T. Jenkinson, M. Sousa","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1341771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1341771","url":null,"abstract":"Special purpose acquisition companies (SPACs) have raised around $22bn from investors since 2003, and comprised 20% of total funds raised in US IPOs in 2007. SPACs are interesting structures - allowing investors a risk-free option to invest in a future acquisition. However, we show that more than one-half of approved deals immediately destroy value. Investors, who can observe the market's view of the proposed deal, as well as that of the founders, should listen to the market, since the extreme incentives faced by the SPAC founders create corresponding conflicts of interest. We propose a simple, observable rule - based on market prices - which investors should heed.","PeriodicalId":43299,"journal":{"name":"JASSA-The Finsia Journal of Applied Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87946537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We propose a new class of investable momentum and contrarian stock-market indices that partition a benchmark index, such as the Russell 1000. Our momentum indices overweight stocks that have recently outperformed, while our contrarian indices underweight these same stocks. Our index construction methodology is extremely flexible, and allows the index provider to trade-off the distinctiveness of the momentum/contrarian strategies with portfolio turnover. Momentum investment styles in particular typically entail a high level of turnover, and hence high associated transaction costs. The creation of momentum and contrarian indices and exchange traded funds (ETFs) based on our methodology would allow investors to access these styles at lower cost than is currently possible. Our indices also provide performance benchmarks for momentum/contrarian investment managers, and good proxies for a momentum factor. Over the period 1995- 2007 we find that short term momentum and long term contrarian indices outperform the reference Russell 1000 index. We also document the changing interaction between the momentum/contrarian and value/growth styles.
{"title":"Momentum and Contrarian Stock-Market Indices","authors":"Jon Edward Eggins, R. Hill","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1310286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1310286","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a new class of investable momentum and contrarian stock-market indices that partition a benchmark index, such as the Russell 1000. Our momentum indices overweight stocks that have recently outperformed, while our contrarian indices underweight these same stocks. Our index construction methodology is extremely flexible, and allows the index provider to trade-off the distinctiveness of the momentum/contrarian strategies with portfolio turnover. Momentum investment styles in particular typically entail a high level of turnover, and hence high associated transaction costs. The creation of momentum and contrarian indices and exchange traded funds (ETFs) based on our methodology would allow investors to access these styles at lower cost than is currently possible. Our indices also provide performance benchmarks for momentum/contrarian investment managers, and good proxies for a momentum factor. Over the period 1995- 2007 we find that short term momentum and long term contrarian indices outperform the reference Russell 1000 index. We also document the changing interaction between the momentum/contrarian and value/growth styles.","PeriodicalId":43299,"journal":{"name":"JASSA-The Finsia Journal of Applied Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84002836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper I find systematic differences between firms using sale-and-leaseback transactions in comparison to industry averages. I find evidence supporting the primary theoretical reason for leasing, namely taxes and mixed support for asymmetric information costs and bankruptcy costs relating to leasing. Contrary to theory, I find that these firms are typically large and solvent with high growth potential but have low interest coverage and high leverage suggesting that the need for cash in tandem with capital constraints are driving these transactions. Controlling for credit constraints, I find abnormal market returns are positively correlated with P/E and negatively correlated with debt structure suggesting that the market perceives sale-and-leaseback funds likely to be used for growth as value enhancing while firms likely to use funds to meet debt obligation experience lower event returns.
{"title":"Evidence of Motives and Market Reactions to Sale and Leasebacks","authors":"Kyle S. Wells","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1081461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1081461","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper I find systematic differences between firms using sale-and-leaseback transactions in comparison to industry averages. I find evidence supporting the primary theoretical reason for leasing, namely taxes and mixed support for asymmetric information costs and bankruptcy costs relating to leasing. Contrary to theory, I find that these firms are typically large and solvent with high growth potential but have low interest coverage and high leverage suggesting that the need for cash in tandem with capital constraints are driving these transactions. Controlling for credit constraints, I find abnormal market returns are positively correlated with P/E and negatively correlated with debt structure suggesting that the market perceives sale-and-leaseback funds likely to be used for growth as value enhancing while firms likely to use funds to meet debt obligation experience lower event returns.","PeriodicalId":43299,"journal":{"name":"JASSA-The Finsia Journal of Applied Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79367573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-02-11DOI: 10.4314/JASSA.V8I2.16925
N. Mhazo, E. Nyakudya, RM Nazare, BM Mvumi
No Abstract Available JASSA: Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa Vol.8(2) 2002: 76-88
南方非洲应用科学学报，Vol.8(2) 2002: 76-88
{"title":"Ergonomic evaluation of manually-operated peanut butter mills","authors":"N. Mhazo, E. Nyakudya, RM Nazare, BM Mvumi","doi":"10.4314/JASSA.V8I2.16925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASSA.V8I2.16925","url":null,"abstract":"No Abstract Available JASSA: Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa Vol.8(2) 2002: 76-88","PeriodicalId":43299,"journal":{"name":"JASSA-The Finsia Journal of Applied Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74336058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-02-11DOI: 10.4314/JASSA.V8I2.16924
C. Zvidzai, I. Sithole-Niang, R. Zvauya, R. Hatti-Kaul, O. Delgado
No Abstract Available JASSA: Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa Vol.8(2) 2002:65-75
《南方非洲应用科学》Vol.8(2) 2002:65-75
{"title":"Cloning, sequencing and expression of an endo-β-1,4-glucanase gene of a Bacillus subtilis CHZ1","authors":"C. Zvidzai, I. Sithole-Niang, R. Zvauya, R. Hatti-Kaul, O. Delgado","doi":"10.4314/JASSA.V8I2.16924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASSA.V8I2.16924","url":null,"abstract":"No Abstract Available JASSA: Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa Vol.8(2) 2002:65-75","PeriodicalId":43299,"journal":{"name":"JASSA-The Finsia Journal of Applied Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83281676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2005-02-11DOI: 10.4314/JASSA.V8I2.16928
M. Obwolo
No Abstract Available JASSA: Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa Vol.8(2) 2002: 111-115
中国农业大学学报(自然科学版)，2002年第1期，第2期
{"title":"The battles occurring within the animal body: Will they ever end?","authors":"M. Obwolo","doi":"10.4314/JASSA.V8I2.16928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JASSA.V8I2.16928","url":null,"abstract":"No Abstract Available JASSA: Journal of Applied Science in Southern Africa Vol.8(2) 2002: 111-115","PeriodicalId":43299,"journal":{"name":"JASSA-The Finsia Journal of Applied Finance","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89921922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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