Pub Date : 2020-05-15DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.92545
O. Artun
To investigate the production of medical Ir-192 radionuclide used in brachytherapy on Os targets in the energy range of E particle = 100 ! 1 MeV, we calculated the cross-section results for charged particle-induced reactions. The calculation was done via TALYS code and simulated activity and yield of product of each reaction process in the irradiation time of 1 h with constant beam current of 1 μ A. The calculated results were compared with experimental data in the literature. Moreover, based on the calculated cross-section data and the mass stopping powers obtained from X-PMSP program, the integral yield results of all the reaction processes to produce Ir-192 on Os targets were presented as a function of incident particle energy. The obtained results were discussed to recommend appropriate reaction processes and targets for the production of Ir-192.
{"title":"Investigation of the Production of Medical Ir-192 Used in Cancer Therapy via Particle Accelerator","authors":"O. Artun","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.92545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92545","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the production of medical Ir-192 radionuclide used in brachytherapy on Os targets in the energy range of E particle = 100 ! 1 MeV, we calculated the cross-section results for charged particle-induced reactions. The calculation was done via TALYS code and simulated activity and yield of product of each reaction process in the irradiation time of 1 h with constant beam current of 1 μ A. The calculated results were compared with experimental data in the literature. Moreover, based on the calculated cross-section data and the mass stopping powers obtained from X-PMSP program, the integral yield results of all the reaction processes to produce Ir-192 on Os targets were presented as a function of incident particle energy. The obtained results were discussed to recommend appropriate reaction processes and targets for the production of Ir-192.","PeriodicalId":433612,"journal":{"name":"Accelerators and Colliders","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116640475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-22DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91846
N. Olivi-Tran
Our universe is threedimensional and curved (with a positive curvature) and thus may be embedded in a fourdimensional Euclidean space with coordinates x, y, z, t where the fourth dimension time t is treated as a regular dimension. One can set in this spacetime a fourdimensional underlying array of small hypercubes of one Planck length edge. With this array all elementary particles can be classified following that they are two, three or fourdimensional. The elementary wavefunctions of this underlying array are equal to √ 2exp ix i for x i = x, y, z or to √ 2exp it for t. Hence, the masses of the fermions of the first family are equal to 2 n (in eV/c 2) where n is an integer. The other families of fermions are excited states of the fermions of the first family and thus have masses equal to 2 n .p 2 /2 where n and p are two integers. Theoretical and experimental masses fit within 10%.
我们的宇宙是三维的，是弯曲的(具有正曲率)，因此可以嵌入坐标为x, y, z, t的四维欧几里得空间中，其中第四维时间t被视为常规维度。我们可以在这个时空中设置一个由一个普朗克长度边的小超立方体组成的四维底层阵列。有了这个阵列，所有的基本粒子都可以按照它们是二维、三维或四维来分类。这个基本的波函数对于x i = x, y, z等于√2exp ix i，对于t等于√2exp it。因此，第一族的费米子的质量等于2n(在eV/c 2中)，其中n是整数。其他的费米子族是第一族费米子的激发态，因此它们的质量等于2n2 /2，其中n和p是两个整数。理论质量和实验质量都在10%以内。
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Pub Date : 2020-03-27DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91633
K. Nakajima, Min Chen, Z. Sheng
A multistage laser-plasma accelerator (LPA) driven by two mixing electromagnetic hybrid modes of a gas-filled capillary waveguide is presented. Plasma wakefields generated by a laser pulse comprising two mixing modes coupled to a metallic or dielectric capillary filled with gas provide us with an efficient accelerating structure of electrons in a substantially long distance beyond a dephasing length under the matching between a capillary radius and plasma density. For a seamless multistage structure of the capillary waveguide, the numerical model of the transverse and longitudinal beam dynamics of an electron bunch considering the radiation reaction and multiple Coulomb scattering effects reveals a converging behavior of the bunch radius and normalized emittance down to (cid:1) 1 nm level when the beam is accelerated up to 560 GeV in a 67 m length. This capability allows us to conceive a compact electron-positron linear collider providing with high luminosity of 10 34 cm (cid:3) 2 s (cid:3) 1 at 1 TeV center-of-mass (CM) energy.
提出了一种由两种混合电磁模式驱动的多级激光等离子体加速器(LPA)。由两种混合模式组成的激光脉冲与充满气体的金属或介质毛细管耦合产生的等离子体尾流场，在毛细管半径与等离子体密度匹配的情况下，为我们提供了一种有效的电子加速结构，其距离超过了脱相长度。对于无缝多级毛细管波导结构，考虑辐射反应和多重库仑散射效应的电子束横向和纵向束动力学数值模型表明，当电子束在67 m长度内加速到560 GeV时，束半径和归一化发射度收敛到(cid:1) 1 nm水平。这种能力使我们能够构想出一个紧凑的正电子线性对撞机，在1 TeV质心能量下提供10 34 cm (cid:3) 2 s (cid:3) 1的高亮度。
{"title":"Very Compact Linear Colliders Comprising Seamless Multistage Laser-Plasma Accelerators","authors":"K. Nakajima, Min Chen, Z. Sheng","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91633","url":null,"abstract":"A multistage laser-plasma accelerator (LPA) driven by two mixing electromagnetic hybrid modes of a gas-filled capillary waveguide is presented. Plasma wakefields generated by a laser pulse comprising two mixing modes coupled to a metallic or dielectric capillary filled with gas provide us with an efficient accelerating structure of electrons in a substantially long distance beyond a dephasing length under the matching between a capillary radius and plasma density. For a seamless multistage structure of the capillary waveguide, the numerical model of the transverse and longitudinal beam dynamics of an electron bunch considering the radiation reaction and multiple Coulomb scattering effects reveals a converging behavior of the bunch radius and normalized emittance down to (cid:1) 1 nm level when the beam is accelerated up to 560 GeV in a 67 m length. This capability allows us to conceive a compact electron-positron linear collider providing with high luminosity of 10 34 cm (cid:3) 2 s (cid:3) 1 at 1 TeV center-of-mass (CM) energy.","PeriodicalId":433612,"journal":{"name":"Accelerators and Colliders","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131753530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-21DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91640
L. Kisslinger
This is a review of the elementary particles, quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and strong interactions in QCD theory via gluon exchange between quarks-antiquarks-producing mesons. Some mesons consist of an active gluon in addition to a quark-antiquark. They are called hybrid mesons. We also review the possible detection of the quark-gluon plasma, the consistuent of the universe until about 10 (cid:1) 4 s after the Big Bang, via relativistic heavy ion collisions (RHIC) producing heavy quark hybrid mesons.
{"title":"Review of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)","authors":"L. Kisslinger","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91640","url":null,"abstract":"This is a review of the elementary particles, quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and strong interactions in QCD theory via gluon exchange between quarks-antiquarks-producing mesons. Some mesons consist of an active gluon in addition to a quark-antiquark. They are called hybrid mesons. We also review the possible detection of the quark-gluon plasma, the consistuent of the universe until about 10 (cid:1) 4 s after the Big Bang, via relativistic heavy ion collisions (RHIC) producing heavy quark hybrid mesons.","PeriodicalId":433612,"journal":{"name":"Accelerators and Colliders","volume":"109 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121997807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-19DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.91767
Jie Wang, Sheng Wang
As we all know, vacuum system is the essential part for the accelerators and colliders, which provide the vacuum environment to minimize beam-gas interactions and maintain normal operation of the beams. With the proposals of future accelerators and colliders, such as Future Circular Collider (FCC), Super Proton-Proton Collider (SPPC), and International Linear Collider (ILC), it is time to review and focus on the key technologies involved in the optimization designs of the vacuum system of various kinds of accelerators and colliders. High vacuum gradient and electron cloud are the key issues for the vacuum system design of high-energy accelerators and colliders. This chapter gives a brief overview of these two key issues of vacuum system design and operations in high-energy, highintensity, and high-luminosity accelerators and collider.
{"title":"Some Key Issues of Vacuum System Design in Accelerators and Colliders","authors":"Jie Wang, Sheng Wang","doi":"10.5772/intechopen.91767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91767","url":null,"abstract":"As we all know, vacuum system is the essential part for the accelerators and colliders, which provide the vacuum environment to minimize beam-gas interactions and maintain normal operation of the beams. With the proposals of future accelerators and colliders, such as Future Circular Collider (FCC), Super Proton-Proton Collider (SPPC), and International Linear Collider (ILC), it is time to review and focus on the key technologies involved in the optimization designs of the vacuum system of various kinds of accelerators and colliders. High vacuum gradient and electron cloud are the key issues for the vacuum system design of high-energy accelerators and colliders. This chapter gives a brief overview of these two key issues of vacuum system design and operations in high-energy, highintensity, and high-luminosity accelerators and collider.","PeriodicalId":433612,"journal":{"name":"Accelerators and Colliders","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115086746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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