Pub Date : 2007-10-29DOI: 10.1109/PCICON.2007.4365792
L.B. Farr, T. Farr
Reduced voltage motor starting has advantages and issues that must be understood when applying these technologies. This paper addresses these considerations on primary reactor, autotransformer, star delta and solid-state reduced voltage starters.
{"title":"Considerations in Medium Voltage Reduced Voltage Motor Starting the Good, the Bad and the Ugly","authors":"L.B. Farr, T. Farr","doi":"10.1109/PCICON.2007.4365792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PCICON.2007.4365792","url":null,"abstract":"Reduced voltage motor starting has advantages and issues that must be understood when applying these technologies. This paper addresses these considerations on primary reactor, autotransformer, star delta and solid-state reduced voltage starters.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"384 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125401261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-24DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286283
G. Stone, I. Culbert
To improve motor reliability and move to predictive maintenance for motors, tools are needed to assess the condition of the windings. There are several old and new test methods that have gained popularity with AC squirrel cage induction motor maintenance specialists. These include: ldr current signature analysis ldr growler ldr insulation resistance and polarization index ldr surge testing ldr partial discharge testing. The first two are applicable to find rotor winding problems, while the rest are intended for the stator winding. Each of these tests is critically examined and evaluated for: effectiveness; which windings/types of machines the test is effective; limitations; ease of performance and ease of interpretation. Recent changes to relevant IEEE and IEC standards concerning these tests are also highlighted.
{"title":"Electrical Testing of Low and Medium Voltage Motors","authors":"G. Stone, I. Culbert","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286283","url":null,"abstract":"To improve motor reliability and move to predictive maintenance for motors, tools are needed to assess the condition of the windings. There are several old and new test methods that have gained popularity with AC squirrel cage induction motor maintenance specialists. These include: ldr current signature analysis ldr growler ldr insulation resistance and polarization index ldr surge testing ldr partial discharge testing. The first two are applicable to find rotor winding problems, while the rest are intended for the stator winding. Each of these tests is critically examined and evaluated for: effectiveness; which windings/types of machines the test is effective; limitations; ease of performance and ease of interpretation. Recent changes to relevant IEEE and IEC standards concerning these tests are also highlighted.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115698686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-24DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286305
D. Basso, C. Nyberg, C. Yung
Several good papers have been written on the motor repair or replace decision process. Because plant total cost of ownership and reliability are the ultimate goals, the field of motor management has become a popular subject often discussed more than implemented. The intent of this paper is to discuss how the value of total motor management is related to the motor repair or replace decision, and some suggestions on how to get started on evaluating the decision. The plant maintenance process consists not only of planning, but often reacting to maintenance needs. The reaction often overshadows the planning as the urgency of a breakdown takes priority over prevention. Making the correct repair/replace decision can be the key to long-term reliability in the process. While sometimes difficult to implement, motor planning is essential to plant reliability. This paper will show how the motor management process supports the repair vs. replace decision process.
{"title":"The Repair/Replace Decision from a Total Motor Management Perspective","authors":"D. Basso, C. Nyberg, C. Yung","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286305","url":null,"abstract":"Several good papers have been written on the motor repair or replace decision process. Because plant total cost of ownership and reliability are the ultimate goals, the field of motor management has become a popular subject often discussed more than implemented. The intent of this paper is to discuss how the value of total motor management is related to the motor repair or replace decision, and some suggestions on how to get started on evaluating the decision. The plant maintenance process consists not only of planning, but often reacting to maintenance needs. The reaction often overshadows the planning as the urgency of a breakdown takes priority over prevention. Making the correct repair/replace decision can be the key to long-term reliability in the process. While sometimes difficult to implement, motor planning is essential to plant reliability. This paper will show how the motor management process supports the repair vs. replace decision process.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128536844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-24DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286299
T. Griffith, C. Yung, C. Nyberg
This paper describes the changes to IEEE 1068 Standard for the Repair and Rewinding of Electric Motors in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry. Last revised in 1996 as a Recommended Practice, one of the changes during this revision cycle was to upgrade IEEE 1068 to a standard. In February 2007, the IEEE Standards Association accepted a change in the project request to broaden the scope and title to include "other" process industries. This action recognizes the value of the subject and enables direct use of the document by associated severe environment and demanding service industries such as pulp and paper. The document has been reorganized to follow the logical flow-through of a representative motor repair. Numerous updates with respect to available technology have been made. The new standard clarifies the responsibilities of both the end-user and service center.
{"title":"Recent Revisions of IEEE 1068 Standard for the Repair and Rewinding of AC Electric Motors in the Petroleum, Chemical and Process Industries","authors":"T. Griffith, C. Yung, C. Nyberg","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286299","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the changes to IEEE 1068 Standard for the Repair and Rewinding of Electric Motors in the Petroleum and Chemical Industry. Last revised in 1996 as a Recommended Practice, one of the changes during this revision cycle was to upgrade IEEE 1068 to a standard. In February 2007, the IEEE Standards Association accepted a change in the project request to broaden the scope and title to include \"other\" process industries. This action recognizes the value of the subject and enables direct use of the document by associated severe environment and demanding service industries such as pulp and paper. The document has been reorganized to follow the logical flow-through of a representative motor repair. Numerous updates with respect to available technology have been made. The new standard clarifies the responsibilities of both the end-user and service center.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130422042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-24DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286286
D. Moody, G. Custer
Many paper mills utilize steam turbine generators for electrical generation and extraction steam process demands. These generating units are critical to continuous mill operations. To avoid excessive utility power demand costs and for operations continuity of steam loads, turbine generator downtime must be kept to an absolute minimum. Consequently, at many mills with older, brush-type exciters, brushes are changed with the generator on-line. On-line brush changing is recognized by OSHA as a specific energized work task, with associated safety requirements and guidelines which are noted in the regulations. Both voltage and arc flash hazards for this DC system must be addressed to meet requirements of the 2004 edition of NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace. This paper describes a paper mill case study proceeding out of a hazards analysis of subject task with the goal of improving personnel safety through hardware enhancements, training and documented procedures. Specific improvements made to the collector housing system hardware, field ground relaying, over-current protection and alarming are noted and described in detail.
{"title":"Paper Mill Case Study in Safety Improvements for Generator On-Line Brush Changing","authors":"D. Moody, G. Custer","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286286","url":null,"abstract":"Many paper mills utilize steam turbine generators for electrical generation and extraction steam process demands. These generating units are critical to continuous mill operations. To avoid excessive utility power demand costs and for operations continuity of steam loads, turbine generator downtime must be kept to an absolute minimum. Consequently, at many mills with older, brush-type exciters, brushes are changed with the generator on-line. On-line brush changing is recognized by OSHA as a specific energized work task, with associated safety requirements and guidelines which are noted in the regulations. Both voltage and arc flash hazards for this DC system must be addressed to meet requirements of the 2004 edition of NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace. This paper describes a paper mill case study proceeding out of a hazards analysis of subject task with the goal of improving personnel safety through hardware enhancements, training and documented procedures. Specific improvements made to the collector housing system hardware, field ground relaying, over-current protection and alarming are noted and described in detail.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131941930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-24DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286290
J. Kargar, F. Qasemi
In the recent past there has been a lot of discussion in the pulp, paper and power industries regarding the recruitment of young engineers. There is a growing concern of a shrinking talent pool and a pending human resources crisis. There are several published papers that discuss strategies for educating and recruiting up and coming engineers. This paper, however, discusses the expectations and perspective on the job market from the point of view of recent engineering graduates. A survey was conducted of 30 near-graduate and recent graduates of various engineering disciplines asking their motivations for choosing their particular field. From experiences on a university campus, the most effective recruiters are those who actively go after students by: providing meaningful co-op/internship experience as well as by being involved with on-campus information sessions and events. Furthermore, the pulp & paper industry has unique challenges and opportunities with regard to adapting new technologies and the potential benefits to the environment. These attributes of the industry, if presented compellingly, can be used to more effectively attract young engineers.
{"title":"Recruiting Young Engineers to the Pulp & Paper Industry - Perspectives from Recent Graduates","authors":"J. Kargar, F. Qasemi","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286290","url":null,"abstract":"In the recent past there has been a lot of discussion in the pulp, paper and power industries regarding the recruitment of young engineers. There is a growing concern of a shrinking talent pool and a pending human resources crisis. There are several published papers that discuss strategies for educating and recruiting up and coming engineers. This paper, however, discusses the expectations and perspective on the job market from the point of view of recent engineering graduates. A survey was conducted of 30 near-graduate and recent graduates of various engineering disciplines asking their motivations for choosing their particular field. From experiences on a university campus, the most effective recruiters are those who actively go after students by: providing meaningful co-op/internship experience as well as by being involved with on-campus information sessions and events. Furthermore, the pulp & paper industry has unique challenges and opportunities with regard to adapting new technologies and the potential benefits to the environment. These attributes of the industry, if presented compellingly, can be used to more effectively attract young engineers.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114097008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-24DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286302
E. Agamloh, N. Kaufman, K. Butler
The potential energy saving resulting from replacing motors operating in industry, prior to the enactment of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, with NEMAreg Premium motors have been discussed. A methodology for the inclusion of motor reliability in the repair/replace decisions has also been proposed. The data used for the work was obtained from a recently completed project under which the older motors operating in various industries around the country were removed from service and tested for efficiency under laboratory conditions. The displaced motors were replaced by new NEMA Premiumreg motors.
{"title":"The Economics of Pre-EPAct Motors Operating in Industry","authors":"E. Agamloh, N. Kaufman, K. Butler","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286302","url":null,"abstract":"The potential energy saving resulting from replacing motors operating in industry, prior to the enactment of the Energy Policy Act of 1992, with NEMAreg Premium motors have been discussed. A methodology for the inclusion of motor reliability in the repair/replace decisions has also been proposed. The data used for the work was obtained from a recently completed project under which the older motors operating in various industries around the country were removed from service and tested for efficiency under laboratory conditions. The displaced motors were replaced by new NEMA Premiumreg motors.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123786247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-24DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286301
W. Tunnessen, G. Boyd, G. Weed
This panel will discuss the US environmental protection agency's ENERGY STAR program current initiative with pulp and paper companies. The presentation will provide background on how ENERGY STAR works with industrial sectors, development of a plant-level energy performance benchmarking tool, and creation of an energy guide that captures current best practices and energy efficient technology applications.
{"title":"ENERGY STAR Industrial Focus For Pulp and Paper Mills - PPIC 2007 PANEL","authors":"W. Tunnessen, G. Boyd, G. Weed","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286301","url":null,"abstract":"This panel will discuss the US environmental protection agency's ENERGY STAR program current initiative with pulp and paper companies. The presentation will provide background on how ENERGY STAR works with industrial sectors, development of a plant-level energy performance benchmarking tool, and creation of an energy guide that captures current best practices and energy efficient technology applications.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133747653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-24DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286295
D. Dahl, D. Sosnowski, D. Schlegel, R. Kerkman, M. Pennings
This paper evaluates field test measurements and installation details from a field case study of low voltage AC induction motor bearing failures when operated under a pulse width modulated (PWM) voltage source inverter. Recent experience suggests the steep wave fronts increase the magnitude of the above electrical problems, leading to motor bearing material erosion and early mechanical failure. Until recently, bearing failures from shaft currents were predominantly electromagnetically induced. This paper presents three sources for bearing currents and under PWM operation can be both electrostatic and electromagnetic induced. A field methodology for identifying each source and recommended mitigation is presented. First, a brief history of bearing failures is discussed. Next, the application and a system model presented. An extensive field case study from several motor locations is presented following discussion of a methodology and bearing model found useful in field investigations. Field measurements are reviewed indicating both electrostatic and electromagnetic fields are induced within the motor. The measurements and installation details collected from the various sites quantify the variables that contribute to the different measurement results between motor locations. Effects of system components on shaft voltages and bearing currents are evaluated from field measurements and compared to theory. Quantitative results of solutions to shaft voltage and bearing currents are presented.
{"title":"Field Experience Identifying Electrically Induced Bearing Failures","authors":"D. Dahl, D. Sosnowski, D. Schlegel, R. Kerkman, M. Pennings","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286295","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286295","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates field test measurements and installation details from a field case study of low voltage AC induction motor bearing failures when operated under a pulse width modulated (PWM) voltage source inverter. Recent experience suggests the steep wave fronts increase the magnitude of the above electrical problems, leading to motor bearing material erosion and early mechanical failure. Until recently, bearing failures from shaft currents were predominantly electromagnetically induced. This paper presents three sources for bearing currents and under PWM operation can be both electrostatic and electromagnetic induced. A field methodology for identifying each source and recommended mitigation is presented. First, a brief history of bearing failures is discussed. Next, the application and a system model presented. An extensive field case study from several motor locations is presented following discussion of a methodology and bearing model found useful in field investigations. Field measurements are reviewed indicating both electrostatic and electromagnetic fields are induced within the motor. The measurements and installation details collected from the various sites quantify the variables that contribute to the different measurement results between motor locations. Effects of system components on shaft voltages and bearing currents are evaluated from field measurements and compared to theory. Quantitative results of solutions to shaft voltage and bearing currents are presented.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126733723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-06-24DOI: 10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286291
B. Thorp, J. Frederick
Historical biorefinery commercial experience in North America is reviewed. A comprehensive summary of commercial activities in fuels (liquids and gases), bioenergy production, and the biorefinery are presented. There are substantial, commercial activities in North America but the large pulp and paper companies are not in the forefront of this activity. The only pulp and paper companies with commercial biorefinery activities tend to be the smaller or small independent pulp and paper companies. A comparison of the U.S. department of energy (DOE) funded projects with "section 932" grants is made. They show non-pulp and paper companies have considerable pilot experience and have the willingness to risk millions on scale-up for technologies valued by society (i.e., biomass to energy). This willingness gives the non-pulp and paper companies the opportunity to lead and develop technical and commercial experience at the plant scale. A new model will be needed by the pulp and paper industry if it is to avoid losing its historical place as the unquestioned leader in cellulose and lignin separations, conversion technology, and commercial distribution of forest-service products and materials.
{"title":"Biorefineries: Project Comparison Reveals Leadership Gap","authors":"B. Thorp, J. Frederick","doi":"10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/PAPCON.2007.4286291","url":null,"abstract":"Historical biorefinery commercial experience in North America is reviewed. A comprehensive summary of commercial activities in fuels (liquids and gases), bioenergy production, and the biorefinery are presented. There are substantial, commercial activities in North America but the large pulp and paper companies are not in the forefront of this activity. The only pulp and paper companies with commercial biorefinery activities tend to be the smaller or small independent pulp and paper companies. A comparison of the U.S. department of energy (DOE) funded projects with \"section 932\" grants is made. They show non-pulp and paper companies have considerable pilot experience and have the willingness to risk millions on scale-up for technologies valued by society (i.e., biomass to energy). This willingness gives the non-pulp and paper companies the opportunity to lead and develop technical and commercial experience at the plant scale. A new model will be needed by the pulp and paper industry if it is to avoid losing its historical place as the unquestioned leader in cellulose and lignin separations, conversion technology, and commercial distribution of forest-service products and materials.","PeriodicalId":435177,"journal":{"name":"Conference Record of 2007 Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115545736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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