A key concern in utilizing external resources for mobile application execution is a potential loss of data privacy. User data needs to be shipped to possibly untrusted remote nodes for execution. We introduce the concept of data partitioning, where in the user can conveniently identify the sensitive parts of the data, which is then prevented from being shipped to untrusted remote servers.
{"title":"ACM HotMobile 2013 demo: preserving data privacy through data partitioning in mobile application","authors":"M. Al-Mutawa, Shivakant Mishra","doi":"10.1145/2542095.2542102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2542095.2542102","url":null,"abstract":"A key concern in utilizing external resources for mobile application execution is a potential loss of data privacy. User data needs to be shipped to possibly untrusted remote nodes for execution. We introduce the concept of data partitioning, where in the user can conveniently identify the sensitive parts of the data, which is then prevented from being shipped to untrusted remote servers.","PeriodicalId":43578,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Computing and Communications Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89670998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anders Lindgren, B. Ohlman, Karl-Åke Persson, Anders Eriksson, Petteri Pöyhönen, Janne Tuononen, Dirk Kutscher
Large crowds at popular public events often create a high load on the cellular network infrastructure. Operators dimension their networks based on regular demand, and do not want to spend more than is needed for typical peak-loads in one location. The NetInf architecture for information-centric networks and its benefits over IP networks is apparent in this scenario. In this demo, the operation of NetInf and its benefits are shown through a NetInf service API and applications running on Android devices, combined with a backend NetInf infrastructure.
{"title":"ACM HotMobile 2013 demo: mobile ICN applications for an event with large crowds","authors":"Anders Lindgren, B. Ohlman, Karl-Åke Persson, Anders Eriksson, Petteri Pöyhönen, Janne Tuononen, Dirk Kutscher","doi":"10.1145/2542095.2542100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2542095.2542100","url":null,"abstract":"Large crowds at popular public events often create a high load on the cellular network infrastructure. Operators dimension their networks based on regular demand, and do not want to spend more than is needed for typical peak-loads in one location. The NetInf architecture for information-centric networks and its benefits over IP networks is apparent in this scenario. In this demo, the operation of NetInf and its benefits are shown through a NetInf service API and applications running on Android devices, combined with a backend NetInf infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":43578,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Computing and Communications Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85374874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, we design a market-based channel allocation scheme for cognitive radio networks by exploiting multi-attribute channel-aware auctions to consider channel diversity in frequency, time, and space domains. Different from existing research, our objective is to maximize the winning SUs' service satisfaction degree while enhancing the utilities of winning PUs and SUs, which can effectively encourage them to join the auction and improve the sustainability of the spectrum market. Based on an elaborately devised preference function, we allocate channels to SUs satisfying their demands while considering spatial and temporal channel reuse to enhance channel utilization. Moreover, we propose a discriminatory pricing method to enhance the utilities of winning PUs and SUs. A comprehensive analysis indicates that our multi-attribute auction is individually-rational, ex-post budget balanced, value-truthful, and attribute-truthful. Our simulation results indicate that the proposed multi- attribute auction can significantly increase the winners' utilities and ensure SUs' service satisfaction.
{"title":"Truthful multi-attribute auction with discriminatory pricing in cognitive radio networks","authors":"Wei Li, Shengling Wang, Xiuzhen Cheng","doi":"10.1145/2508478.2508482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2508478.2508482","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we design a market-based channel allocation scheme for cognitive radio networks by exploiting multi-attribute channel-aware auctions to consider channel diversity in frequency, time, and space domains. Different from existing research, our objective is to maximize the winning SUs' service satisfaction degree while enhancing the utilities of winning PUs and SUs, which can effectively encourage them to join the auction and improve the sustainability of the spectrum market. Based on an elaborately devised preference function, we allocate channels to SUs satisfying their demands while considering spatial and temporal channel reuse to enhance channel utilization. Moreover, we propose a discriminatory pricing method to enhance the utilities of winning PUs and SUs. A comprehensive analysis indicates that our multi-attribute auction is individually-rational, ex-post budget balanced, value-truthful, and attribute-truthful. Our simulation results indicate that the proposed multi- attribute auction can significantly increase the winners' utilities and ensure SUs' service satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":43578,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Computing and Communications Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84973367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We consider the problem of routing in a highly and variably intermittent wireless network to support delay-intolerant as well as delay tolerant applications. Specifically, the links in such a network are too volatile to maintain a consistent topology, rendering most MANET protocols ineffective. At the same time, store-and-forward (DTN) techniques are not an option due to the need for delay intolerance, and may be unnecessary due to the likely availability of contemporaneous, albeit rapidly changing, paths. We present a novel routing mechanism called FansyRoute, aimed at this challenged region between MANETs and DTNs. FansyRoute adaptively adjusts the number of replications (fan-out) on a per-node basis, taking into account the level of intermittency along the path to the destination and a user-specified tradeoff between delivery expectation and the cost of replication. We study the performance of two FansyRoute schemes on a prime example of such variably intermittently connected networks, namely asynchronously duty-cycled sensor networks. Using ns-3, we compare FansyRoute to OLSR, AODV and Flooding. The results show that in an intermittent network, FansyRoute can deliver 50% more packets than the single path protocols, with less than 5% of the replication incurred by flooding. FansyRoute replicates only when needed and the replication is restricted to the challenged regions of the network.
{"title":"FansyRoute: adaptive fan-out for variably intermittent challenged networks","authors":"S. Dabideen, R. Ramanathan","doi":"10.1145/2505494.2505498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2505494.2505498","url":null,"abstract":"We consider the problem of routing in a highly and variably intermittent wireless network to support delay-intolerant as well as delay tolerant applications. Specifically, the links in such a network are too volatile to maintain a consistent topology, rendering most MANET protocols ineffective. At the same time, store-and-forward (DTN) techniques are not an option due to the need for delay intolerance, and may be unnecessary due to the likely availability of contemporaneous, albeit rapidly changing, paths. We present a novel routing mechanism called FansyRoute, aimed at this challenged region between MANETs and DTNs. FansyRoute adaptively adjusts the number of replications (fan-out) on a per-node basis, taking into account the level of intermittency along the path to the destination and a user-specified tradeoff between delivery expectation and the cost of replication. We study the performance of two FansyRoute schemes on a prime example of such variably intermittently connected networks, namely asynchronously duty-cycled sensor networks. Using ns-3, we compare FansyRoute to OLSR, AODV and Flooding. The results show that in an intermittent network, FansyRoute can deliver 50% more packets than the single path protocols, with less than 5% of the replication incurred by flooding. FansyRoute replicates only when needed and the replication is restricted to the challenged regions of the network.","PeriodicalId":43578,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Computing and Communications Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72574638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Fourteenth Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (ACM HotMobile 2013) was held over 26th and 27th February at Jekyll Island, GA, USA. The workshop brought together approximately 90 researchers from academic and industrial institutions. A total of seventeen papers were presented during six sessions (approximately 31% of the submissions); the workshop also featured a keynote from Thad Starner (Georgia Institute of Technology), a panel on “mobile systems and the developing world” and a poster and demo session (thirteen posters, six demos). Each of the paper and panel sessions were followed by a discussion period. This report summarises the presentations and discussion that took place.
{"title":"The 14th international workshop on mobile computing systems and applications (ACM HotMobile 2013)","authors":"S. Clinch, Marcelo Martins","doi":"10.1145/2505395.2505397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2505395.2505397","url":null,"abstract":"The Fourteenth Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (ACM HotMobile 2013) was held over 26th and 27th February at Jekyll Island, GA, USA. The workshop brought together approximately 90 researchers from academic and industrial institutions. A total of seventeen papers were presented during six sessions (approximately 31% of the submissions); the workshop also featured a keynote from Thad Starner (Georgia Institute of Technology), a panel on “mobile systems and the developing world” and a poster and demo session (thirteen posters, six demos). Each of the paper and panel sessions were followed by a discussion period. This report summarises the presentations and discussion that took place.","PeriodicalId":43578,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Computing and Communications Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79554965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Andrienko, A. Gkoulalas-Divanis, M. Gruteser, Christine Kopp, T. Liebig, K. Rechert
With the emergence of the mobile app ecosystem, user location data has escaped the grip of the tightly regulated telecommunication industry and is now being collected at unprecedented scale and accuracy by mobile advertising, platform, and app providers. This position paper is based on discussions of the authors at the Dagstuhl seminar on Mobility Data Mining and Privacy. It seeks to highlight this shift by providing a tutorial on location data flows and associated privacy risks in this mobile app ecosystem. Moreover, it reflects on the implications of this shift to the mobile privacy research community.
{"title":"Report from Dagstuhl: the liberation of mobile location data and its implications for privacy research","authors":"G. Andrienko, A. Gkoulalas-Divanis, M. Gruteser, Christine Kopp, T. Liebig, K. Rechert","doi":"10.1145/2505395.2505398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2505395.2505398","url":null,"abstract":"With the emergence of the mobile app ecosystem, user location data has escaped the grip of the tightly regulated telecommunication industry and is now being collected at unprecedented scale and accuracy by mobile advertising, platform, and app providers. This position paper is based on discussions of the authors at the Dagstuhl seminar on Mobility Data Mining and Privacy. It seeks to highlight this shift by providing a tutorial on location data flows and associated privacy risks in this mobile app ecosystem. Moreover, it reflects on the implications of this shift to the mobile privacy research community.","PeriodicalId":43578,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Computing and Communications Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89540582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The lack of a clear method to judge a researcher's contribution has recently [1] led to the proposal of a new metric, called Peer Reputation (PR) metric. PR ties the selectivity of a publication venue with the reputation of the first author's institution. In [1], the authors compute PR for a number of networking research publication venues and argue that PR is a better indicator of selectivity than a venue's Acceptance Ratio (AR). We agree that PR is an idea towards the right direction and that it offers substantial information that is missing from AR. Still, we argue in this paper that PR is not adequate by itself in giving a solid evaluation of a researcher's contribution. In our study, we discuss and evaluate quantitatively the points on which PR does not sufficiently serve its purpose. To evaluate PR, we have gathered data for 11 conferences belonging to different research fields (networking, informatics and electronics), between 2008-2011. We also use three different rankings of doctoral programs in USA and two world university rankings, to study how they influence the PR results.
{"title":"Not so snap a judgement: discussing the peer reputation metric","authors":"Orestis-Stavros Loizides, P. Koutsakis","doi":"10.1145/2505395.2505400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2505395.2505400","url":null,"abstract":"The lack of a clear method to judge a researcher's contribution has recently [1] led to the proposal of a new metric, called Peer Reputation (PR) metric. PR ties the selectivity of a publication venue with the reputation of the first author's institution. In [1], the authors compute PR for a number of networking research publication venues and argue that PR is a better indicator of selectivity than a venue's Acceptance Ratio (AR). We agree that PR is an idea towards the right direction and that it offers substantial information that is missing from AR. Still, we argue in this paper that PR is not adequate by itself in giving a solid evaluation of a researcher's contribution. In our study, we discuss and evaluate quantitatively the points on which PR does not sufficiently serve its purpose. To evaluate PR, we have gathered data for 11 conferences belonging to different research fields (networking, informatics and electronics), between 2008-2011. We also use three different rankings of doctoral programs in USA and two world university rankings, to study how they influence the PR results.","PeriodicalId":43578,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Computing and Communications Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81864340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Flávia Coimbra Delicato, J. Portocarrero, José R. Silva, Paulo F. Pires, Rodrigo P. M. de Araújo, T. Batista
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate in a highly heterogeneous and dynamic scenario. On one hand, there is a wide range of potential applications for WSNs, each one with different features and requirements and defining a different mission for the sensor nodes to accomplish. On the other hand, the execution context regarding the devices, networks and the physical environment around is subject to frequent changes. In order to achieve the best network performance while meeting requirements of different application missions and contexts, it is crucial to endow the WSN with customization and adaptation capabilities. Such capabilities should be preferably provided by a middleware layer that translates application missions to network configuration in a transparent way for the final users and client applications. This middleware should also provide facilities to program the WSN nodes, to access sensor generated data and to promote interoperability among different applications and networks. To tackle these challenges, we propose MARINE (MiddlewAre for Resource and mIssion-oriented sensor NEtworks), a WSN middleware built on REST and microkernel architectural patterns. MARINE tailors the WSN to requirements of each application mission while saving the overall resource consumption in sensor nodes.
{"title":"MARINE: MiddlewAre for resource and mIssion-oriented sensor NEtworks","authors":"Flávia Coimbra Delicato, J. Portocarrero, José R. Silva, Paulo F. Pires, Rodrigo P. M. de Araújo, T. Batista","doi":"10.1145/2502935.2502944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2502935.2502944","url":null,"abstract":"Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) operate in a highly heterogeneous and dynamic scenario. On one hand, there is a wide range of potential applications for WSNs, each one with different features and requirements and defining a different mission for the sensor nodes to accomplish. On the other hand, the execution context regarding the devices, networks and the physical environment around is subject to frequent changes. In order to achieve the best network performance while meeting requirements of different application missions and contexts, it is crucial to endow the WSN with customization and adaptation capabilities. Such capabilities should be preferably provided by a middleware layer that translates application missions to network configuration in a transparent way for the final users and client applications. This middleware should also provide facilities to program the WSN nodes, to access sensor generated data and to promote interoperability among different applications and networks. To tackle these challenges, we propose MARINE (MiddlewAre for Resource and mIssion-oriented sensor NEtworks), a WSN middleware built on REST and microkernel architectural patterns. MARINE tailors the WSN to requirements of each application mission while saving the overall resource consumption in sensor nodes.","PeriodicalId":43578,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Computing and Communications Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82772105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Le, Prasanthi Maddala, Craig L. Gutterman, Kyle Soska, A. Dutta, D. Saha, P. Wolniansky, D. Grunwald, I. Seskar
This paper presents an overview of a Cognitive Radio Kit, an open software defined radio framework developed specifically to enable experimental research in cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum techniques. Currently available open software defined platforms are limited by performance and bandwidth constraints, and inadequate frequency tuning range at the RF front-end. The proposed platform addressed those limitations by providing the ability to dynamically add hardware based acceleration for baseband processing, coupled with up to four wide-tuning range RF front-ends. The challenge resides in defining the architecture and programming model for the platform. All those considerations along with an application example are discussed and presented in this paper.
{"title":"Cognitive radio kit framework: experimental platform for dynamic spectrum research","authors":"K. Le, Prasanthi Maddala, Craig L. Gutterman, Kyle Soska, A. Dutta, D. Saha, P. Wolniansky, D. Grunwald, I. Seskar","doi":"10.1145/2348688.2348692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2348688.2348692","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an overview of a Cognitive Radio Kit, an open software defined radio framework developed specifically to enable experimental research in cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum techniques. Currently available open software defined platforms are limited by performance and bandwidth constraints, and inadequate frequency tuning range at the RF front-end.\u0000 The proposed platform addressed those limitations by providing the ability to dynamically add hardware based acceleration for baseband processing, coupled with up to four wide-tuning range RF front-ends. The challenge resides in defining the architecture and programming model for the platform. All those considerations along with an application example are discussed and presented in this paper.","PeriodicalId":43578,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Computing and Communications Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75797169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The design of Ripple-2, a wireless in-situ soil moisture sensing system is presented in this paper. The main objective of such system is to collect high fidelity and fine grained data both spatially and temporally compared to radar remote sensing, which is the more traditional way of capturing soil moisture, and to use the former to validate and calibrate the latter. To do so, the in-site sensor network must cover a sufficiently large area, on the order of at least a few square kilometers. At the same time, cost constraints (both in deployment and in maintenance) puts a limit on the total number of sensor nodes, resulting in a very sparse (on average) network. The main challenge in designing the system lies in achieving reliability and energy efficiency in such a sparse network. For instance, in our pilot deployment, a 200mx400m area is covered by 22 nodes (average inter-node distance > 50m). Traditional WSN technology typically calls for many more nodes to be deployed in such an area. Ripple-2 is introduced as a non-traditional WSN architecture where (1) the network is physically and logically segmented into isolated clusters, (2) a regular node (or end device, ED) only communicates with the cluster head (CH) of its segment, and (3) the ED-CH communication is distinct from the CH-sink (or CH-Data Server) and both links can use virtually any kind of point-to-point wireless technology. We use both simulated and empirical results to demonstrate the effectiveness of Ripple-2; it proves to be ideal for low duty-cycle data collection applications due to its exceptional small network overhead (typically smaller than 1%) and its robustness to the size of the network.
本文介绍了一种名为Ripple-2的无线原位土壤湿度传感系统的设计。该系统的主要目标是，与传统的土壤湿度捕获方式雷达遥感相比，在空间和时间上收集高保真度和细粒度的数据，并利用前者对后者进行验证和校准。要做到这一点，现场传感器网络必须覆盖足够大的区域，至少几平方公里。同时，成本约束(包括部署和维护)限制了传感器节点的总数，导致网络非常稀疏(平均)。设计该系统的主要挑战在于如何在这种稀疏网络中实现可靠性和能效。例如，在我们的试点部署中，一个200mx400m的区域被22个节点覆盖(节点间平均距离> 50m)。传统的WSN技术通常需要在这样的区域部署更多的节点。riple -2是作为一种非传统的WSN架构引入的，其中(1)网络在物理上和逻辑上被分割成孤立的集群，(2)常规节点(或终端设备，ED)仅与其段的集群头(CH)通信，以及(3)ED-CH通信与CH-sink(或CH- data Server)不同，两个链路几乎可以使用任何类型的点对点无线技术。我们使用模拟和实证结果来证明Ripple-2的有效性;由于其非常小的网络开销(通常小于1%)和对网络大小的鲁棒性，它被证明是低占空比数据收集应用程序的理想选择。
{"title":"Ripple-2: a non-collaborative, asynchronous, and open architecture for highly-scalable and low duty-cycle WSNs","authors":"Agnelo R. Silva, M. Liu, M. Moghaddam","doi":"10.1145/2502935.2502945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1145/2502935.2502945","url":null,"abstract":"The design of Ripple-2, a wireless in-situ soil moisture sensing system is presented in this paper. The main objective of such system is to collect high fidelity and fine grained data both spatially and temporally compared to radar remote sensing, which is the more traditional way of capturing soil moisture, and to use the former to validate and calibrate the latter. To do so, the in-site sensor network must cover a sufficiently large area, on the order of at least a few square kilometers. At the same time, cost constraints (both in deployment and in maintenance) puts a limit on the total number of sensor nodes, resulting in a very sparse (on average) network. The main challenge in designing the system lies in achieving reliability and energy efficiency in such a sparse network. For instance, in our pilot deployment, a 200mx400m area is covered by 22 nodes (average inter-node distance > 50m). Traditional WSN technology typically calls for many more nodes to be deployed in such an area. Ripple-2 is introduced as a non-traditional WSN architecture where (1) the network is physically and logically segmented into isolated clusters, (2) a regular node (or end device, ED) only communicates with the cluster head (CH) of its segment, and (3) the ED-CH communication is distinct from the CH-sink (or CH-Data Server) and both links can use virtually any kind of point-to-point wireless technology. We use both simulated and empirical results to demonstrate the effectiveness of Ripple-2; it proves to be ideal for low duty-cycle data collection applications due to its exceptional small network overhead (typically smaller than 1%) and its robustness to the size of the network.","PeriodicalId":43578,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Computing and Communications Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81273260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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