Obere Extremitaet-Schulter-Ellenbogen-Hand-Upper Extremity-Shoulder Elbow Hand最新文献

Around one third of humeral fractures and 2-6% of all fractures occur to the distal part of the humerus. There is a bimodal distribution differentiating between young male patients with high-energy and elderly female patients with low-energy trauma related to osteoporosis. The AO classification and Dubberley subclassification are used in daily routine. Most fractures are diagnosed on radiographs. For further evaluation, three-dimensional computed tomography is recommended, especially for comminuted or complex fractures. Owing to the long immobilization and resultant poor functional outcome, conservative treatment is followed for inoperable patients. The operative approach and osteosynthesis depend on the fracture pattern. In A1 avulsion fractures, open reduction and screw fixation are recommended. In A2/A3 fractures, a triceps-sparing approach following a 90° double-plate construction (radial dorsal/ulnar lateral) with locking plates is favored. Partial articular B1/B2 fractures are exposed via a medial or lateral approach using unilateral locking plates to stabilize the medial/lateral column. Coronal shear fractures (B3) are classified after Dubberley and are treated via an extended Kocher approach and headless compression screws in anteroposterior direction. If there is a further posterior comminution or a lateral column fragment, stabilization is needed for the lateral/medial column with a precontoured locking plate. In solely articular fracture patterns, a dorsal approach with either a 90° or 180° double-plate construction is advised. If a reconstruction is not possible owing to fracture complexity or bone quality, total elbow arthroplasty is a viable option. However, lifelong limitation in weight-bearing up to 5 kg, limited longevity, and the potential for complicated revision surgery should be considered.

Background: This study analyzed the indications for conservative management of isolated greater tuberosity (GT) fractures. The rate of secondary interventions for failed conservative treatment was also assessed.

Methods: A retrospective data evaluation of isolated GT fractures was performed from the clinical database of two level-I trauma centers from January 2010 to June 2017. Conservatively treated GT fractures were identified and subdivided according to etiology, morphology, and amount of initial displacement. Secondary surgical interventions were recorded and subcategorized into fracture-associated interventions and interventions for associated soft tissue lesions.

Results: We identified 114 fractures. Nine cases were excluded because patients refused surgery or their comorbidities ruled it out. Only two of the remaining 105 patients had an initial displacement >3 mm. All other GT fractures (n = 103, 98%) were not displaced or only slightly displaced (0-3 mm). The fracture was associated with an anterior shoulder dislocation in 39 cases (37%); 17 patients (16.2%) underwent surgery after primary conservative treatment. Four of these 17 patients presented with a secondary displacement of the GT fragment. In all other cases (76.5%), an associated soft tissue lesion necessitated revision surgery. Young age, anterior shoulder dislocation, and concomitant injuries were risk factors for revision surgery after primary conservative treatment.

Conclusion: Secondary interventions are required more frequently after shoulder dislocation. Surgery is most likely required for associated soft tissue lesions rather than for secondary displacements. Thus, detailed physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging should be used to screen for concomitant soft tissue injuries accompanying GT fractures to prevent revision surgeries.

Background: Recurrence rates after primary traumatic shoulder dislocation are distinctly high. We hypothesized that concomitant isolated fractures of the greater tuberosity are associated with low rates of persistent instability but decreased range of motion.

Methods: Between 2007 and 2013, 66 consecutive shoulders in 64 patients were treated for primary shoulder dislocation combined with an isolated fracture of the greater tuberosity with either a nonsurgical (48 shoulders, 72.7%) or surgical (18 shoulders, 27.3%) treatment approach. In all, 55 cases (83.3%) were available for clinical follow-up examination after an average of 59.0 ± 20.7 months (range: 25-96 months) and of these, 48 (72.7%) patients consented to radiological evaluation to determine healing and position of the greater tuberosity.

Results: The mean range of motion of the affected shoulder was significantly decreased by 9° of elevation (p = 0.016), 11° of abduction (p = 0.048), 9° of external rotation in 0° of abduction (p = 0.005), and 10° of external rotation in 90° of abduction (p = 0.001), compared with the unaffected shoulder. The mean WOSI score was 373 ± 486 points, the mean Constant and Murley score was 75.1 ± 19.4 points, and the mean Rowe score was 83 ± 20 points. Three cases (5.5%) of re-dislocation were reported among the cohort, all of them were due to a relevant trauma. Radiological evaluation revealed anatomically healed fragments in 31 shoulders (65%), dislocation of the fragment in ten shoulders (21%), impaction into the humeral head in four shoulders (8%), and absorption in three shoulders (6%).

Conclusion: A concomitant isolated fracture of the greater tuberosity leads to low recurrence rates along with a significant decrease in range of motion after primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation.

Background: The current study investigated the clinical outcome of open elbow dislocations, focusing on the influence of associated soft tissue and bone injury.

Patients and methods: From October 2008 to August 2015, 230 patients with elbow dislocations were treated at the study center. Our retrospective study comprised 21 cases of open elbow dislocations. The mean age of patients was 49 years (20-83 years); there were six (29%) female and 15 (71%) male patients. The range of motion (ROM) of the injured and uninjured elbow was measured, and the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), Mayo Wrist Score (MWS), and Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score were assessed. Complications and revision surgeries were recorded. The influence of the severity of soft tissue injury (I°/II° open vs. III° open) and type of dislocation (simple vs. complex) was evaluated.

Results: After a 57-month follow-up (range, 24-98 months), the mean DASH score was 20 ± 15, the MEPS was 82 ± 11, and the MWS was 74 ± 22. The ROM of the injured elbow was significantly decreased compared with the uninjured one (arc of ulnohumeral motion: 104° vs. 137°; p = 0.001). Patients with I°/II° open elbow dislocations had a better clinical outcome according to the MEPS (86 ± 11 vs. 76 ± 9; p = 0.045) and a comparable outcome according to the DASH score (19 ± 18 vs. 21 ± 9; p = 0.238). In all, 11 patients (52%) had postoperative complications and 11 patients underwent at least one revision surgery. Complex elbow dislocations had significantly more complications and revision surgeries than simple dislocations (77% vs. 13%; p = 0.008).

Conclusion: Favorable clinical outcomes can be achieved after treatment of open elbow dislocations. These injuries are prone to neurovascular damage and complex dislocations are linked to high rates of complications and revision surgeries.