Diabetic retinopathy (DR) affects the small vessels of the eye and is the leading cause of blindness in people on reproductive age; however, less than half of patients are aware of their condition; therefore, early detection and treatment is essential to combat it. There are currently multiple technologies for DR detection, some of which are already commercially available. To understand how these technologies work, we must know first some basic concepts about artificial intelligence (AI) such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). ML is the basic process by which AI incorporates new data using different algorithms and thus creates new knowledge on its base, learns from it, and makes determinations and predictions on some subject based on all that information. AI can be presented at various levels. DL is a specific type of ML, which trains a computer to perform tasks as humans do, such as speech recognition, image identification, or making predictions. DL has shown promising diagnostic performance in image recognition, being widely adopted in many domains, including medicine. For general image analysis, it has achieved strong results in various medical specialties such as radiology dermatology and in particular for ophthalmology. We will review how this technology is constantly evolving which are the available systems and their task in real world as well as the several challenges, such as medicolegal implications, ethics, and clinical deployment model needed to accelerate the translation of these new algorithms technologies into the global health-care environment.
{"title":"Artificial intelligence use in diabetes","authors":"D. Pelayes, Josephine A. Mendoza, A. Folgar","doi":"10.25259/lajo_4_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/lajo_4_2022","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic retinopathy (DR) affects the small vessels of the eye and is the leading cause of blindness in people on reproductive age; however, less than half of patients are aware of their condition; therefore, early detection and treatment is essential to combat it. There are currently multiple technologies for DR detection, some of which are already commercially available. To understand how these technologies work, we must know first some basic concepts about artificial intelligence (AI) such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). ML is the basic process by which AI incorporates new data using different algorithms and thus creates new knowledge on its base, learns from it, and makes determinations and predictions on some subject based on all that information. AI can be presented at various levels. DL is a specific type of ML, which trains a computer to perform tasks as humans do, such as speech recognition, image identification, or making predictions. DL has shown promising diagnostic performance in image recognition, being widely adopted in many domains, including medicine. For general image analysis, it has achieved strong results in various medical specialties such as radiology dermatology and in particular for ophthalmology. We will review how this technology is constantly evolving which are the available systems and their task in real world as well as the several challenges, such as medicolegal implications, ethics, and clinical deployment model needed to accelerate the translation of these new algorithms technologies into the global health-care environment.","PeriodicalId":437914,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126320105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adult onset xanthogranuloma is one of the very uncommon four varieties of adult xanthogranulomatous disease diagnosed mostly by characteristic histology. The work focuses on excision of the mass in the control of recurrence and associated periocular manifestations. The entity of above case report is very rare and unique and needs proper treatment and careful follow-up to prevent cosmetic disfigurement.
{"title":"Infraorbital adult onset xanthogranuloma associated with eccentric proptosis – A rare case report","authors":"B. Das","doi":"10.25259/lajo_7_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/lajo_7_2022","url":null,"abstract":"Adult onset xanthogranuloma is one of the very uncommon four varieties of adult xanthogranulomatous disease diagnosed mostly by characteristic histology. The work focuses on excision of the mass in the control of recurrence and associated periocular manifestations. The entity of above case report is very rare and unique and needs proper treatment and careful follow-up to prevent cosmetic disfigurement.","PeriodicalId":437914,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124088420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
René Cano-Hidalgo, Tatiana Urrea-Victoria, J. H. Kim-Lee
The aim of the study was to evaluate pre-operative, intraoperative, and post-operative factors associated with functional and anatomical success in patients with diabetic tractional retinal detachment (TRD) treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with diabetic TRD surgically repaired with PPV between March 2014 and February 2015 at the Instituto de Oftalmología Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana, IAP in Mexico City. A total of 250 records were reviewed and 85 met the inclusion criteria. Pre-operative, intraoperative, and post-operative variables were obtained from all records. Statistical analysis included Fisher’s exact test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Mann–Whitney U test. A total of 88 eyes of 85 patients were included in the study. The average patient age at the time of the surgery was 51.53 years (SD ± 11.99). At post-operative month (POM) 1, a greater pre-operative serum creatinine value and a greater surgical duration were associated with a worse anatomical success (P = 0.032; P = 0.014). At POM 1, 31% of the eyes with macula-involved TRD and 57.5% of the eyes without macula-involved TRD achieved visual success (P = 0.013, Fisher’s exact test). A greater pre-operative serum creatinine value was associated with a worse visual and anatomical outcome at POM 1. A macula-involved TRD was associated with a worse visual outcome at POM 3. Post-operative complications were associated with a worse functional and/or anatomical success at the final follow-up visit (P < 0.05).
{"title":"Serum creatinine as a predictor of functional and anatomical success in diabetic tractional retinal detachment","authors":"René Cano-Hidalgo, Tatiana Urrea-Victoria, J. H. Kim-Lee","doi":"10.25259/lajo_8_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/lajo_8_2022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The aim of the study was to evaluate pre-operative, intraoperative, and post-operative factors associated with functional and anatomical success in patients with diabetic tractional retinal detachment (TRD) treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with diabetic TRD surgically repaired with PPV between March 2014 and February 2015 at the Instituto de Oftalmología Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana, IAP in Mexico City. A total of 250 records were reviewed and 85 met the inclusion criteria. Pre-operative, intraoperative, and post-operative variables were obtained from all records. Statistical analysis included Fisher’s exact test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Mann–Whitney U test.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A total of 88 eyes of 85 patients were included in the study. The average patient age at the time of the surgery was 51.53 years (SD ± 11.99). At post-operative month (POM) 1, a greater pre-operative serum creatinine value and a greater surgical duration were associated with a worse anatomical success (P = 0.032; P = 0.014). At POM 1, 31% of the eyes with macula-involved TRD and 57.5% of the eyes without macula-involved TRD achieved visual success (P = 0.013, Fisher’s exact test).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A greater pre-operative serum creatinine value was associated with a worse visual and anatomical outcome at POM 1. A macula-involved TRD was associated with a worse visual outcome at POM 3. Post-operative complications were associated with a worse functional and/or anatomical success at the final follow-up visit (P < 0.05).\u0000","PeriodicalId":437914,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129541500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Kaushik, Eram Riyaz, Ankita Singh, Anju Pannu, S. Srikanth, Rahul Anargh
The pandemic has forced the health-care system to adopt newer approach toward patient care. With the changing scenario of health-care delivery, ophthalmologists had to bring about several changes in the way, the patients are seen and operated on. Contact procedures were entirely restricted to emergencies while modifications were introduced to minimize the exposure of the surgeon. However, these modifications were introduced just keeping in mind the spread of infection. The probability that these modifications could affect the optics in ophthalmology is high and cannot be ruled out. The aim of the study was to highlight the effects of modifications introduced in ophthalmic equipment during the pandemic over the visibility for the surgeon and discuss its impact on patient care in ophthalmology. Thorough search of the literature on PubMed using keywords, visibility and personal protective equipment (PPE), fogging and PPE, face mask and fogging, aberrations and PPE, and surgeries and PPE were done. We found 35 articles which highlighted the effects on visibility with PPE and effects on eyes with prolonged wearing of masks. Several factors have contributed to reduction in visibility for the surgeon. These factors have, in turn, affected the overall quality of examination and surgical outcome in ophthalmology. The use of PPE during the pandemic could have been a contributory factor for missing relevant findings during examination of patients. For ophthalmologists in particular, the visibility and optics play a crucial role in the management of the patient and have been invariable affected by introduction of modifications at the instrument and surgeon level.
{"title":"How COVID-19 affected pivots of Ophthalmology? The optics and the eyes","authors":"J. Kaushik, Eram Riyaz, Ankita Singh, Anju Pannu, S. Srikanth, Rahul Anargh","doi":"10.25259/lajo_6_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/lajo_6_2022","url":null,"abstract":"The pandemic has forced the health-care system to adopt newer approach toward patient care. With the changing scenario of health-care delivery, ophthalmologists had to bring about several changes in the way, the patients are seen and operated on. Contact procedures were entirely restricted to emergencies while modifications were introduced to minimize the exposure of the surgeon. However, these modifications were introduced just keeping in mind the spread of infection. The probability that these modifications could affect the optics in ophthalmology is high and cannot be ruled out. The aim of the study was to highlight the effects of modifications introduced in ophthalmic equipment during the pandemic over the visibility for the surgeon and discuss its impact on patient care in ophthalmology. Thorough search of the literature on PubMed using keywords, visibility and personal protective equipment (PPE), fogging and PPE, face mask and fogging, aberrations and PPE, and surgeries and PPE were done. We found 35 articles which highlighted the effects on visibility with PPE and effects on eyes with prolonged wearing of masks. Several factors have contributed to reduction in visibility for the surgeon. These factors have, in turn, affected the overall quality of examination and surgical outcome in ophthalmology. The use of PPE during the pandemic could have been a contributory factor for missing relevant findings during examination of patients. For ophthalmologists in particular, the visibility and optics play a crucial role in the management of the patient and have been invariable affected by introduction of modifications at the instrument and surgeon level.","PeriodicalId":437914,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122874556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miguel A. Quiroz-Reyes, E. Quiroz-Gonzalez, M. Quiroz-Gonzalez, A. Alsaber, V. Lima-Gómez
Limited data are available on the long-term perfusional status of patients who have undergone successful surgery for giant retinal tear (GRT) macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). This study examines the long-term outcomes in eyes treated for varying degrees of GRT-associated RRD extensions and compared them with two control groups. Twenty-five emmetropic normal eyes (control emmetropic), 20 healthy myopic eyes (control myopic), and 33 eyes surgically treated for GRT (surgical) were included in this study for a comparison of long-term structural, perfusional, and functional outcomes. The surgical eyes were categorized based on degree of GRT-associated RRD extension: 19 eyes with GRT-associated RRD extension <180° and 14 eyes with extension >180°. The eyes were further separated by whether they required placement of a complementary 360° scleral buckle. The mean age of the patients was 55.18 years and the mean pre-operative evolution of GRT was 2.36 weeks. The average pre- and post-operative best-corrected visual acuities (BCVAs) were 1.90 logMAR and 0.59 logMAR, respectively, which were different with statistical significance. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy resulted in multiple surgeries in nine eyes (27.3%). Long-term post-operative optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed 11 eyes (33.3%) with abnormal foveal contour, 13 eyes (39.4%) with ellipsoid zone disruption, two eyes with dissociated optic nerve fiber layer defects, and 15 eyes (45.4%) with external limiting membrane line discontinuities. OCT angiography yielded abnormal perfusion indices in the surgically treated eyes (P < 0.0001). Correlation analysis found that post-surgical BCVA was negatively correlated with superficial foveal avascular zone area, superficial parafoveal vessel density, and central subfoveal thickness, while positively correlated with choriocapillaris flow area. Our data showed that eyes with GRT-associated RRD have multiple structural alterations in spectral-domain OCT biomarkers that are correlated with visual outcomes. Despite successful retina reattachment without proliferation, management of GRT-associated RRD remains challenging.
{"title":"Long-term Post-operative perfusion outcomes in giant retinal tears treated with and without scleral buckling","authors":"Miguel A. Quiroz-Reyes, E. Quiroz-Gonzalez, M. Quiroz-Gonzalez, A. Alsaber, V. Lima-Gómez","doi":"10.25259/lajo_2_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/lajo_2_2022","url":null,"abstract":"Limited data are available on the long-term perfusional status of patients who have undergone successful surgery for giant retinal tear (GRT) macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). This study examines the long-term outcomes in eyes treated for varying degrees of GRT-associated RRD extensions and compared them with two control groups. Twenty-five emmetropic normal eyes (control emmetropic), 20 healthy myopic eyes (control myopic), and 33 eyes surgically treated for GRT (surgical) were included in this study for a comparison of long-term structural, perfusional, and functional outcomes. The surgical eyes were categorized based on degree of GRT-associated RRD extension: 19 eyes with GRT-associated RRD extension <180° and 14 eyes with extension >180°. The eyes were further separated by whether they required placement of a complementary 360° scleral buckle. The mean age of the patients was 55.18 years and the mean pre-operative evolution of GRT was 2.36 weeks. The average pre- and post-operative best-corrected visual acuities (BCVAs) were 1.90 logMAR and 0.59 logMAR, respectively, which were different with statistical significance. Proliferative vitreoretinopathy resulted in multiple surgeries in nine eyes (27.3%). Long-term post-operative optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed 11 eyes (33.3%) with abnormal foveal contour, 13 eyes (39.4%) with ellipsoid zone disruption, two eyes with dissociated optic nerve fiber layer defects, and 15 eyes (45.4%) with external limiting membrane line discontinuities. OCT angiography yielded abnormal perfusion indices in the surgically treated eyes (P < 0.0001). Correlation analysis found that post-surgical BCVA was negatively correlated with superficial foveal avascular zone area, superficial parafoveal vessel density, and central subfoveal thickness, while positively correlated with choriocapillaris flow area. Our data showed that eyes with GRT-associated RRD have multiple structural alterations in spectral-domain OCT biomarkers that are correlated with visual outcomes. Despite successful retina reattachment without proliferation, management of GRT-associated RRD remains challenging.","PeriodicalId":437914,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121567986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drug-induced angle-closure glaucoma is an emergency associated with potentially vision threatening side effects. There are various classes of drugs which induce acute angle-closure glaucoma. Topiramate is an oral sulfa-based drug used for seizure, migraine, and neuropathic pain. There are published case reports of topiramate-induced angle-closure which can mimic acute angle-closure glaucoma. We present a case of a 32-year-old female who developed bilateral angle-closure glaucoma secondary to topiramate.
{"title":"Topiramate-induced acute angle-closure glaucoma: A case report and review of literature","authors":"Rishi Sharma, J. Kaushik","doi":"10.25259/lajo_3_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/lajo_3_2022","url":null,"abstract":"Drug-induced angle-closure glaucoma is an emergency associated with potentially vision threatening side effects. There are various classes of drugs which induce acute angle-closure glaucoma. Topiramate is an oral sulfa-based drug used for seizure, migraine, and neuropathic pain. There are published case reports of topiramate-induced angle-closure which can mimic acute angle-closure glaucoma. We present a case of a 32-year-old female who developed bilateral angle-closure glaucoma secondary to topiramate.","PeriodicalId":437914,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128946237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this paper is to present a diagnostic algorithm for a controversial topic in ophthalmic oncology, small pigmented choroidal tumors (<3 mm thick). Nineteen consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of small choroidal pigmented tumors were included in the study. The group of patients studied consisted of 9 patients (47.36%) female and 10 patients (52.64%) male, the age range was 14–68 years. All cases were ophthalmologically evaluated, including best-corrected visual acuity, anterior and posterior segment biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure, binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, and as additional complementary examinations, ocular ultrasound was performed, which in 100% of the cases was inconclusive, optical coherence tomography, autofluorescence, and angiography in selected cases according to location and symptomatology. In 13 patients (68.50%), transvitreous puncture was performed with or without vitrectomy. Trans-scleral puncture was performed in 6 patients (31.50%), located at the equator (4 patients) and ciliary body (2 patients). Post-surgical follow-up was performed within the first 3 weeks after the procedure and then controlled every 3 months within the 1st year. The material obtained by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was placed in non-hemolytic preservative liquid. Hematoxylin and eosin, Pas, Masson’s trichrome, and immunohistochemistry (HMB 45, MELAN A, PROT. S-100 base) were performed. The yield of cytologic material was 100% in the sampled patients. The most frequent complication was subretinal hemorrhage in three patients with transvitreous access and two patients with trans-scleral access, in all cases, there was a favorable evolution without requiring further action. In three patients, there were mild vitreous hemorrhages that resolved spontaneously, all of them had undergone transvitreous access. In TPPC of less, we propose a diagnostic algorithm with FNA to obtain cytological sample which allows not only the diagnosis of certainty to indicate treatment but also to determine cytological and molecular prognostic factors that allow classifying melanoma of high or low grade and potentially in case of metastatic disease to indicate systemic treatments. We believe that it is essential to diagnose this type of lesions in which a diagnosis of certainty is required. The alternative is the observation that we consider potentially dangerous in these cases.
本文的目的是提出一个诊断算法在眼科肿瘤学的一个有争议的话题，小色素脉络膜肿瘤(< 3mm厚)。连续19例临床诊断为小脉络膜色素肿瘤的患者被纳入研究。本组患者中女性9例(47.36%)，男性10例(52.64%)，年龄14 ~ 68岁。所有病例均接受眼科检查，包括最佳矫正视力、前、后段生物显微镜检查、眼压检查、双眼间接眼镜检查，并作为补充检查，进行眼部超声检查(100%的病例没有结论)，光学相干断层扫描、自身荧光检查，根据部位和症状选择病例进行血管造影检查。13例(68.50%)患者行玻璃体穿刺同时或不同时行玻璃体切除术。经巩膜穿刺6例(31.50%)，位于赤道(4例)和睫状体(2例)。术后3周随访，术后1年内每3个月随访一次。细针抽吸(FNA)获得的材料置于非溶血性保存液中。苏木精和伊红，Pas，马松三色和免疫组织化学(hmb45, MELAN A, PROT。S-100基)。样本患者细胞学物质的产率为100%。最常见的并发症是3例经玻璃体入路患者和2例经巩膜入路患者的视网膜下出血，所有病例均有良好的进展，无需进一步治疗。3例患者有轻度玻璃体出血，自行消退，均经玻璃体入路。在较少的TPPC中，我们提出了一种使用FNA获得细胞学样本的诊断算法，该算法不仅可以确定诊断以指示治疗，还可以确定细胞学和分子预后因素，从而可以对高或低级别黑色素瘤进行分类，并可能在转移疾病的情况下指示全身治疗。我们认为，诊断这种类型的病变是必要的，诊断的确定性是必需的。另一种选择是我们认为在这些情况下有潜在危险的观察结果。
{"title":"Diagnostic algorithm in small pigmented choroid tumors (less than 3 mm thick)","authors":"D. Pelayes, A. Folgar, P. Chiaradia, J. Zárate","doi":"10.25259/lajo_5_2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/lajo_5_2021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The aim of this paper is to present a diagnostic algorithm for a controversial topic in ophthalmic oncology, small pigmented choroidal tumors (<3 mm thick).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Nineteen consecutive patients with a clinical diagnosis of small choroidal pigmented tumors were included in the study. The group of patients studied consisted of 9 patients (47.36%) female and 10 patients (52.64%) male, the age range was 14–68 years. All cases were ophthalmologically evaluated, including best-corrected visual acuity, anterior and posterior segment biomicroscopy, intraocular pressure, binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, and as additional complementary examinations, ocular ultrasound was performed, which in 100% of the cases was inconclusive, optical coherence tomography, autofluorescence, and angiography in selected cases according to location and symptomatology. In 13 patients (68.50%), transvitreous puncture was performed with or without vitrectomy. Trans-scleral puncture was performed in 6 patients (31.50%), located at the equator (4 patients) and ciliary body (2 patients). Post-surgical follow-up was performed within the first 3 weeks after the procedure and then controlled every 3 months within the 1st year. The material obtained by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) was placed in non-hemolytic preservative liquid. Hematoxylin and eosin, Pas, Masson’s trichrome, and immunohistochemistry (HMB 45, MELAN A, PROT. S-100 base) were performed.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The yield of cytologic material was 100% in the sampled patients. The most frequent complication was subretinal hemorrhage in three patients with transvitreous access and two patients with trans-scleral access, in all cases, there was a favorable evolution without requiring further action. In three patients, there were mild vitreous hemorrhages that resolved spontaneously, all of them had undergone transvitreous access.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In TPPC of less, we propose a diagnostic algorithm with FNA to obtain cytological sample which allows not only the diagnosis of certainty to indicate treatment but also to determine cytological and molecular prognostic factors that allow classifying melanoma of high or low grade and potentially in case of metastatic disease to indicate systemic treatments. We believe that it is essential to diagnose this type of lesions in which a diagnosis of certainty is required. The alternative is the observation that we consider potentially dangerous in these cases.\u0000","PeriodicalId":437914,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"129 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128965545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) is slow growing, but the most aggressive and lethal eyelid malignancy. Histologically, SGC can be classified based on cell types, cytoarchitecture, and growth patterns. A previously published article illustrates the molecular genetic framework stating the drivers of sebaceous carcinoma. Today, every effort has been made to treat and eradicate ocular disease, therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate management are required to use a multimodal approach that can reduce the mortality rate in patients with SGC. Treatment with the conventional technique has improved visual and systemic prognosis, however, therapeutic target to treat cancer is a much better option than other modalities. Thus, new insight into the natural and molecular-oriented treatment modalities may lead to the development of new effective strategies, along with the conventional method.
{"title":"Sebaceous gland carcinoma of ocular region in India: A brief literature review for disease management","authors":"Ankit Srivastava, Sarangpani Sharan","doi":"10.25259/lajo_6_2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/lajo_6_2021","url":null,"abstract":"Sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC) is slow growing, but the most aggressive and lethal eyelid malignancy. Histologically, SGC can be classified based on cell types, cytoarchitecture, and growth patterns. A previously published article illustrates the molecular genetic framework stating the drivers of sebaceous carcinoma. Today, every effort has been made to treat and eradicate ocular disease, therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate management are required to use a multimodal approach that can reduce the mortality rate in patients with SGC. Treatment with the conventional technique has improved visual and systemic prognosis, however, therapeutic target to treat cancer is a much better option than other modalities. Thus, new insight into the natural and molecular-oriented treatment modalities may lead to the development of new effective strategies, along with the conventional method.","PeriodicalId":437914,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"102 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115154075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The objective of the study was to describe and evaluate the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in the fellow eyes of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) using swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). This was a transversal, retrospective, and observational study. The SFCT was measured in patients with unilateral CSC using SS-OCT. The choroidal thickness in symptomatic and fellow eyes was measured using the attached measuring software in SS-OCT. The SFCT dimension was obtained from the horizontal section under the foveal center from the OCT data and these data were analyzed. The mean age of subjects undergoing imaging SS-OCT was 44.23 years old (standard deviation, 11.57). 30 out of 60 patients (63.3%) were men, and 20 (33.3%) patients had acute clinical disease. The median choroidal thicknesses of the affected eyes were greater than those of the unaffected fellow eyes (P = 0.06). The choroidal thickness measured in 120 eyes of (60 patients) was 421 µm (interquartile range 352–490), which was greater than the choroidal thickness reported in normal eyes. The measuring of the choroidal thickness using SS-OCT is useful as a non-invasive technique to evaluate the subclinical choroidal abnormalities in CSC.
{"title":"Pachychoroid as a biomarker using optical coherence tomography – swept-source in central serous choroidopathy","authors":"Rene Alfredo Cano Hidalgo, Tatiana Urrea","doi":"10.25259/LAJO-7-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/LAJO-7-2019","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The objective of the study was to describe and evaluate the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in the fellow eyes of patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) using swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This was a transversal, retrospective, and observational study. The SFCT was measured in patients with unilateral CSC using SS-OCT. The choroidal thickness in symptomatic and fellow eyes was measured using the attached measuring software in SS-OCT. The SFCT dimension was obtained from the horizontal section under the foveal center from the OCT data and these data were analyzed.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The mean age of subjects undergoing imaging SS-OCT was 44.23 years old (standard deviation, 11.57). 30 out of 60 patients (63.3%) were men, and 20 (33.3%) patients had acute clinical disease. The median choroidal thicknesses of the affected eyes were greater than those of the unaffected fellow eyes (P = 0.06). The choroidal thickness measured in 120 eyes of (60 patients) was 421 µm (interquartile range 352–490), which was greater than the choroidal thickness reported in normal eyes.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The measuring of the choroidal thickness using SS-OCT is useful as a non-invasive technique to evaluate the subclinical choroidal abnormalities in CSC.\u0000","PeriodicalId":437914,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126174883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Robert J. Purgert, Jose J. Echegaray, S. Lauer, Arun D. Singh
Choroidal osteoma is a choristomatous lesion postulated to be congenital in nature. Described herein is the case of a 16-year- old female presenting with a peripapillary lesion diagnosed as choroidal osteoma on multimodal imaging. Routine fundus photography 18 months before presentation demonstrated a normal retina and choroid without evidence of the lesion. Overall, this report provides evidence that choroidal osteoma may be acquired and not always congenital in origin.
{"title":"Acquired choroidal osteoma","authors":"Robert J. Purgert, Jose J. Echegaray, S. Lauer, Arun D. Singh","doi":"10.25259/LAJO-3-2019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/LAJO-3-2019","url":null,"abstract":"Choroidal osteoma is a choristomatous lesion postulated to be congenital in nature. Described herein is the case of a 16-year- old female presenting with a peripapillary lesion diagnosed as choroidal osteoma on multimodal imaging. Routine fundus photography 18 months before presentation demonstrated a normal retina and choroid without evidence of the lesion. Overall, this report provides evidence that choroidal osteoma may be acquired and not always congenital in origin.","PeriodicalId":437914,"journal":{"name":"Latin American Journal of Ophthalmology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130835587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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