Pub Date : 2021-01-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190092887.003.0004
Derek H. Chollet
This chapter examines how Eisenhower, H. W. Bush, and Obama reacted when their foreign policy strategies were tested by crises and unexpected events. This chapter revisits Eisenhower’s aid to besieged French forces at Dien Bien Phu in Vietnam in 1954. It also discusses his handling of two crises in October 1956 over Suez and the Soviet invasion in Hungary, just days before his reelection. It examines how Bush led the United States during the critical period of 1991—with the aftermath of the first Persian Gulf War and the collapse of the Soviet Union after a failed coup in August 1991. Finally, the chapter also analyzes how Obama approached the Arab Spring, which started in 2011, specifically focusing on his response to conflicts in Libya and Syria.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-21DOI: 10.4135/9781446279137.n981
Derek H. Chollet
This chapter looks closely at Eisenhower, H. W. Bush, and Obama’s leadership styles and worldviews. It asks how presidents from different backgrounds and life experiences ended up in the White House embracing a similar centrist approach to foreign policy. It explores how these leaders saw themselves, tracing how their worldview evolved. It speculates on what experiences shaped them, looking particularly at Eisenhower’s work in Panama in the 1920s, Bush’s tenure as US Ambassador to China in the 1970s, and Obama’s early childhood in Indonesia in the 1960s. It also explores some of the shared attributes of their leadership worldview, specifically pragmatism, empathy, and tragedy.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190092887.003.0006
Derek H. Chollet
This chapter discusses the legacies that Eisenhower, H. W. Bush, and Obama left behind. It traces how perceptions of these presidents changed over time and evaluates how their example of leadership stands in history’s light, making the case for the enduring relevance of the Middle Way. It subsequently extrapolates lessons these presidents offer for presidential leadership and US foreign policy today: recognizing the limits of power; appreciating the value of incremental change, rewarding strategic foresight, maintaining tragic optimism, embracing moderation as a virtue.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190092887.003.0003
Derek H. Chollet
This chapter explores what Eisenhower, H. W. Bush, and Obama set out to achieve in foreign policy—explaining the initial strategic choices they made once in office, how they formulated them, and what influenced their thinking. It analyzes Eisenhower’s effort to build a foundation for US foreign policy in the early Cold War years and devise a sustainable concept of containment; Bush’s attempts to understand the nature of change in the Soviet Union and the possibilities for superpower cooperation, especially how to define American foreign policy after the Cold War; and Obama’s work to promote a foreign policy based on “smart power” and to “rebalance” US foreign policy to address twenty-first-century geopolitical shifts after inheriting a catastrophic economic crisis at home.
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Pub Date : 2021-01-21DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190092887.003.0005
Derek H. Chollet
This chapter focuses on the politics of foreign policy. It recounts the bitter, and ultimately crippling, political brawls that Eisenhower, Bush, and Obama fought over their foreign policies. The chapter dives into Eisenhower’s battle with “America First” nationalists and his disagreements over national security with Senators Robert A. Taft and Joseph McCarthy. It discusses some of the forces undergirding Bush’s humiliating defeat after only one term in office, including the wounds inflicted by a resurgent “America First” movement and populist leaders such as Pat Buchanan and Ross Perot. The chapter documents the political turbulence of the Obama years, including his defining struggle against those who ridiculed his foreign policies as weak and defeatist. Finally, the chapter charts the role of Taft, McCarthy, Buchanan, and Perot in shaping the combustible politics of foreign policy in the 2010s and today.
这一章的重点是外交政策的政治。它讲述了艾森豪威尔、布什和奥巴马为各自的外交政策而进行的激烈的、最终导致严重后果的政治争吵。这一章深入探讨了艾森豪威尔与“美国优先”民族主义者的斗争，以及他与参议员罗伯特·塔夫脱(Robert A. Taft)和约瑟夫·麦卡锡(Joseph McCarthy)在国家安全问题上的分歧。书中讨论了布什在一届任期后耻辱地失败的一些原因，包括“美国优先”运动的复苏以及帕特·布坎南(Pat Buchanan)和罗斯·佩罗(Ross Perot)等民粹主义领导人造成的创伤。这一章记录了奥巴马执政时期的政治动荡，包括他与那些嘲笑他外交政策软弱和失败主义的人的斗争。最后，本章描绘了塔夫脱、麦卡锡、布坎南和佩罗在塑造2010年代和今天的外交政策中所扮演的角色。
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Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9781618114105-003
{"title":"CHAPTER SIX. The Relation to the Other: Religious Tolerance","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781618114105-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618114105-003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":437929,"journal":{"name":"The Middle Way","volume":"586 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116069121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.1515/9781618114099-004
{"title":"Introduction: The New Middle Way and Its Proponents","authors":"","doi":"10.1515/9781618114099-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/9781618114099-004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":437929,"journal":{"name":"The Middle Way","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131667477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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