Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1080/01440365.2023.2274686
David Foster
Conveyances with informal agreements to hold for the benefit of the transferor initially proved efficacious in avoiding statutory forfeiture provisions. In the late sixteenth century, the equity side of the Exchequer developed a capacious doctrine of revenue fraud designed to capture such informal arrangements and to subject the transferor to liability for crown forfeitures. Initially drawing inspiration from the ‘badges of fraud’ in the Statute of Fraudulent Conveyances 1571, the Exchequer quickly lowered the evidentiary threshold required to prove a conveyance fraudulent. A key badge of fraud was an ‘entrusting’ of the transferee by the transferor. The presence of a conveyance ‘in trust’ eventually became the sole evidence required to hold certain conveyances fraudulent under the statute. In the longer term, these cases became the precedential basis for holding the beneficiary’s right under a trust liable to forfeiture as a matter of doctrine.
为了转让人的利益而签订非正式协议的交通工具最初证明在避免法定没收规定方面是有效的。在16世纪后期，财政部的公平方面发展了一套宽泛的税收欺诈理论，旨在捕捉这种非正式安排，并使转让者承担没收王冠的责任。最初，英国财政部从1571年《欺诈性转让法规》(Statute of欺诈性转让)中的“欺诈徽章”(badges of fraud)中汲取灵感，迅速降低了证明转让欺诈所需的证据门槛。欺诈的一个关键标志是转让人对受让人的“委托”。根据该法规，“信托”转让的存在最终成为认定某些转让具有欺诈性所需的唯一证据。从较长期来看，这些案件成为将信托下的受益人权利作为一种理论问题予以没收的先例依据。
{"title":"Fraud, Trusts and Trusting: Enforcing Crown Forfeitures in Equity, <i>c.</i> 1570–1620","authors":"David Foster","doi":"10.1080/01440365.2023.2274686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440365.2023.2274686","url":null,"abstract":"Conveyances with informal agreements to hold for the benefit of the transferor initially proved efficacious in avoiding statutory forfeiture provisions. In the late sixteenth century, the equity side of the Exchequer developed a capacious doctrine of revenue fraud designed to capture such informal arrangements and to subject the transferor to liability for crown forfeitures. Initially drawing inspiration from the ‘badges of fraud’ in the Statute of Fraudulent Conveyances 1571, the Exchequer quickly lowered the evidentiary threshold required to prove a conveyance fraudulent. A key badge of fraud was an ‘entrusting’ of the transferee by the transferor. The presence of a conveyance ‘in trust’ eventually became the sole evidence required to hold certain conveyances fraudulent under the statute. In the longer term, these cases became the precedential basis for holding the beneficiary’s right under a trust liable to forfeiture as a matter of doctrine.","PeriodicalId":43796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal History","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135636471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1080/01440365.2023.2274689
Andrew Lewis
"Custom, Law, and Monarchy: A Legal History of Early Modern France." The Journal of Legal History, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2
习俗、法律与君主政体:近代早期法国法律史>。《法律史杂志》，印刷前，第1-2页
{"title":"Custom, Law, and Monarchy: A Legal History of Early Modern France <b>Custom, Law, and Monarchy: A Legal History of Early Modern France</b> , by Marie Seong-Hak Kim, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2021, v + 246pp, £75 (hardback), ISBN: 9780192845498","authors":"Andrew Lewis","doi":"10.1080/01440365.2023.2274689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440365.2023.2274689","url":null,"abstract":"\"Custom, Law, and Monarchy: A Legal History of Early Modern France.\" The Journal of Legal History, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2","PeriodicalId":43796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal History","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135635965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1080/01440365.2023.2274693
Fleur Stolker
This article examines the foundations of bankruptcy law in England. Rather than looking at the bankruptcy statutes that were aimed at fraudulent insolvent debtors, it analyses debt settlements of honest insolvent debtors awarded by the court of Chancery between 1543 and 1628. It shows that these agreements were not only aimed at relieving creditors, but also financially rehabilitated debtors if they had become insolvent for reasons beyond their own control. Most debt settlements in the period were awarded following a bill of conformity procedure, in which a minority of creditors could be forced to agree to a settlement. Up to 1621 it was standard practice for debt settlements to include financial rehabilitation. The Chancery ordered delay of payment, part and full discharges of debts or alternative payment plans. Political struggles and fraudulent practices in the early 1620s ended this highly pragmatic practice, which was only to be restored centuries later.
本文考察了英国破产法的基础。本文没有研究针对欺诈性破产债务人的破产法规，而是分析了衡平法院(court of Chancery)在1543年至1628年间裁定的诚实破产债务人的债务和解。它表明，这些协定的目的不仅在于救济债权人，而且也在于使债务人在财政上得到恢复，如果它们由于自身无法控制的原因而破产的话。在本报告所述期间，大多数债务解决方案都是按照一种符合规定的程序作出的，在这种程序中，少数债权人可能被迫同意一项解决方案。直到1621年，债务解决的标准做法包括财务恢复。衡平法官处命令延期付款、部分或全部清偿债务或采取其他付款计划。1620年代早期的政治斗争和欺诈行为终结了这种高度实用主义的做法，几个世纪后才得以恢复。
{"title":"The Forgotten History of Bankruptcy, 1543–1624","authors":"Fleur Stolker","doi":"10.1080/01440365.2023.2274693","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440365.2023.2274693","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the foundations of bankruptcy law in England. Rather than looking at the bankruptcy statutes that were aimed at fraudulent insolvent debtors, it analyses debt settlements of honest insolvent debtors awarded by the court of Chancery between 1543 and 1628. It shows that these agreements were not only aimed at relieving creditors, but also financially rehabilitated debtors if they had become insolvent for reasons beyond their own control. Most debt settlements in the period were awarded following a bill of conformity procedure, in which a minority of creditors could be forced to agree to a settlement. Up to 1621 it was standard practice for debt settlements to include financial rehabilitation. The Chancery ordered delay of payment, part and full discharges of debts or alternative payment plans. Political struggles and fraudulent practices in the early 1620s ended this highly pragmatic practice, which was only to be restored centuries later.","PeriodicalId":43796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal History","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136069318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1080/01440365.2023.2274696
Meghan Woolley
ABSTRACTThis article examines how litigants from the 1190s through the 1270s combined final concords with other forms of documentary and symbolic agreement: affirmations given through letters and in court, homage, and charters. The end of the twelfth century through the mid-thirteenth century saw the growth of the royal courts as a more standardized and powerful legal system. Over this period, litigants increasingly trusted final concords as a secure way to transfer land and rights and to settle disputes. At the same time, they continued to combine final concords with other forms of agreement. This enabled them to expand concords beyond the principal parties to other claimants and authority figures. By layering multiple types of documentary and symbolic acts, litigants were also able to connect to both administrative and personal authority, and to reinforce agreements within their local social networks. These patterns show how early final concords, despite their routine form, were flexible enough to accommodate individual needs. Litigants’ ability to deploy these documents creatively demonstrates the overall flexibility of the early common law, and its space for continuity with earlier approaches to dispute resolution.KEYWORDS: Final concordscommon lawhomagecharterstwelfth centurythirteenth centuryfinesdocumentary culturedispute settlement AcknowledgmentsResearch for this article was conducted with the support of the Medieval Academy of America and the Huntington Library. I am grateful to Jehangir Malegam, John Hudson, Kristen Neuschel, William Reddy, and Marcus Bull, who read an early version of this project, and to William Eves, who provided insightful feedback. I would also like to thank the journal’s anonymous reviewers, who provided suggestions based on great care and attention. Any errors that remain are mine, but there certainly would have been more of them without the reviewers’ work.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Frederick Pollock and Frederic William Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2 vols., 2nd ed., Cambridge, 1905, vol.1, 297.2 William Eves, ‘Collusive Litigation in the Early Years of the English Common Law: The Use of Mort D’Ancestor for Conveyancing Purposes c. 1198–1230’, 41 The Journal of Legal History (2020), 227–256, here 228; John Hudson, The Oxford History of the Laws of England: 871–1216 (The Oxford History of the Laws of England 2), Oxford, 2012, 523; Doris Stenton, English Justice between the Norman Conquest and the Great Charter 1066–1215 (Jeyne Lectures for 1963), Philadelphia, 1964, 51; C.W. Foster, Final Concords of the County of Lincoln from the Feet of Fines Preserved in the Public Record Office, A. D. 1244–1272; with Additions from Various Sources, A. D. 1176–1250, 2 vols. (Publications of the Lincoln Record Society 17), Horncastle, 1920, vol.2, x.3 Litigants’ efforts to use common law actions and documents in ways beyond the
11保罗·布兰德，《永恒:英国中世纪普通法中试图控制未来的修辞和现实》，载于j·a·伯罗和伊恩·p·魏主编。，《中世纪的未来:对中世纪未来的态度》，伍德布里奇出版社，2000年第101期，第101 - 103.12页。布拉克顿规定，从结算到交付康科德有十五天的时间。梅特兰认为，在实践中会使用更长的一年和一天:Henricus de Bracton, de Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae, ed. George E. Woodbine，译。塞缪尔·埃德蒙·索恩，4卷。马萨诸塞州剑桥市(Cambridge)， 1968，卷4,355-356;波洛克和梅特兰，英国法律的历史，第2卷，102;参见Eves，“串通诉讼”，231-232.13 Brand，“永久存在”，103.14 Hudson, Oxford History of Laws of England, vol.2, 594.15对于最终和解的挑战，参见国家档案馆:公共记录办公室(PRO) SC 1/10/79。这是一个罕见的，而不是具有代表性的案例。林肯伯爵亨利·德·莱西是一位与爱德华一世关系密切的重要政治人物，他有足够的影响力来扭曲标准的法律程序。关于必须通过后来的债券加强的最终协和条款，见坎特伯雷大教堂档案CCA-DCc-ChAnt/L/372A和CCA-DCc-ChAnt/H/128.16 PRO E 40/8596)Eves， '串通诉讼'，228;海姆斯，《作为早期普通法渊源的宪章》，179;芭芭拉·多德威尔主编，《诺福克郡约翰国王统治时期罚款的脚》，1201-1215年(管辊协会出版物70)，伦敦，1958年，xxii .18Eves，“串通诉讼”，232-233.19 Hyams，“宪章作为早期普通法的来源”，179.20 Eves，“串通诉讼”，234-235.21 Eves，“串通诉讼”，235-236。关于Eves评估合谋的方法的完整描述，我试图在这里遵循，参见同上235-239.22 Ethel Stokes, Warwickshire Feet of fine(出版社Dugdale Society 11)，编辑，Frederick wellstand, 3卷。Stokes, Warwickshire Feet of fine, vol.1, case 787;PRO CP 25/1/244/21，“让我们有一个和谐的事实，测试利益，评估和自愿的Rogeri”。另一个例子是考文垂和利奇菲尔德主教在1233-34年间向法官发送专利信，见斯托克斯，沃里克郡罚款之脚，第1卷，案例504.24斯托克斯，沃里克郡罚款之脚，第1卷，案例260;PRO CP 25/1/243/11-22.25 William Farrer，“兰开斯特郡罚款:亨利二世和理查一世”，载于William Farrer主编，《兰开斯特郡最后的协议》，第1部分，1189-1307(兰开斯特郡和柴郡记录协会39)，爱丁堡，1899，理查一世，编号。在标准的呈递程序中，主教授权当地的总执事引导新牧师进入教堂。在1127年至1541年间的里士满，大主教执事被赋予了通常属于约克大主教的大部分权力和职责，包括监督当地神职人员:约书亚·塔特，中世纪英格兰的权力和正义:赞助法和皇家法院，纽黑文，2022,15-16;H.B.霍尔，里士满郡教堂，伦敦，1910年，23日法勒，《兰开夏郡罚款:亨利二世和理查一世》，理查一世，第113.28号泰特，《中世纪英格兰的权力与正义》，16.29《名单13:里士满的大主教》，载于戴安娜E.格林威主编，《英国教会法》1066-1300:第6卷，约克，伦敦，1999年，47-52 n.122: 2023.30年9月27日访问。1196年对尤斯塔斯来说是忙碌的一年，但不是他最忙的一年。他后来成为伊利的主教和皇家大法官;Dorothy M. Owen，“尤斯塔斯(1215年)，伊利的行政长官和主教”，牛津国家传记词典，2023年9月27日访问。31 Glenn Kumhera，和平的好处:中世纪后期意大利的私人和平，莱顿，2017年，128,155.32这一概述来自Bracton，写于1220年代。哈德逊，牛津，英国法律史，第2卷，546.33哈德逊，约翰，土地，法律，和领主在盎格鲁-诺曼英格兰，牛津，1997年，197-199.34法雷尔，“兰开夏郡的法律:亨利二世和理查一世”，30-39亨利三世，no.119.35关于玛蒂尔达·德·索林顿和威廉·德·温威克家族的背景，见托马斯·布鲁克，科克斯和修道院的圣堂(切特姆协会新系列39)，编辑威廉·法雷尔，第1卷第2部分，曼彻斯特，1898年，231,n.1。这一最后的和解也被抄录到科克桑修道院的章程中，同上，233.36斯托克斯，沃里克郡罚金之脚，卷一，案件426.37。关于纠纷的完整描述，见法雷尔，“兰开夏罚金:亨利二世和理查一世”，30-39亨利三世，n.3.38法雷尔，“兰开夏罚金:亨利二世和理查一世”。《亨利二世和理查一世》，12-19《亨利三世》，第32页39节这个案子发生在1246年的约克郡，PRO JUST 1/1045 m.2.40霍恩比修道院是克罗克斯顿修道院的一个小修道院。41 F.M.波维克，《布罗姆霍尔姆宣誓》，《英国历史评论》56(1941)，529页，第547页。 42 Farrer，《兰开夏罚款:亨利二世和理查一世》，30-39《亨利三世》，no.102.43尽管妇女的继承权得到普遍承认，但她们的遗产比男性更容易受到争夺和剥削:Harriet Lily Kersey，“13世纪英格兰的贵族女性继承和财产持有”，论文提交给坎特伯雷基督教堂大学哲学博士学位，2017年，238-62.44 Stokes, Warwickshire Feet of ines, vol.1, case 417。双方都被描述为“拉尔夫的儿子”，所以他们很可能是兄弟，尽管不能确定斯托克斯，沃里克郡罚金之脚，第1卷，案件448.47 PRO JUST 1/951A m.15。48 .托马斯在两份不同的认罪书中作为当事人出现，尽管他和罗杰·德·维辛顿之间的认罪书没有出现，这表明此案是合谋的法雷尔，《兰开夏郡罚款:亨利二世和理查一世》，30-39《亨利三世》，no.111.49 PRO JUST 1/404 m.9.50法雷尔，《兰开夏郡罚款:亨利二世和理查一世》，1-12约翰，no。61和30-39亨利三世，104号。Stokes, Warwickshire Feet of罚金，案例123,127,150,277,702和955.51 Stokes将这个案例的日期定在约翰五世(1203-1204)，手稿与当年的其他最后协议一起保存在国家档案馆。在罚款顶部的注释中，C.A.F. Meekings将罚款归咎于亨利三世(1220-1221)。至少在AALT的数字化版本中，约会条款几乎是难以辨认的。Pro cp 25/1/242/10/136。感谢这篇文章的一位匿名评论者，他将文章的出处归功于meeking52 Stokes, Warwickshire Feet
{"title":"Better than Just Fine: Combining Final Concords with Documentary and Symbolic Practices","authors":"Meghan Woolley","doi":"10.1080/01440365.2023.2274696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440365.2023.2274696","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article examines how litigants from the 1190s through the 1270s combined final concords with other forms of documentary and symbolic agreement: affirmations given through letters and in court, homage, and charters. The end of the twelfth century through the mid-thirteenth century saw the growth of the royal courts as a more standardized and powerful legal system. Over this period, litigants increasingly trusted final concords as a secure way to transfer land and rights and to settle disputes. At the same time, they continued to combine final concords with other forms of agreement. This enabled them to expand concords beyond the principal parties to other claimants and authority figures. By layering multiple types of documentary and symbolic acts, litigants were also able to connect to both administrative and personal authority, and to reinforce agreements within their local social networks. These patterns show how early final concords, despite their routine form, were flexible enough to accommodate individual needs. Litigants’ ability to deploy these documents creatively demonstrates the overall flexibility of the early common law, and its space for continuity with earlier approaches to dispute resolution.KEYWORDS: Final concordscommon lawhomagecharterstwelfth centurythirteenth centuryfinesdocumentary culturedispute settlement AcknowledgmentsResearch for this article was conducted with the support of the Medieval Academy of America and the Huntington Library. I am grateful to Jehangir Malegam, John Hudson, Kristen Neuschel, William Reddy, and Marcus Bull, who read an early version of this project, and to William Eves, who provided insightful feedback. I would also like to thank the journal’s anonymous reviewers, who provided suggestions based on great care and attention. Any errors that remain are mine, but there certainly would have been more of them without the reviewers’ work.Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Frederick Pollock and Frederic William Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2 vols., 2nd ed., Cambridge, 1905, vol.1, 297.2 William Eves, ‘Collusive Litigation in the Early Years of the English Common Law: The Use of Mort D’Ancestor for Conveyancing Purposes c. 1198–1230’, 41 The Journal of Legal History (2020), 227–256, here 228; John Hudson, The Oxford History of the Laws of England: 871–1216 (The Oxford History of the Laws of England 2), Oxford, 2012, 523; Doris Stenton, English Justice between the Norman Conquest and the Great Charter 1066–1215 (Jeyne Lectures for 1963), Philadelphia, 1964, 51; C.W. Foster, Final Concords of the County of Lincoln from the Feet of Fines Preserved in the Public Record Office, A. D. 1244–1272; with Additions from Various Sources, A. D. 1176–1250, 2 vols. (Publications of the Lincoln Record Society 17), Horncastle, 1920, vol.2, x.3 Litigants’ efforts to use common law actions and documents in ways beyond the","PeriodicalId":43796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal History","volume":"373 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136069722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-27DOI: 10.1080/01440365.2023.2274692
Helen Rutherford
{"title":"Armed with Sword and Scales: Law, Culture, and Local Courtrooms in London, 1860-1913 <b>Armed with Sword and Scales: Law, Culture, and Local Courtrooms in London, 1860-1913</b> , by Sascha Auerbach, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2021, xxii + 403 pp, £75 (hardback), ISBN 9781108491556","authors":"Helen Rutherford","doi":"10.1080/01440365.2023.2274692","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440365.2023.2274692","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal History","volume":"11 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136262247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1080/01440365.2023.2274688
Victoria Hooton
{"title":"Providing for the Poor: The Old Poor Law, 1750-1834 <b>Providing for the Poor: The Old Poor Law, 1750-1834</b> , by Peter Collinge and Louise Falcini, London, University of London Press, 2022, xi + 227pp.(including index), £24.99 (paperback), ISBN: 9781914477119","authors":"Victoria Hooton","doi":"10.1080/01440365.2023.2274688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440365.2023.2274688","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal History","volume":"C-26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135169055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/01440365.2023.2225891
Ciarán McCabe
{"title":"Law and religion in Ireland, 1700–1970","authors":"Ciarán McCabe","doi":"10.1080/01440365.2023.2225891","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440365.2023.2225891","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal History","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136375490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1080/01440365.2023.2225890
Lisa Cowan
{"title":"Principle and Pragmatism in Roman Law","authors":"Lisa Cowan","doi":"10.1080/01440365.2023.2225890","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440365.2023.2225890","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal History","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136375494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.1080/01440365.2012.730253
Richard W. Ireland
{"title":"The Ascent of the Detective: Police Sleuths in Victorian and Edwardian England","authors":"Richard W. Ireland","doi":"10.1080/01440365.2012.730253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01440365.2012.730253","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":43796,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Legal History","volume":"35 1","pages":"340 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/01440365.2012.730253","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59103325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：