Lisbet Finseth, Lindsay Milliken, Tricia White, Michael Fisher
Policy decisions should be informed by science, but legislators and their teams have limited capacity to connect with evidence-based resources and the expert community. By strengthening ties between science and policy, these two domains can be more readily integrated when making policy decisions. We established a process for building science and technology councils for Members of Congress, which function as a platform for scientists and legislators to engage. Legislators were selected by gauging the potential for objective, nonpartisan information from scientists to inform their work, as well as their offices’ prioritization of science policy issues. Experts with deep knowledge of these scientific issues were vetted, recruited, and appointed to the councils, and Members of Congress were connected to their designated councils. This bridging of science and policy demonstrates a platform that scientists can utilize to communicate objective, policy-relevant research and analysis as a trusted source of information, leading to more scientifically informed policy decision-making.
{"title":"The Development of Science and Technology Councils for Members of Congress","authors":"Lisbet Finseth, Lindsay Milliken, Tricia White, Michael Fisher","doi":"10.38126/jspg190103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg190103","url":null,"abstract":"Policy decisions should be informed by science, but legislators and their teams have limited capacity to connect with evidence-based resources and the expert community. By strengthening ties between science and policy, these two domains can be more readily integrated when making policy decisions. We established a process for building science and technology councils for Members of Congress, which function as a platform for scientists and legislators to engage. Legislators were selected by gauging the potential for objective, nonpartisan information from scientists to inform their work, as well as their offices’ prioritization of science policy issues. Experts with deep knowledge of these scientific issues were vetted, recruited, and appointed to the councils, and Members of Congress were connected to their designated councils. This bridging of science and policy demonstrates a platform that scientists can utilize to communicate objective, policy-relevant research and analysis as a trusted source of information, leading to more scientifically informed policy decision-making.","PeriodicalId":438080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"8 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133293212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rachael King, B. Polidoro, Karen Watanabe, T. Avery
Fish consumption advisories provide valuable information on the protection of human health from contaminated fish consumption, yet are rarely conducted comprehensively nor communicated widely. Environmental policies that fail to adequately develop and implement fish consumption advisory programs are largely to blame. This policy analysis delves into the strengths and weaknesses of current fish consumption advisory programs in the United States and Canada. To compare between these countries, fish consumption advisory programs were broadly described across all 50 US states and 13 Canadian provinces/territories. Two case studies were chosen to provide a more detailed look into the complexities of fish consumption advisory programs (Arizona and Nova Scotia). It is apparent from this research that fish consumption advisory programs and policies do not comprehensively address human health and environmental justice concerns in either country suggesting policy changes are necessary. Opportunities for and barriers to regulatory change in both countries were identified, and suggestions on sharing strong policies were provided. Finally, international frameworks aimed at improving fish consumption advisory programs were explored, mainly those used by the European Union. Environmental justice and human health concerns will only increase given changing environments and emerging toxicological issues; therefore, increased focus on fish consumption advisory programs is warranted. This focus should consider policy change in particular because it can codify human health and environmental justice protections upon which stronger fish consumption advisory programs can be built.
{"title":"Fish Consumption Advisory Programs: Opportunities and Challenges for the Protection of Human Health in Canada and the United States","authors":"Rachael King, B. Polidoro, Karen Watanabe, T. Avery","doi":"10.38126/jspg190105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg190105","url":null,"abstract":"Fish consumption advisories provide valuable information on the protection of human health from contaminated fish consumption, yet are rarely conducted comprehensively nor communicated widely. Environmental policies that fail to adequately develop and implement fish consumption advisory programs are largely to blame. This policy analysis delves into the strengths and weaknesses of current fish consumption advisory programs in the United States and Canada. To compare between these countries, fish consumption advisory programs were broadly described across all 50 US states and 13 Canadian provinces/territories. Two case studies were chosen to provide a more detailed look into the complexities of fish consumption advisory programs (Arizona and Nova Scotia). It is apparent from this research that fish consumption advisory programs and policies do not comprehensively address human health and environmental justice concerns in either country suggesting policy changes are necessary. Opportunities for and barriers to regulatory change in both countries were identified, and suggestions on sharing strong policies were provided. Finally, international frameworks aimed at improving fish consumption advisory programs were explored, mainly those used by the European Union. Environmental justice and human health concerns will only increase given changing environments and emerging toxicological issues; therefore, increased focus on fish consumption advisory programs is warranted. This focus should consider policy change in particular because it can codify human health and environmental justice protections upon which stronger fish consumption advisory programs can be built.","PeriodicalId":438080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121881647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Shaping the Future of Science Policy","authors":"","doi":"10.38126/jspg1803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg1803","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":438080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127230491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brendan H Grue, Samir Hamadache, Dhanyasri Maddiboina, Benjamin Scott
Canadian post-COVID-19 economic recovery efforts have been framed around values aligned with Canada's commitments to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), primarily concerning environmental sustainability. The field of synthetic biology (synbio) offers many innovative ways to achieve these goals while growing the economy. Here, we discuss the opportunity for Canada to become a leader in clean technology applications of synbio. Investments in synthetic biology, which has traditionally been underfunded compared to other countries, will have beneficial impacts on the environment while driving Canada's post-pandemic economic recovery.
{"title":"Invest in Canadian Synthetic Biology to Meet Commitments to Sustainable Development and Support Economic Recovery","authors":"Brendan H Grue, Samir Hamadache, Dhanyasri Maddiboina, Benjamin Scott","doi":"10.38126/JSPG180106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/JSPG180106","url":null,"abstract":"Canadian post-COVID-19 economic recovery efforts have been framed around values aligned with Canada's commitments to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), primarily concerning environmental sustainability. The field of synthetic biology (synbio) offers many innovative ways to achieve these goals while growing the economy. Here, we discuss the opportunity for Canada to become a leader in clean technology applications of synbio. Investments in synthetic biology, which has traditionally been underfunded compared to other countries, will have beneficial impacts on the environment while driving Canada's post-pandemic economic recovery.","PeriodicalId":438080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127042430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cities face big challenges, including environmental threats, livability concerns, lack of new infrastructure, and increasing social inequity, among others. These challenges call for new and innovative ways to address them. Air pollution, a common problem in many cities, causes between 100,000 and 340,000 Americans to die prematurely every year (Fann et al. 2012; Caiazzo et al. 2013; Bowe et al. 2019; and Goodkind et al. 2019) and, out of those premature deaths, 53,000 are due to car pollution (Caiazzo et al. 2013). The Washington DC Metro Area is one of the top 20 cities in the United States with the highest smog pollution, highlighting the need for new regulations to reduce air pollution (American Lung Association 2020). Federal policies aimed at lowering the maximum concentration of air pollutants allowed by the EPA could improve public health, but cities can also reduce air pollution levels through policymaking. DC currently has two main transportation and sustainability plans to improve public transportation, infrastructure, and combat climate change. Cities similar to DC, such as Barcelona and London, have applied superblocks, restricted car access city areas, and congestion pricing policies respectively, aimed at reducing air pollution and improving quality of life. Fortunately, DC has many of the characteristics needed to successfully implement superblocks in areas of the city where residential housing and businesses share space, and congestion pricing in highly congested areas. I recommend the District Department of Transportation to establish pilot programs for each of these policies to reduce air pollution levels in the city.
城市面临着巨大的挑战，包括环境威胁、宜居性问题、缺乏新的基础设施、社会不平等加剧等。这些挑战需要新的和创新的方法来应对。空气污染是许多城市的常见问题，每年导致10万至34万美国人过早死亡(Fann et al. 2012;Caiazzo et al. 2013;Bowe et al. 2019;在这些过早死亡中，有53000人是由于汽车污染造成的(Caiazzo et al. 2013)。华盛顿特区都市区是美国雾霾污染最严重的20个城市之一，这凸显了制定新法规以减少空气污染的必要性(美国肺脏协会2020年)。旨在降低环境保护局允许的空气污染物最大浓度的联邦政策可以改善公众健康，但城市也可以通过政策制定来降低空气污染水平。华盛顿特区目前有两个主要的交通和可持续发展计划，以改善公共交通、基础设施和应对气候变化。与华盛顿类似的城市，如巴塞罗那和伦敦，分别实施了超级街区、限制汽车进入市区和拥堵收费政策，旨在减少空气污染和提高生活质量。幸运的是，华盛顿特区拥有许多必要的特征，可以成功地在城市中住宅和商业共享空间的地区实施超级街区，并在高度拥挤的地区实施拥堵收费。我建议区交通部为每一项政策建立试点项目，以减少城市的空气污染水平。
{"title":"Healthier Streets: How Superblocks and Congestion Pricing Can Help Reduce Air Pollution in Washington, DC","authors":"Bernat Navarro-Serer","doi":"10.38126/JSPG180110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/JSPG180110","url":null,"abstract":"Cities face big challenges, including environmental threats, livability concerns, lack of new infrastructure, and increasing social inequity, among others. These challenges call for new and innovative ways to address them. Air pollution, a common problem in many cities, causes between 100,000 and 340,000 Americans to die prematurely every year (Fann et al. 2012; Caiazzo et al. 2013; Bowe et al. 2019; and Goodkind et al. 2019) and, out of those premature deaths, 53,000 are due to car pollution (Caiazzo et al. 2013). The Washington DC Metro Area is one of the top 20 cities in the United States with the highest smog pollution, highlighting the need for new regulations to reduce air pollution (American Lung Association 2020). Federal policies aimed at lowering the maximum concentration of air pollutants allowed by the EPA could improve public health, but cities can also reduce air pollution levels through policymaking. DC currently has two main transportation and sustainability plans to improve public transportation, infrastructure, and combat climate change. Cities similar to DC, such as Barcelona and London, have applied superblocks, restricted car access city areas, and congestion pricing policies respectively, aimed at reducing air pollution and improving quality of life. Fortunately, DC has many of the characteristics needed to successfully implement superblocks in areas of the city where residential housing and businesses share space, and congestion pricing in highly congested areas. I recommend the District Department of Transportation to establish pilot programs for each of these policies to reduce air pollution levels in the city.","PeriodicalId":438080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115561395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In September 2020, California Governor Gavin Newsom announced an ambitious executive order requiring all new passenger vehicles sold in the state to be zero-emission by 2035 (California Governor 2020). This action recognizes that the growing threats of climate change and local air pollution necessitate a rapid transition away from traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. In California, disadvantaged populations in particular face significant barriers, including financing and charging, to electric vehicle (EV) adoption. For the state to meet its clean energy goals, it must include these communities in a more just transition to widespread use of EVs. This should include avenues of support such as updating state building codes for multi-unit dwellings, where almost half of all Californians live. Charging site access must be increased through curbside infrastructure expansion and institution of statewide EV charger rebates. Finally, increased access to vehicles themselves should be facilitated by expanding incentives and formats for EV sharing programs.
{"title":"Expanding access to electric vehicles in California’s low-income communities","authors":"C. Jackson","doi":"10.38126/JSPG180107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/JSPG180107","url":null,"abstract":"In September 2020, California Governor Gavin Newsom announced an ambitious executive order requiring all new passenger vehicles sold in the state to be zero-emission by 2035 (California Governor 2020). This action recognizes that the growing threats of climate change and local air pollution necessitate a rapid transition away from traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. In California, disadvantaged populations in particular face significant barriers, including financing and charging, to electric vehicle (EV) adoption. For the state to meet its clean energy goals, it must include these communities in a more just transition to widespread use of EVs. This should include avenues of support such as updating state building codes for multi-unit dwellings, where almost half of all Californians live. Charging site access must be increased through curbside infrastructure expansion and institution of statewide EV charger rebates. Finally, increased access to vehicles themselves should be facilitated by expanding incentives and formats for EV sharing programs.","PeriodicalId":438080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115697759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Manzano-Patrón, Isabel Lopez-Neira, Pablo R. Izquierdo
Research is being transformed by transparency, collaboration, public engagement and shareability, which are key elements of the Open Science (OS) movement. Open Access (OA), one of its main areas of action, aims to make all research freely available. Benefits of OA have already triggered a shift toward its implementation at the European and international level, with funders creating new platforms to support an ecosystem of open publications and data. Despite remarkable early contributions by Spain in terms of OS pilot initiatives and specifically OA publication performance, the latter has declined by more than a third since 2016. Moreover, no new indicators have been put forward since, even though openness remains to be deemed a strength. In this policy memo, we examine policy options to support OS in the country, with a focus on OA. These could be structured by a National Strategy for Openness, including actions to ensure OA for all publicly funded research, standardization of procedures, and the re-design of assessment criteria to incorporate reproducibility of outputs, knowledge dissemination and transfer.
{"title":"Open Science in Spain: Towards a Coordinated Strategy","authors":"J. Manzano-Patrón, Isabel Lopez-Neira, Pablo R. Izquierdo","doi":"10.38126/JSPG180108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/JSPG180108","url":null,"abstract":"Research is being transformed by transparency, collaboration, public engagement and shareability, which are key elements of the Open Science (OS) movement. Open Access (OA), one of its main areas of action, aims to make all research freely available. Benefits of OA have already triggered a shift toward its implementation at the European and international level, with funders creating new platforms to support an ecosystem of open publications and data. Despite remarkable early contributions by Spain in terms of OS pilot initiatives and specifically OA publication performance, the latter has declined by more than a third since 2016. Moreover, no new indicators have been put forward since, even though openness remains to be deemed a strength. In this policy memo, we examine policy options to support OS in the country, with a focus on OA. These could be structured by a National Strategy for Openness, including actions to ensure OA for all publicly funded research, standardization of procedures, and the re-design of assessment criteria to incorporate reproducibility of outputs, knowledge dissemination and transfer.","PeriodicalId":438080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121463213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Arctic has gained increasing attention from defense and intelligence policymakers concerned about great power conflict in the High North. United States-Russian competition in the region over polar shipping routes and natural resources seemingly contradicts institutional commitments to retain the Arctic as a “low tension zone.” Superpowers and their allies are receiving international condemnation for advancing kinetic military activity in the region while constituents and interest groups are instead advocating for diplomacy and cooperative restraint. As a result, Arctic nations are turning towards extensive reconnaissance and monitoring of the region to deter conflict. This study draws on strategy documents from each of the eight Arctic nations, scholarly research, and news coverage to assemble a picture of current efforts at technology-enabled monitoring. It also examines the potential of technologies such as long-range surveillance drones, satellites, and seabed monitors to facilitate near-constant reconnaissance by polar powers. The current deterrence mindset of Arctic security postures bears comparison with Cold War-era efforts to prevent outright conflict via monitoring and mitigation strategies. This study provides a historic account of Arctic intelligence in the 20th century and uses a comparative approach to assess what aspects of the contemporary situation are genuinely new and which may benefit from lessons of the Cold War. It concludes with policy recommendations for Arctic states to implement cohesive northern monitoring strategies into their intelligence organizations as well as long-term guidelines for new multilateral fora focused explicitly on Arctic security issues.
{"title":"A New (Cold) Front in Polar Intelligence? Trends and Implications of Technology-Enabled Monitoring in the Arctic","authors":"Kathryn Urban","doi":"10.38126/jspg190111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg190111","url":null,"abstract":"The Arctic has gained increasing attention from defense and intelligence policymakers concerned about great power conflict in the High North. United States-Russian competition in the region over polar shipping routes and natural resources seemingly contradicts institutional commitments to retain the Arctic as a “low tension zone.” Superpowers and their allies are receiving international condemnation for advancing kinetic military activity in the region while constituents and interest groups are instead advocating for diplomacy and cooperative restraint. As a result, Arctic nations are turning towards extensive reconnaissance and monitoring of the region to deter conflict. This study draws on strategy documents from each of the eight Arctic nations, scholarly research, and news coverage to assemble a picture of current efforts at technology-enabled monitoring. It also examines the potential of technologies such as long-range surveillance drones, satellites, and seabed monitors to facilitate near-constant reconnaissance by polar powers. The current deterrence mindset of Arctic security postures bears comparison with Cold War-era efforts to prevent outright conflict via monitoring and mitigation strategies. This study provides a historic account of Arctic intelligence in the 20th century and uses a comparative approach to assess what aspects of the contemporary situation are genuinely new and which may benefit from lessons of the Cold War. It concludes with policy recommendations for Arctic states to implement cohesive northern monitoring strategies into their intelligence organizations as well as long-term guidelines for new multilateral fora focused explicitly on Arctic security issues.","PeriodicalId":438080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129755382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neysha Martínez-Orengo, Mallory Smith, D. Whitaker, Moraima Castro‐Faix
The science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields in the United States are currently facing a crisis: graduate programs are not adequately preparing all trainees for the diverse career paths on which they embark. Over recent years, this problem has intensified as the number of Ph.D. holders increased and academic research jobs stagnated or shrunk. Still, most STEM doctoral programs have maintained the singular focus on training students for academic careers at a cost to the individual’s career, society, and the economy. Universities and graduate institutions must adapt to meet the increasing demand for STEM laborers in non-academic sectors and provide relevant and robust training to their students. We propose amending the STEM Opportunities Act of 2019 to incentivize institutions to integrate experiential learning and expand training services. Provided diverse career-training, highly-skilled Ph.D. graduates will more efficiently enter and fill the STEM workforce, stimulating the U.S. economy. Addressed to: The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, United States House of Representatives; and the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.
{"title":"Incorporating Graduate-level Internships to Strengthen the STEM Workforce and Trainee Career Prospects","authors":"Neysha Martínez-Orengo, Mallory Smith, D. Whitaker, Moraima Castro‐Faix","doi":"10.38126/jspg190108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.38126/jspg190108","url":null,"abstract":"The science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields in the United States are currently facing a crisis: graduate programs are not adequately preparing all trainees for the diverse career paths on which they embark. Over recent years, this problem has intensified as the number of Ph.D. holders increased and academic research jobs stagnated or shrunk. Still, most STEM doctoral programs have maintained the singular focus on training students for academic careers at a cost to the individual’s career, society, and the economy. Universities and graduate institutions must adapt to meet the increasing demand for STEM laborers in non-academic sectors and provide relevant and robust training to their students. We propose amending the STEM Opportunities Act of 2019 to incentivize institutions to integrate experiential learning and expand training services. Provided diverse career-training, highly-skilled Ph.D. graduates will more efficiently enter and fill the STEM workforce, stimulating the U.S. economy. Addressed to: The Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, United States House of Representatives; and the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions.","PeriodicalId":438080,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Science Policy & Governance","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125901331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：