Class Field Theory (CFT) is the main achievement of algebraic number theory of the 20th century. Its reach, beauty and power, stemming from the first steps in algebraic number theory by Gaus, have substantially influenced number theory. Shafarevich wrote: 'Weil was undoubtedly right when he asserted, in the preface to the Russian edition of his book on number theory 1 , that since class field theory pertains to the foundation of mathematics, every mathematician should be as familiar with it as with Galois theory. Moreover, just like Galois theory before it, class field theory was reputed to be very complicated and accessible only to experts ... For class field theory, on the other hand, there is a wide range of essentially different expositions, so that it is not immediately obvious even whether the subject is the same'. 2 Weil's opinion has proved to be quixotic: these days even some number theorists are not familiar with the substance of CFT. This text reviews the enduring process of discovering new branches of CFT and its generalisations. Many of such developments were complicated at their early stages and some were difficult or impossible to understand for their contemporaries. Three main generalisations of CFT and their further extensions will be presented and some of their key fundamental features will be discussed. This text proposes eight fundamental problems. We start with Kummer theory, a purely algebraic exercise, whose highly non-trivial arithmetic analogues over arithmetic fields are supplied by CFT. Kummer theory is an algebraic predecessor of CFT including its existence theorem. Then we discuss the fundamental split of (one-dimensional) CFT into special CFT (SCFT) and general CFT (GCFT). This split has enormously affected many developments in number theory. Section 3 delves into four fundamental parts of CFT including the reciprocity map, existence theorem, explicit formulas for the Hilbert symbol and its generalisations, and interaction with ramification theory. Section 4 briefly touches on higher Kummer theory using Milnor K-groups, i.e. the norm residue isomorphism property. Three generalisations of CFT: Langlands correspondences (LC), higher CFT, and anabelian geometry are discussed in section 5. We note that the split of CFT into SCFT and GCFT is currently somehow reproduced at the level of generalisations of CFT: LC over number fields does not yet have any development parallel to GCFT, while higher CFT is parallel to GCFT and it does not have substantial developments similar to SCFT. In the last section we specialise to elliptic curves over global fields, as an illustration. There we consider two further developments: Mochizuki's inter-universal Teichmuller theory (IUT) which is pivoted on anabelian geometry and two-dimensional adelic analysis and geometry which uses structures of two-dimensional CFT. We also consider the fundamental role of zeta integrals which may unite different generalisations of CFT. Similarly to the sit
{"title":"Class field theory, its three main generalisations, and applications","authors":"I. Fesenko","doi":"10.4171/emss/45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4171/emss/45","url":null,"abstract":"Class Field Theory (CFT) is the main achievement of algebraic number theory of the 20th century. Its reach, beauty and power, stemming from the first steps in algebraic number theory by Gaus, have substantially influenced number theory. Shafarevich wrote: 'Weil was undoubtedly right when he asserted, in the preface to the Russian edition of his book on number theory 1 , that since class field theory pertains to the foundation of mathematics, every mathematician should be as familiar with it as with Galois theory. Moreover, just like Galois theory before it, class field theory was reputed to be very complicated and accessible only to experts ... For class field theory, on the other hand, there is a wide range of essentially different expositions, so that it is not immediately obvious even whether the subject is the same'. 2 Weil's opinion has proved to be quixotic: these days even some number theorists are not familiar with the substance of CFT. This text reviews the enduring process of discovering new branches of CFT and its generalisations. Many of such developments were complicated at their early stages and some were difficult or impossible to understand for their contemporaries. Three main generalisations of CFT and their further extensions will be presented and some of their key fundamental features will be discussed. This text proposes eight fundamental problems. We start with Kummer theory, a purely algebraic exercise, whose highly non-trivial arithmetic analogues over arithmetic fields are supplied by CFT. Kummer theory is an algebraic predecessor of CFT including its existence theorem. Then we discuss the fundamental split of (one-dimensional) CFT into special CFT (SCFT) and general CFT (GCFT). This split has enormously affected many developments in number theory. Section 3 delves into four fundamental parts of CFT including the reciprocity map, existence theorem, explicit formulas for the Hilbert symbol and its generalisations, and interaction with ramification theory. Section 4 briefly touches on higher Kummer theory using Milnor K-groups, i.e. the norm residue isomorphism property. Three generalisations of CFT: Langlands correspondences (LC), higher CFT, and anabelian geometry are discussed in section 5. We note that the split of CFT into SCFT and GCFT is currently somehow reproduced at the level of generalisations of CFT: LC over number fields does not yet have any development parallel to GCFT, while higher CFT is parallel to GCFT and it does not have substantial developments similar to SCFT. In the last section we specialise to elliptic curves over global fields, as an illustration. There we consider two further developments: Mochizuki's inter-universal Teichmuller theory (IUT) which is pivoted on anabelian geometry and two-dimensional adelic analysis and geometry which uses structures of two-dimensional CFT. We also consider the fundamental role of zeta integrals which may unite different generalisations of CFT. Similarly to the sit","PeriodicalId":43833,"journal":{"name":"EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42686935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
. We consider the large time behavior in two types of equations, posed on the whole space R d : the Schr¨odinger equation with a logarithmic nonlinearity on the one hand; compressible, isothermal, Euler, Korteweg and quantum Navier-Stokes equations on the other hand. We explain some connections between the two families of equations, and show how these connections may help having an insight in all cases. We insist on some specific aspects only, and refer to the cited articles for more details, and more complete statements. We try to give a general picture of the results, and present some heuristical arguments that can help the intuition, which are not necessarily found in the mentioned articles.
{"title":"Logarithmic Schrödinger equation and isothermal fluids","authors":"R. Carles","doi":"10.4171/emss/54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4171/emss/54","url":null,"abstract":". We consider the large time behavior in two types of equations, posed on the whole space R d : the Schr¨odinger equation with a logarithmic nonlinearity on the one hand; compressible, isothermal, Euler, Korteweg and quantum Navier-Stokes equations on the other hand. We explain some connections between the two families of equations, and show how these connections may help having an insight in all cases. We insist on some specific aspects only, and refer to the cited articles for more details, and more complete statements. We try to give a general picture of the results, and present some heuristical arguments that can help the intuition, which are not necessarily found in the mentioned articles.","PeriodicalId":43833,"journal":{"name":"EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47913921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents a survey on recent developments on regularity of prime ideals in polynomial rings.
本文综述了多项式环上素理想正则性的最新进展。
{"title":"The Regularity Conjecture for prime ideals in polynomial rings","authors":"J. McCullough, I. Peeva","doi":"10.4171/emss/38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4171/emss/38","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a survey on recent developments on regularity of prime ideals in polynomial rings.","PeriodicalId":43833,"journal":{"name":"EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46544309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We give a survey of the recent progress on the study of K-stability of Fano varieties by an algebro-geometric approach.
本文综述了近年来用代数-几何方法研究Fano品种k -稳定性的研究进展。
{"title":"K-stability of Fano varieties: an algebro-geometric approach","authors":"Chenyang Xu","doi":"10.4171/emss/51","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4171/emss/51","url":null,"abstract":"We give a survey of the recent progress on the study of K-stability of Fano varieties by an algebro-geometric approach.","PeriodicalId":43833,"journal":{"name":"EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45343108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We give an exposition of results from a crossroad between geometric function theory, harmonic analysis, boundary value problems and approximation theory, which characterize quasicircles. We will specifically expose the interplay between the jump decomposition, singular integral operators and approximation by Faber series. Our unified point of view is made possible by the the concept of transmission.
{"title":"Analysis on quasidisks: A unified approach through transmission and jump problems","authors":"Eric Schippers, W. Staubach","doi":"10.4171/emss/53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4171/emss/53","url":null,"abstract":"We give an exposition of results from a crossroad between geometric function theory, harmonic analysis, boundary value problems and approximation theory, which characterize quasicircles. We will specifically expose the interplay between the jump decomposition, singular integral operators and approximation by Faber series. Our unified point of view is made possible by the the concept of transmission.","PeriodicalId":43833,"journal":{"name":"EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43136310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this note we introduce generalised pairs from the perspective of the evolution of the notion of space in birational algebraic geometry. We describe some applications of generalised pairs in recent years and then mention a few open problems.
{"title":"Generalised pairs in birational geometry","authors":"C. Birkar","doi":"10.4171/emss/42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4171/emss/42","url":null,"abstract":"In this note we introduce generalised pairs from the perspective of the evolution of the notion of space in birational algebraic geometry. We describe some applications of generalised pairs in recent years and then mention a few open problems.","PeriodicalId":43833,"journal":{"name":"EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43000870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Cheltsov, Ji-Heon Park, Yuri Prokhorov, M. Zaidenberg
. This paper is a survey about cylinders in Fano varieties and related problems.
． 本文综述了法诺品种的圆筒及其相关问题。
{"title":"Cylinders in Fano varieties","authors":"I. Cheltsov, Ji-Heon Park, Yuri Prokhorov, M. Zaidenberg","doi":"10.4171/emss/44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4171/emss/44","url":null,"abstract":". This paper is a survey about cylinders in Fano varieties and related problems.","PeriodicalId":43833,"journal":{"name":"EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45091063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
How and why may an interacting system of many particles be described assuming that all particles are independent and identically distributed ? This question is at least as old as statistical mechanics itself. Its quantum version has been rejuvenated by the birth of cold atoms physics. In particular the experimental creation of Bose-Einstein condensates directly asks the following variant: why and how can a large assembly of very cold interacting bosons (quantum particles deprived of the Pauli exclusion principle) all populate the same quantum state ? In this text I review the various mathematical techniques allowing to prove that the lowest energy state of a bosonic system forms, in a reasonable macroscopic limit of large particle number, a Bose-Einstein condensate. This means that indeed in the relevant limit all particles approximately behave as if independent and identically distributed, according to a law determined by minimizing a non-linear Schr{o}dinger energy functional. This is a particular instance of the justification of the mean-field approximation in statistical mechanics, starting from the basic many-body Schr{o}dinger Hamiltonian.
{"title":"Scaling limits of bosonic ground states, from many-body to non-linear Schrödinger","authors":"N. Rougerie","doi":"10.4171/EMSS/40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4171/EMSS/40","url":null,"abstract":"How and why may an interacting system of many particles be described assuming that all particles are independent and identically distributed ? This question is at least as old as statistical mechanics itself. Its quantum version has been rejuvenated by the birth of cold atoms physics. In particular the experimental creation of Bose-Einstein condensates directly asks the following variant: why and how can a large assembly of very cold interacting bosons (quantum particles deprived of the Pauli exclusion principle) all populate the same quantum state ? In this text I review the various mathematical techniques allowing to prove that the lowest energy state of a bosonic system forms, in a reasonable macroscopic limit of large particle number, a Bose-Einstein condensate. This means that indeed in the relevant limit all particles approximately behave as if independent and identically distributed, according to a law determined by minimizing a non-linear Schr{o}dinger energy functional. This is a particular instance of the justification of the mean-field approximation in statistical mechanics, starting from the basic many-body Schr{o}dinger Hamiltonian.","PeriodicalId":43833,"journal":{"name":"EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45004043","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For a real K3-surface $X$, one can introduce areas of connected components of the real point set $mathbb{R} X$ of $X$ using a holomorphic symplectic form of $X$. These areas are defined up to simultaneous multiplication by a positive real number, so the areas of different components can be compared. In particular, it turns out that the area of a non-spherical component of $mathbb{R} X$ is always greater than the area of any spherical component. In this paper we explore further comparative restrictions on the area for real K3-surfaces admitting a suitable polarization of degree $2g - 2$ (where $g$ is a positive integer) and such that $mathbb{R} X$ has one non-spherical component and at least $g$ spherical components. For this purpose we introduce and study the notion of simple Harnack curves in real K3-surfaces, generalizing planar simple Harnack curves.
{"title":"Area in real K3-surfaces","authors":"I. Itenberg, G. Mikhalkin","doi":"10.4171/emss/48","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4171/emss/48","url":null,"abstract":"For a real K3-surface $X$, one can introduce areas of connected components of the real point set $mathbb{R} X$ of $X$ using a holomorphic symplectic form of $X$. These areas are defined up to simultaneous multiplication by a positive real number, so the areas of different components can be compared. In particular, it turns out that the area of a non-spherical component of $mathbb{R} X$ is always greater than the area of any spherical component. In this paper we explore further comparative restrictions on the area for real K3-surfaces admitting a suitable polarization of degree $2g - 2$ (where $g$ is a positive integer) and such that $mathbb{R} X$ has one non-spherical component and at least $g$ spherical components. For this purpose we introduce and study the notion of simple Harnack curves in real K3-surfaces, generalizing planar simple Harnack curves.","PeriodicalId":43833,"journal":{"name":"EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44929440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We investigate the relations between the Grothendieck group of coherent modules of an algebraic variety and its Chow group of algebraic cycles modulo rational equivalence. Those are in essence torsion phenomena, which we attempt to control by considering the action of the Adams operations on the Brown-Gersten-Quillen spectral sequence and related objects, such as connective K_0-theory. We provide elementary arguments whenever possible. As applications, we compute the connective K_0-theory of the following objects: (1) the variety of reduced norm one elements in a central division algebra of prime degree; (2) the classifying space of the split special orthogonal group of odd degree.
{"title":"Connective $K$-theory and Adams operations","authors":"Olivier Haution, A. Merkurjev","doi":"10.4171/emss/50","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4171/emss/50","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate the relations between the Grothendieck group of coherent modules of an algebraic variety and its Chow group of algebraic cycles modulo rational equivalence. Those are in essence torsion phenomena, which we attempt to control by considering the action of the Adams operations on the Brown-Gersten-Quillen spectral sequence and related objects, such as connective K_0-theory. We provide elementary arguments whenever possible. As applications, we compute the connective K_0-theory of the following objects: (1) the variety of reduced norm one elements in a central division algebra of prime degree; (2) the classifying space of the split special orthogonal group of odd degree.","PeriodicalId":43833,"journal":{"name":"EMS Surveys in Mathematical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2020-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41827876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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