Davis Ssemwanga, R. Ssengendo, Lilian Oryema, Ivan Bamweyana
The real estate sector in Uganda has been substantially impacted by the onset of COVID-19 in this country. Studies conducted worldwide have indicated that, pandemics affect property market activities differently. Additionally, the effect of pandemics on property market activity varies from one place to another. Studies conducted in Uganda, however, have not captured how the effect of COVID-19 on property market activities varies from one place to another. This study therefore explored the spatial variability of the effect of COVID-19 on property market activities in Kampala district, Uganda. The study took advantage of the spatial statistical analytical models advocated by GIS (Getis-Ord Gi*, OLS, GWPR) and a unique dataset of property transactions registered by the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development (MLHUD) during the outbreak of the deadly disease. Whereas the study observed high volumes of property transactions registered in the residential outskirts of the city, low volumes were observed in the Central Business District (CBD) and the low-income areas of the eastern and western parts of the district. On the other hand, the local model approach of GWPR exposed the substantial effects of COVID-19 on property market activities that varied from -39% to 10%. It was further established that COVID-19 generated negative effects in areas with low and high prices of land per acre, to the extent of increasing as the prices dropped or increased. On the contrary, a positive effect was realized in the residential outskirts of the city where prices of land per acre were moderate. Work from home, land parcel size as well as the composition of the population, proved to be the main drivers of the changes in property market transactions (activity). The findings of the study underpin the earlier postulations of various researchers that pandemics affect property market activity. However, the effects of the pandemics vary from one pandemic to another and from one place to another.
乌干达的房地产行业受到该国新冠肺炎爆发的严重影响。世界各地进行的研究表明，流行病对房地产市场活动的影响不同。此外，流行病对房地产市场活动的影响因地而异。然而，在乌干达进行的研究尚未发现新冠肺炎对房地产市场活动的影响因地而异。因此，本研究探讨了新冠肺炎对乌干达坎帕拉地区房地产市场活动影响的空间变异性。该研究利用了GIS（Getis Ord Gi*、OLS、GWPR）倡导的空间统计分析模型，以及土地、住房和城市发展部（MLHUD）在致命疾病爆发期间注册的一个独特的房地产交易数据集。该研究观察到，在城市郊区的住宅区登记的房地产交易量很高，而在中央商务区（CBD）以及该区东部和西部的低收入地区则观察到交易量很低。另一方面，GWPR的本地模型方法暴露了新冠肺炎对房地产市场活动的实质性影响，从-39%到10%不等。进一步证实，新冠肺炎在每英亩土地价格低和高的地区产生了负面影响，随着价格的下降或上升，影响程度也在增加。相反，在城市的住宅郊区，每英亩土地的价格适中，产生了积极的影响。事实证明，在家工作、地块大小以及人口构成是房地产市场交易（活动）变化的主要驱动因素。这项研究的发现支持了多位研究人员早期的假设，即流行病会影响房地产市场活动。然而，流行病的影响因地而异。
{"title":"Exploring the spatial variation of the effect of Covid-19 on property market activity in Kampala District","authors":"Davis Ssemwanga, R. Ssengendo, Lilian Oryema, Ivan Bamweyana","doi":"10.4314/sajg.v12i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v12i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The real estate sector in Uganda has been substantially impacted by the onset of COVID-19 in this country. Studies conducted worldwide have indicated that, pandemics affect property market activities differently. Additionally, the effect of pandemics on property market activity varies from one place to another. Studies conducted in Uganda, however, have not captured how the effect of COVID-19 on property market activities varies from one place to another. This study therefore explored the spatial variability of the effect of COVID-19 on property market activities in Kampala district, Uganda. The study took advantage of the spatial statistical analytical models advocated by GIS (Getis-Ord Gi*, OLS, GWPR) and a unique dataset of property transactions registered by the Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development (MLHUD) during the outbreak of the deadly disease. Whereas the study observed high volumes of property transactions registered in the residential outskirts of the city, low volumes were observed in the Central Business District (CBD) and the low-income areas of the eastern and western parts of the district. On the other hand, the local model approach of GWPR exposed the substantial effects of COVID-19 on property market activities that varied from -39% to 10%. It was further established that COVID-19 generated negative effects in areas with low and high prices of land per acre, to the extent of increasing as the prices dropped or increased. On the contrary, a positive effect was realized in the residential outskirts of the city where prices of land per acre were moderate. Work from home, land parcel size as well as the composition of the population, proved to be the main drivers of the changes in property market transactions (activity). The findings of the study underpin the earlier postulations of various researchers that pandemics affect property market activity. However, the effects of the pandemics vary from one pandemic to another and from one place to another.","PeriodicalId":43854,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Geomatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41443334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Edendale N Wirewall case is instructive for land tenure administration, project management and group tenure schemes in post-conflict land tenure administration and housing project management. The Greater Edendale Area experienced major localised conflict in the lead up to the end of apartheid. The Edendale N Wirewall project is a problematic state subsidised housing project. Innovations in development techniques and land tenure models are necessary in times of far reaching change. However, innovations should be justified by robust empirical evidence if failure might have a significant impact on the intended beneficiaries. Corruption, maladministration, patronage and inefficiencies can be expected in post-conflict land administration and project governance as new politicians come into power, the state is fragile and personnel changes and power shifts occur in the civil service. Fixing major problems in housing projects arising out of poor project management and poor project governance can result in costly remedial action and tenure insecurity in the decades following project completion. If the situation allows it, external expert checks on land administration operations management and far more frequent and independent project audits, on-site inspections and audit surveys may mitigate some of these challenges.
Edendale N . Wirewall案例对冲突后土地权属管理和住房项目管理中的土地权属管理、项目管理和集团权属方案具有指导意义。在种族隔离制度结束之前，大埃登代尔地区经历了重大的局部冲突。Edendale N Wirewall项目是一个有问题的国家补贴住房项目。在影响深远的变革时代，发展技术和土地所有制模式的创新是必要的。但是，如果创新失败可能对预期的受益者产生重大影响，则应通过强有力的经验证据来证明创新的合理性。在冲突后的土地管理和项目治理中，随着新的政治家上台，国家变得脆弱，人事变动和权力转移发生，可能会出现腐败、管理不善、任免和效率低下的情况。解决住房项目中由于项目管理不善和项目治理不善而产生的主要问题，可能导致在项目完成后的几十年里采取代价高昂的补救行动和使用权不安全。如果情况允许，外部专家对土地管理业务管理的检查以及更频繁和独立的项目审计、现场检查和审计调查可能会减轻这些挑战。
{"title":"Post-conflict land administration in Edendale N Wirewall project","authors":"M. Barry","doi":"10.4314/sajg.v8i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v8i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The Edendale N Wirewall case is instructive for land tenure administration, project management and group tenure schemes in post-conflict land tenure administration and housing project management. The Greater Edendale Area experienced major localised conflict in the lead up to the end of apartheid. The Edendale N Wirewall project is a problematic state subsidised housing project. Innovations in development techniques and land tenure models are necessary in times of far reaching change. However, innovations should be justified by robust empirical evidence if failure might have a significant impact on the intended beneficiaries. Corruption, maladministration, patronage and inefficiencies can be expected in post-conflict land administration and project governance as new politicians come into power, the state is fragile and personnel changes and power shifts occur in the civil service. Fixing major problems in housing projects arising out of poor project management and poor project governance can result in costly remedial action and tenure insecurity in the decades following project completion. If the situation allows it, external expert checks on land administration operations management and far more frequent and independent project audits, on-site inspections and audit surveys may mitigate some of these challenges.","PeriodicalId":43854,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Geomatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42108169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study analyses the meteorological impact of the variability of precipitable water vapour (PWV) retrieved from ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations over Nigeria from 2013 to 2014; these measurements represent the foremost probe of GNSS PWV distribution and variability over Nigeria. In this study, GNSS PWV daily estimates were grouped into monthly and seasonal averages; the variations in the monthly and seasonal estimates of GNSS PWV were characterized and correlated with different weather events that are regarded as good climate change indicators. The results revealed that the spatiotemporal changes in PWV content are largely subjugated by the effects of latitude, topographical features, the seasons and the continental air masses. Our study shows that there is a very strong seasonal interplay among the GNSS PWV, relative humidity, rainfall and cloud estimates. In addition, GNSS PWV and total electron content (TEC) estimates show an opposite relationship; the semi-diurnal relationship between GNSS PWV and TEC is stronger than the seasonal relationship. The seasonal relation among GNSS PWV, temperature and wind speed appears weak, while very strong interplay exists among the GNSS PWV, sun spot number and total solar radiation estimates. Our results confirm that GNSS PWV is a good pointer for weather forecasting/monitoring and fit for climate monitoring if available on a longer time scale. Finally, we recommend the densification of the GNSS network in Nigeria, as this will enable 3D profiling of PWV, thereby providing more information on GNSS PWV time series, which is needed for long-term climatology.
{"title":"Assessing the impact of variations in atmospheric water vapour content over Nigeria from GNSS measurements","authors":"O. A. Isioye, L. Combrinck, J. Botai, M. Moses","doi":"10.4314/sajg.v8i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v8i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"This study analyses the meteorological impact of the variability of precipitable water vapour (PWV) retrieved from ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) stations over Nigeria from 2013 to 2014; these measurements represent the foremost probe of GNSS PWV distribution and variability over Nigeria. In this study, GNSS PWV daily estimates were grouped into monthly and seasonal averages; the variations in the monthly and seasonal estimates of GNSS PWV were characterized and correlated with different weather events that are regarded as good climate change indicators. The results revealed that the spatiotemporal changes in PWV content are largely subjugated by the effects of latitude, topographical features, the seasons and the continental air masses. Our study shows that there is a very strong seasonal interplay among the GNSS PWV, relative humidity, rainfall and cloud estimates. In addition, GNSS PWV and total electron content (TEC) estimates show an opposite relationship; the semi-diurnal relationship between GNSS PWV and TEC is stronger than the seasonal relationship. The seasonal relation among GNSS PWV, temperature and wind speed appears weak, while very strong interplay exists among the GNSS PWV, sun spot number and total solar radiation estimates. Our results confirm that GNSS PWV is a good pointer for weather forecasting/monitoring and fit for climate monitoring if available on a longer time scale. Finally, we recommend the densification of the GNSS network in Nigeria, as this will enable 3D profiling of PWV, thereby providing more information on GNSS PWV time series, which is needed for long-term climatology.","PeriodicalId":43854,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Geomatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43707319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The SBAM (Satellite Based Agricultural Monitoring) project, funded by the Italian Space Agency aims at: developing a validated satellite imagery based method for estimating and updating the agricultural areas in the region of Central-Africa; implementing an automated process chain capable of providing periodical agricultural land cover maps of the area of interest and, possibly, an estimate of the crop yield. The project aims at filling the gap existing in the availability of high spatial resolution maps of the agricultural areas of Kenya. A high spatial resolution land cover map of Central-Eastern Africa including Kenya was compiled in the year 2000 in the framework of the Africover project using Landsat images acquired, mostly, in 1995. We investigated the use of phenological information in supporting the use of remotely sensed images for crop classification and monitoring based on Landsat 8 and, in the near future, Sentinel 2 imagery. Phenological information on crop condition was collected using time series of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) based on Landsat 8 images. Kenyan countryside is mainly characterized by a high number of fragmented small and medium size farmlands that dramatically increase the difficulty in classification; 30 m spatial resolution images are not enough for a proper classification of such areas. So, a pan-sharpening FIHS (Fast Intensity Hue Saturation) technique was implemented to increase image resolution from 30 m to 15 m. Ground test sites were selected, searching for agricultural vegetated areas from which phenological information was extracted. Therefore, the classification of agricultural areas is based on crop phenology, vegetation index behaviour retrieved from a time series of satellite images and on AEZ (Agro Ecological Zones) information made available by FAO (FAO, 1996) for the area of interest. This paper presents the results of the proposed classification procedure in comparison with land cover maps produced in the past years by other projects. The results refer to the Nakuru County and they were validated using field campaigns data. It showed a satisfactory overall accuracy of 92.66 % which is a significant improvement with respect to previous land cover maps.
{"title":"A multi-temporal phenology based classification approach for Crop Monitoring in Kenya","authors":"G. Laneve, R. Luciani, M. Jahjah","doi":"10.4314/sajg.v8i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v8i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"The SBAM (Satellite Based Agricultural Monitoring) project, funded by the Italian Space Agency aims at: developing a validated satellite imagery based method for estimating and updating the agricultural areas in the region of Central-Africa; implementing an automated process chain capable of providing periodical agricultural land cover maps of the area of interest and, possibly, an estimate of the crop yield. The project aims at filling the gap existing in the availability of high spatial resolution maps of the agricultural areas of Kenya. A high spatial resolution land cover map of Central-Eastern Africa including Kenya was compiled in the year 2000 in the framework of the Africover project using Landsat images acquired, mostly, in 1995. We investigated the use of phenological information in supporting the use of remotely sensed images for crop classification and monitoring based on Landsat 8 and, in the near future, Sentinel 2 imagery. Phenological information on crop condition was collected using time series of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) based on Landsat 8 images. Kenyan countryside is mainly characterized by a high number of fragmented small and medium size farmlands that dramatically increase the difficulty in classification; 30 m spatial resolution images are not enough for a proper classification of such areas. So, a pan-sharpening FIHS (Fast Intensity Hue Saturation) technique was implemented to increase image resolution from 30 m to 15 m. Ground test sites were selected, searching for agricultural vegetated areas from which phenological information was extracted. Therefore, the classification of agricultural areas is based on crop phenology, vegetation index behaviour retrieved from a time series of satellite images and on AEZ (Agro Ecological Zones) information made available by FAO (FAO, 1996) for the area of interest. This paper presents the results of the proposed classification procedure in comparison with land cover maps produced in the past years by other projects. The results refer to the Nakuru County and they were validated using field campaigns data. It showed a satisfactory overall accuracy of 92.66 % which is a significant improvement with respect to previous land cover maps.","PeriodicalId":43854,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Geomatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42559530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Osman Mohammed Abukari1, Akwasi Acheampong, C. Fosu
Accuracy is highly desired in all geodetic and mapping projects. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) has many positioning capabilities which can produce the desired accuracies needed for establishing Ground Control Points (GCPs). However accuracy of positioning results from GNSS survey routines are influenced by session duration and baseline length. This study is targeted at determining optimum observation times for specific baseline lengths for GCP fixing and densification in Ghana. The study used four ground stations in Accra, Kumasi, Assin-Fosu and Sunyani. Each station was occupied for a total of four hours on three different days and the data were later split into various time segments to obtain different data sets. Using the Kumasi station as base, each of the baselines was processed three times for each of 3-day 4-hour observation sessions and the mean results accepted as the ‘true’ position values. Repeatability tests were carried out on the computed baselines and the ratios ranged between 1:1,141,100 and 1:4,918,000. All comparisons were based on the true position values. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and accuracies were computed from the differences. A plot of the RMSE against time showed that accuracy of positions continued to improve but after 50 minutes of observation there was no significant improvement in the accuracy of measured baselines. This study therefore set 50 minutes as the optimum duration for GNSS baselines up to 195km when using geodetic grade GNSS receivers in differential mode to establish GCPs.
{"title":"Analysis of GNSS baseline solutions in Ghana","authors":"Osman Mohammed Abukari1, Akwasi Acheampong, C. Fosu","doi":"10.4314/sajg.v8i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v8i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Accuracy is highly desired in all geodetic and mapping projects. Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) has many positioning capabilities which can produce the desired accuracies needed for establishing Ground Control Points (GCPs). However accuracy of positioning results from GNSS survey routines are influenced by session duration and baseline length. This study is targeted at determining optimum observation times for specific baseline lengths for GCP fixing and densification in Ghana. The study used four ground stations in Accra, Kumasi, Assin-Fosu and Sunyani. Each station was occupied for a total of four hours on three different days and the data were later split into various time segments to obtain different data sets. Using the Kumasi station as base, each of the baselines was processed three times for each of 3-day 4-hour observation sessions and the mean results accepted as the ‘true’ position values. Repeatability tests were carried out on the computed baselines and the ratios ranged between 1:1,141,100 and 1:4,918,000. All comparisons were based on the true position values. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and accuracies were computed from the differences. A plot of the RMSE against time showed that accuracy of positions continued to improve but after 50 minutes of observation there was no significant improvement in the accuracy of measured baselines. This study therefore set 50 minutes as the optimum duration for GNSS baselines up to 195km when using geodetic grade GNSS receivers in differential mode to establish GCPs.","PeriodicalId":43854,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Geomatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47129173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T.T. Mazarire, Phathutshedzo Eugene Ratshiedana, A. Nyamugama, E. Adam, G. Chirima
Accurate and detailed studies in crop mapping are crucial in precision agriculture, yield estimations, and crop monitoring. This study focused on exploring the utility of Sentinel-2 data in mapping of crop types and testing the two machine learning algorithms which are Random Forest and Support Vector Machine performance in classifying crop types in a heterogeneous agriculture landscape in Free state province, South Africa. Nine crop types were successfully classified. The utility and contribution of different bands for classification were evaluated using RF mean decrease GINI for variable importance. Validation of results was done using a confusion matrix which produced overall accuracy, errors and prediction measures. The best performance was attained by SVM with an overall accuracy of 95% and a kappa value of 94%. RF also performed fairly well with 85% of overall accuracy and kappa value of 83%. It was concluded that Sentinel-2 data performs better using the SVM classifier compared to RF classifier.
{"title":"Exploring machine learning algorithms for mapping crop types in a heterogeneous agriculture landscape using Sentinel-2 data. A case study of Free State Province, South Africa","authors":"T.T. Mazarire, Phathutshedzo Eugene Ratshiedana, A. Nyamugama, E. Adam, G. Chirima","doi":"10.4314/sajg.v9i2.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v9i2.22","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate and detailed studies in crop mapping are crucial in precision agriculture, yield estimations, and crop monitoring. This study focused on exploring the utility of Sentinel-2 data in mapping of crop types and testing the two machine learning algorithms which are Random Forest and Support Vector Machine performance in classifying crop types in a heterogeneous agriculture landscape in Free state province, South Africa. Nine crop types were successfully classified. The utility and contribution of different bands for classification were evaluated using RF mean decrease GINI for variable importance. Validation of results was done using a confusion matrix which produced overall accuracy, errors and prediction measures. The best performance was attained by SVM with an overall accuracy of 95% and a kappa value of 94%. RF also performed fairly well with 85% of overall accuracy and kappa value of 83%. It was concluded that Sentinel-2 data performs better using the SVM classifier compared to RF classifier.","PeriodicalId":43854,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Geomatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46009996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study evaluates land use change within the upper catchment area of Ala river, Akure, Ondo State over a period of 31 years (1986-2017) using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 5 of 1986, Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) 7 of 2002, and Landsat 8 OLI / TIRS of 2017. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), surface runoff and terrain configuration within the study area were analysed using ArcGIS 10.5 software. Three land use types were identified namely; built up, vegetation and bareland/outcrop. The built up covered 29.39 % in 1986 and increased to 43.64% in 2017. Vegetation revealed a reverse trend with a continuous decline from 49.21% in 1986 to 14.16% in 2017 while bareland/outcrop increased from 19.60% in 1986 to 42.20% in 2017. The NDVI values range between -0.03 and 0.4; -0.3 and 0.3; and 0.04 and 0.3 in 1986, 2002, 2017, respectively as an indicator of vegetation degradation. The analysis showed that the study area has been considerably degraded, mainly due to the depletion of vegetation and uncontrolled urbanization process. It is therefore recommended that the government through its physical planning agency, put in place effective control mechanism to guide physical development that will enhance sustainable development in the study area and other parts of the town.
{"title":"An evaluation of the change in land use/land cover and terrain characteristics of Ala River catchment, Akure, Nigeria.","authors":"M. Ibitoye","doi":"10.4314/sajg.v9i2.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v9i2.18","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates land use change within the upper catchment area of Ala river, Akure, Ondo State over a period of 31 years (1986-2017) using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 5 of 1986, Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) 7 of 2002, and Landsat 8 OLI / TIRS of 2017. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), surface runoff and terrain configuration within the study area were analysed using ArcGIS 10.5 software. Three land use types were identified namely; built up, vegetation and bareland/outcrop. The built up covered 29.39 % in 1986 and increased to 43.64% in 2017. Vegetation revealed a reverse trend with a continuous decline from 49.21% in 1986 to 14.16% in 2017 while bareland/outcrop increased from 19.60% in 1986 to 42.20% in 2017. The NDVI values range between -0.03 and 0.4; -0.3 and 0.3; and 0.04 and 0.3 in 1986, 2002, 2017, respectively as an indicator of vegetation degradation. The analysis showed that the study area has been considerably degraded, mainly due to the depletion of vegetation and uncontrolled urbanization process. It is therefore recommended that the government through its physical planning agency, put in place effective control mechanism to guide physical development that will enhance sustainable development in the study area and other parts of the town.","PeriodicalId":43854,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Geomatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46602713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accurate documentation of land-use/land-cover (LULC) change and evaluating its hydrological impact are of great interest for catchment hydrological management. Jukskei River catchment has undergone a rapid infrastructural and residential development which had an influence on runoff depth. The objective of the study is to integrate Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques with Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to quantify the spatial and temporal changes in surface runoff depth resulting from LULC change. Landsat images of 1987 MSS, 2001 TM and 2015 OLI were pre-processed and classified using a supervised classification method with maximum likelihood. Results indicated that, there was a significant increase in built-up area from 28700.4ha in 1987 LULC to 36313.6ha in 2001 and 42713.1ha in 2015 at the expense of bare surface, intact vegetation and sparsed vegetation. However, during hydrological modelling, soil, DEM and climatic data were kept constant except LULC images which were interchanged during each simulation phase. Calibrated with observed hydrological data at the catchment outlets, SWAT model was used to evaluate the effect of LULC change on surface runoff depth. The analysis of SWAT model showed increases surface runoff depth from 70.5mm in 1987 LULC to 134.2mm in 2001 and 199.3mm in 2015 LULC. The SWAT model indicated satisfactorily results based on model calibration and validation results. Therefore, this study concluded that, integration of GIS and RS techniques with SWAT model can help in formulating policy guidelines for land-use practices thereby reducing hydrological impacts associated with LULC changes.
{"title":"Simulating change in surface runoff depth due to LULC change using soil and water assessment tool for flash floods prediction","authors":"T. Mawasha, W. Britz","doi":"10.4314/sajg.v9i2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v9i2.19","url":null,"abstract":"Accurate documentation of land-use/land-cover (LULC) change and evaluating its hydrological impact are of great interest for catchment hydrological management. Jukskei River catchment has undergone a rapid infrastructural and residential development which had an influence on runoff depth. The objective of the study is to integrate Geographical Information System (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) techniques with Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to quantify the spatial and temporal changes in surface runoff depth resulting from LULC change. Landsat images of 1987 MSS, 2001 TM and 2015 OLI were pre-processed and classified using a supervised classification method with maximum likelihood. Results indicated that, there was a significant increase in built-up area from 28700.4ha in 1987 LULC to 36313.6ha in 2001 and 42713.1ha in 2015 at the expense of bare surface, intact vegetation and sparsed vegetation. However, during hydrological modelling, soil, DEM and climatic data were kept constant except LULC images which were interchanged during each simulation phase. Calibrated with observed hydrological data at the catchment outlets, SWAT model was used to evaluate the effect of LULC change on surface runoff depth. The analysis of SWAT model showed increases surface runoff depth from 70.5mm in 1987 LULC to 134.2mm in 2001 and 199.3mm in 2015 LULC. The SWAT model indicated satisfactorily results based on model calibration and validation results. Therefore, this study concluded that, integration of GIS and RS techniques with SWAT model can help in formulating policy guidelines for land-use practices thereby reducing hydrological impacts associated with LULC changes.","PeriodicalId":43854,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Geomatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46607310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tata Herbert, Nzelibe Ifechukwu Ugochukwu, R. Olatunji
With the rapid establishment of free online processing services to provide users with reliable solutions, it is important to determine the reliability of using free online processing software for the Global Navigation Satellite System post-processing. The study aim at assessing the accuracy of two (2) free online processing software, AUSPOS, and CSRS-PPP and two (2) commercial software, compass post-processing, and GNSS solutions. Field observations were carried out on seven (7) control points using static GNSS observation techniques with an observation period of 1hr for three (3) consecutive days and conventional surveying using total station instruments to establish a closed traverse. The acquired data were post-processed using both online and commercial software. The co-ordinates generated from each software were then compared with the ones obtained using total station instruments to determine their relative discrepancies and accuracies. Root mean square error and T-test were used for the analysis of the result. The result obtained is (0.004m, 0.003m and 0.007m) for compass post-processing software and (0.015m, 0.012m and 0.016m) for GNSS solutions software and the online software had the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values of (0.025m, 0.023m and 0.027m) for AUSPOS and (0.034m, 0.037m and 0.041m) for CSRS-PPP both in X, Y, and Z direction i.e. UTM East, North and ellipsoidal height respectively. Analysis at a 5% level of significance shows no significant difference between the two methods. Online GNSS processing services are easy to use, do not require the knowledge of GNSS data processing and can be adopted for engineering and geodetic applications.
{"title":"Assessing the accuracy of online GNSS processing services and commercial software on short baselines","authors":"Tata Herbert, Nzelibe Ifechukwu Ugochukwu, R. Olatunji","doi":"10.4314/sajg.v9i2.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v9i2.21","url":null,"abstract":"With the rapid establishment of free online processing services to provide users with reliable solutions, it is important to determine the reliability of using free online processing software for the Global Navigation Satellite System post-processing. The study aim at assessing the accuracy of two (2) free online processing software, AUSPOS, and CSRS-PPP and two (2) commercial software, compass post-processing, and GNSS solutions. Field observations were carried out on seven (7) control points using static GNSS observation techniques with an observation period of 1hr for three (3) consecutive days and conventional surveying using total station instruments to establish a closed traverse. The acquired data were post-processed using both online and commercial software. The co-ordinates generated from each software were then compared with the ones obtained using total station instruments to determine their relative discrepancies and accuracies. Root mean square error and T-test were used for the analysis of the result. The result obtained is (0.004m, 0.003m and 0.007m) for compass post-processing software and (0.015m, 0.012m and 0.016m) for GNSS solutions software and the online software had the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) values of (0.025m, 0.023m and 0.027m) for AUSPOS and (0.034m, 0.037m and 0.041m) for CSRS-PPP both in X, Y, and Z direction i.e. UTM East, North and ellipsoidal height respectively. Analysis at a 5% level of significance shows no significant difference between the two methods. Online GNSS processing services are easy to use, do not require the knowledge of GNSS data processing and can be adopted for engineering and geodetic applications.","PeriodicalId":43854,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Geomatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42750029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper focuses on the mapping of alteration minerals and linear structures associated with gold mineralization in the Giyani Greenstone Belt (GGB). Spectral Information Divergence (SID) and Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU) classification algorithms were applied to the ASTER data using image extracted endmember spectra which match the spectral profiles of predominant alteration minerals (biotite and calcite) related to gold mineralization in the GGB. Directional convolution filters were also applied to the ASTER data to extract structural lineaments that may be related to gold mineralization. In addition, Fry analysis of known gold occurrences in the GGB was conducted to determine the major distribution patterns along which gold mineralization have occurred. LSU and SID results show several pixels classified as alteration minerals corresponding to known gold occurrences. SID results also show minerals overlapping into the gneissic rock, which is a rare host of gold mineralization in the study area. On the other hand, LSU results show high abundances of calcite and biotite generally confined within the mafic-ultramafic greenstone rocks, which have been hypothesized as the source of gold-mineralized fluids in the GGB. In general, LSU show distinct broad regions classified as alteration minerals corresponding to known gold occurrences that have been previously reported to host these alteration minerals. Directional convolution filters enabled the extraction of predominately NE-SW oriented linear structures, including the major shear zone which is associated with gold mineralization in the GGB. Fry analysis revealed three major distribution patterns: N-S, NE-SW, ENE-WSW along which gold mineralization have occurred. These patterns correspond to major lineaments associated with gold mineralization reported in the previous structural studies of the GGB.
{"title":"Mapping of gold-related alteration minerals and linear structures using ASTER data in the Giyani Greenstone Belt, South Africa","authors":"Nndanduleni Muavhi, Mbofholowo Emmanuel Mavhungu","doi":"10.4314/sajg.v9i2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v9i2.17","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focuses on the mapping of alteration minerals and linear structures associated with gold mineralization in the Giyani Greenstone Belt (GGB). Spectral Information Divergence (SID) and Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU) classification algorithms were applied to the ASTER data using image extracted endmember spectra which match the spectral profiles of predominant alteration minerals (biotite and calcite) related to gold mineralization in the GGB. Directional convolution filters were also applied to the ASTER data to extract structural lineaments that may be related to gold mineralization. In addition, Fry analysis of known gold occurrences in the GGB was conducted to determine the major distribution patterns along which gold mineralization have occurred. LSU and SID results show several pixels classified as alteration minerals corresponding to known gold occurrences. SID results also show minerals overlapping into the gneissic rock, which is a rare host of gold mineralization in the study area. On the other hand, LSU results show high abundances of calcite and biotite generally confined within the mafic-ultramafic greenstone rocks, which have been hypothesized as the source of gold-mineralized fluids in the GGB. In general, LSU show distinct broad regions classified as alteration minerals corresponding to known gold occurrences that have been previously reported to host these alteration minerals. Directional convolution filters enabled the extraction of predominately NE-SW oriented linear structures, including the major shear zone which is associated with gold mineralization in the GGB. Fry analysis revealed three major distribution patterns: N-S, NE-SW, ENE-WSW along which gold mineralization have occurred. These patterns correspond to major lineaments associated with gold mineralization reported in the previous structural studies of the GGB.","PeriodicalId":43854,"journal":{"name":"South African Journal of Geomatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43881530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：