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Errors in the Assumptions of Bekesy's Traveling Wave Theory 贝克西游波理论假设中的错误
Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.17352/2455-1759.000154
Myjkowski Jan
This article examines the fundamental statements of Bekesy's traveling wave theory in hearing and proposes an updated perspective on auditory information processing mechanisms. It argues that the traditional theory does not adequately account for non-mammalian auditory mechanisms, as many species effectively perceive sound without a basilar membrane or cochlear fluids. It suggests alternative pathways for sound signal reception directly to the receptor, bypassing traditional structures like the basilar membrane. This reevaluation raises significant doubts about the resonance capability and the actual role of the basilar membrane in hearing, suggesting that current understandings of auditory processing may be fundamentally limited and not universally applicable across different species.
本文探讨了贝克尔西的听觉行波理论的基本论述,并提出了关于听觉信息处理机制的最新观点。文章认为,传统理论不能充分解释非哺乳动物的听觉机制,因为许多物种在没有基底膜或耳蜗液的情况下也能有效感知声音。它提出了绕过基底膜等传统结构,直接到达感受器的声音信号接收替代途径。这一重新评估对基底膜在听觉中的共振能力和实际作用提出了重大质疑,表明目前对听觉处理的理解可能存在根本局限性,不能普遍适用于不同物种。
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引用次数: 0
Profiling ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in sinonasal mucosa 鼻窦黏膜ACE2和TMPRSS2表达谱分析
Pub Date : 2022-10-31 DOI: 10.17352/2455-1759.000148
Price Michael E, Nallani Rohit, Bodine Jared S, Gaur Gunjan, Arnold Levi, Humphrey Bryan, Ottemann Brendan, O’Neil Maura F, Sykes Kevin J, Beahm D David, Qiu Jianming, Chiu Alexander G, Thomas Sufi Mary
Rhinologists may be one of the highest-risk subspecialties in otolaryngology for exposure to SARS-CoV-2 as the sinonasal passage seems to be a reservoir for the virus. Previous data indicate nasal epithelial cells express the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2). However, no data exist profiling the regional expression of ACE2 or the expression of transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), an additional protease necessary for SARS-CoV-2 viral entry, within the sinonasal cavity. We sought to assess for anatomic expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 throughout the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. We hypothesize that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed throughout the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. To test this hypothesis, we sampled various regions of the sinonasal cavity from patients undergoing rhinology procedures and used immunohistochemical staining to profile ACE2, compare ACE2 expression between regions, and compare ACE2 expression between patients and patient characteristics. We found ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are present throughout the sinonasal cavity without a regional pattern among anatomic regions in our patients. We found no statistically significant correlation in ACE2 expression with patient characteristics such as age, sex, or BMI. We also did not find a statistically significant correlation between ACE2 and TMPRSS2 quantitative expression. ACE2 expression trended higher in males compared to females for six out of seven regions excluding the nasal floor. In conclusion, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed ubiquitously throughout the sinonasal cavity. ACE2 expression may be higher in the sinonasal cavity in males compared to females. These data implicate that SARS-CoV-2 is unlikely to discriminate between anatomic regions as a point of entry and that anatomic regions likely are similar in viral load. Thus, all rhinology and skull base surgeries, independent of encounter of the anatomic region in the sinonasal cavity, predicate screening for SARS-CoV-2, and necessary personal protective equipment.
鼻科医生可能是耳鼻喉科接触SARS-CoV-2风险最高的亚专科之一,因为鼻道似乎是该病毒的储存库。先前的数据表明,鼻上皮细胞表达SARS-CoV-2的主要受体血管紧张素转换酶-2 (ACE2)。然而,没有数据分析ACE2的区域表达或跨膜丝氨酸蛋白酶2 (TMPRSS2)的表达,TMPRSS2是SARS-CoV-2病毒进入鼻腔所必需的额外蛋白酶。我们试图评估ACE2和TMPRSS2在整个鼻腔和鼻窦的解剖表达。我们假设ACE2和TMPRSS2在整个鼻腔和鼻窦中表达。为了验证这一假设,我们从接受鼻外科手术的患者中取样鼻窦的各个区域,并使用免疫组织化学染色来分析ACE2,比较ACE2在区域之间的表达,并比较患者之间ACE2的表达和患者特征。我们发现ACE2和TMPRSS2在我们的患者中存在于整个鼻窦,而在解剖区域中没有区域模式。我们发现ACE2的表达与患者的年龄、性别或BMI等特征没有统计学上的显著相关性。我们也没有发现ACE2与TMPRSS2的定量表达有统计学意义。在除鼻底外的7个区域中,有6个区域的ACE2在男性中的表达高于女性。综上所述,ACE2和TMPRSS2在鼻腔中普遍表达。ACE2在男性鼻窦中的表达可能高于女性。这些数据表明,SARS-CoV-2不太可能区分解剖区域作为进入点,解剖区域的病毒载量可能相似。因此,所有鼻科和颅底手术,不依赖于鼻腔解剖区域的接触,都需要筛查SARS-CoV-2,并配备必要的个人防护装备。
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引用次数: 0
Awareness of smell exercise after smell dysfunction related to COVID-19 in Alahsaa, Saudi Arabia 沙特阿拉伯阿拉赫萨与COVID-19相关的嗅觉功能障碍后的嗅觉运动意识
Pub Date : 2022-09-21 DOI: 10.17352/2455-1759.000147
A. Khalid A, Aldrweesh Abdulrahman Khalid, Aldoughan Alghaydaa Fouad, Alarfaj Sumaia Mohammed, Alabdulqader Fatimah Khalid, A. Abdullah A
Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe acute respiratory syndrome. Globally, COVID-19 has infected more than 573 million people, with over 6.3 million deaths on July 27, 2022. The symptoms range from cold-like symptoms, cough, fever, shortness of breath, and sore throat; additionally, studies show that patients frequently have problems with smell and taste disorders (STD). Aim: We aim to estimate the prevalence of COVID-19-related anosmia, hyposmia, and parosmia in Alahssa, Saudi Arabia and establish the level of awareness of smell exercises. Patients and methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among adults aged 18–60 living in Alahssa, Saudi Arabia. An online questionnaire containing an informed consent form and a survey to collect demographic data, vaccination status, level of loss of smell and taste, and the level of awareness about smell exercises was distributed among all participants who agreed to participate in this study. Results: Five hundred twenty-four adults agreed to participate in this study. When we assessed their awareness of the smelling exercise, it was found that only 115 patients (21.9%) were aware. About 49 patients (61.3%) practiced the smelling exercise, and 55% reported improvements afterward. Conclusion: The prevalences of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction were found to be 54.6% and 52.5%, respectively. Awareness of olfactory training was moderately low among those infected with COVID-19, while 28% of the patients who had experienced olfactory disturbances were aware of this training. Active, collaborative research is essential for describing the natural history and effective therapy of chemosensory impairment in COVID-19.
2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)是一种严重的急性呼吸系统综合征。在全球范围内,COVID-19已感染超过5.73亿人,截至2022年7月27日,已有630多万人死亡。症状包括感冒样症状、咳嗽、发烧、呼吸急促和喉咙痛;此外,研究表明,患者经常有嗅觉和味觉障碍(STD)的问题。目的:我们旨在估计沙特阿拉伯阿拉赫萨地区与covid -19相关的嗅觉缺失、嗅觉减退和嗅觉缺失的患病率,并建立嗅觉锻炼的意识水平。患者和方法:这是一项横断面研究,在沙特阿拉伯阿拉赫萨18-60岁的成年人中进行。在所有同意参加本研究的参与者中分发了一份在线问卷,其中包含知情同意书和一份收集人口统计数据、疫苗接种状况、嗅觉和味觉丧失水平以及嗅觉锻炼意识水平的调查。结果:524名成年人同意参加这项研究。当我们评估他们对嗅觉运动的意识时,发现只有115名患者(21.9%)意识到了。约有49名患者(61.3%)进行了嗅觉练习,55%的患者在练习后报告了改善。结论:嗅觉和味觉功能障碍的患病率分别为54.6%和52.5%。感染COVID-19的患者对嗅觉训练的认知度较低,而经历过嗅觉障碍的患者中有28%意识到这种训练。积极的合作研究对于描述COVID-19化学感觉障碍的自然历史和有效治疗至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of smoking on status of hearing: A cross-sectional study 吸烟对听力状况的影响:一项横断面研究
Pub Date : 2022-07-29 DOI: 10.17352/2455-1759.000146
Gautam Nandita, K. Shivalingesh, Kushwaha Anushtha, Singh Varnika, Singh Siddhant, Kumar Shashank
Introduction: Smoking is a common tendency among all social classes around the globe, especially in the working population. Objective: To assess the significant link between tobacco and cigarette smoking and its effect on hearing among smokers as there is limited study on this aspect of the Indian population particularly with a high-frequency hearing threshold. Methodology: Cross-sectional study carried out on patients attending the OPD in ENT and Head & Neck Surgery Department of Rohilkhand Medical College & Hospital. The sample size came to be 90. Results: In smokers, there were 72 (80%) males and 18 (20%) females while in the non-smoker group, there were 53 (58.8%) males and 37 (41.11%) females, and 39 (43.3%) subjects belonging to the rural population while 51 (56.7%) subjects belong to an urban population. out of 90 subjects, 43 (30.3%) had cochlear deafness followed by 40 (28.2%) who had normal hearing and 7 (4.9%) had retrocochlear deafness. Conclusion: Tobacco has the power to reduce the ability to hear, mainly causing a sensorineural hearing loss at higher frequencies.
吸烟是全球各个社会阶层的共同趋势,尤其是在工作人群中。目的:评估烟草和吸烟之间的重要联系及其对吸烟者听力的影响,因为对印度人群特别是高频听力阈值人群这方面的研究有限。方法:对罗希尔坎德邦医学院及医院耳鼻喉科和头颈外科门诊就诊的患者进行横断面研究。样本数量是90。结果:吸烟人群中男性72人(80%),女性18人(20%);非吸烟人群中男性53人(58.8%),女性37人(41.11%);农村39人(43.3%),城市51人(56.7%)。90例受试者中耳蜗耳聋43例(30.3%),听力正常40例(28.2%),耳蜗后耳聋7例(4.9%)。结论:烟草有降低听力的能力,主要是引起高频率的感觉神经性听力损失。
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引用次数: 0
Remarks on the theory of hearing-a traveling wave part two 听觉理论述评——行波第二部分
Pub Date : 2022-05-04 DOI: 10.17352/2455-1759.000145
Myjkowski Jan
In the paper, attention was paid to the procedure of reception and transforming auditory information, which does not comply with Bekesy’s traveling wave theory. This concerns the sound reception below the hearing threshold in some animals and birds. Discussed are some issues related to the traveling wave theory with an explanation of directional hearing. Indicated was a possibility of reception, especially, of high frequencies, directly on the receptor, without the basilar membrane, due to the conduction of sound waves through soft tissues and a bone.
本文关注的是听觉信息的接收和转换过程,这与Bekesy的行波理论不符。这涉及到一些动物和鸟类在听力阈值以下的声音接收。讨论了行波理论的有关问题,并对定向听力进行了解释。这表明,由于声波通过软组织和骨骼传导,可以直接在感受器上接收,特别是高频信号,而不需要基底膜。
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引用次数: 0
Efficacy of olfactory training program in conjunction with nasal steroid irrigation in treating persistent smell loss in COVID-19 patients 嗅觉训练计划联合鼻类固醇冲洗治疗COVID-19患者持续性嗅觉丧失的疗效
Pub Date : 2022-01-04 DOI: 10.17352/2455-1759.000144
A. Marwa, Ali Elkholi Safaa Mostafa
Background: Smell loss is a challenging clinical problem. There is still no evidence-based medical intervention to treat patients with persistent smell loss as a result of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim is to analyze the efficacy of treating patients with persistent smell loss due to COVID-19 using olfactory training (OT) combined with nasal steroid irrigation. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 196 COVID-19 patients with persistent smell loss were recruited. All patients underwent two testing sessions. At the first session, patients were examined by a history taking followed by an Otorhinolaryngological examination including, a thorough nasal endoscopy. In addition, an olfactory performance assessment was performed to assess the severity of smell loss. All patients were then treated with OT and nasal steroid irrigation with budesonide for 12 weeks. The second session includes an olfactory performance assessment to assess if there is an improvement in olfactory function. Results: Patients after treatment showed improvement in overall Threshold-Detection-Identification (TDI) score, odor detection threshold score, odor discrimination score, and odor identification score, which were higher than before treatment. Statistically significant differences before and after treatment results were very pronounced for the overall TDI score (p = 0.014) and odor detection threshold score (p = 0.003). There was no significant difference in odor discrimination (p = 0.08) or odor identification (p = 0.126) scores before and after treatment. Conclusion: The results of this study support the efficacy of the combination of budesonide nasal irrigation and OT in treating persistent smell loss due to COVID-19 infection.
背景:嗅觉丧失是一个具有挑战性的临床问题。目前仍没有循证医学干预措施来治疗因2019冠状病毒病(COVID-19)而持续嗅觉丧失的患者。目的是分析嗅觉训练(OT)联合鼻腔类固醇冲洗治疗COVID-19持续性嗅觉丧失患者的疗效。方法:采用横断面研究方法,纳入196例持续性嗅觉丧失的COVID-19患者。所有患者都进行了两次测试。在第一阶段,患者接受病史检查,随后进行耳鼻喉科检查,包括彻底的鼻内窥镜检查。此外,进行嗅觉性能评估以评估嗅觉丧失的严重程度。所有患者随后接受OT和布地奈德鼻腔类固醇冲洗治疗12周。第二阶段包括嗅觉性能评估,以评估嗅觉功能是否有改善。结果:治疗后患者TDI总分、气味检测阈值评分、气味辨别评分、气味识别评分均较治疗前有所改善。治疗前后TDI总分(p = 0.014)和气味检测阈值评分(p = 0.003)差异均有统计学意义。治疗前后气味辨别(p = 0.08)和气味识别(p = 0.126)评分差异均无统计学意义。结论:本研究结果支持布地奈德鼻冲洗联合OT治疗COVID-19感染持续性嗅觉丧失的疗效。
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引用次数: 3
Diagnosis of the pathophysiology of chronic mucosal diseases of allergic rhinitis, asthma and otitis media as seen by an otolaryngologist 耳鼻喉科医师对过敏性鼻炎、哮喘和中耳炎等慢性粘膜疾病的病理生理诊断
Pub Date : 2021-12-13 DOI: 10.17352/2455-1759.000143
Hurst David S, McDaniel Alan B
Otolaryngologists, like Pediatricians, often see patients with chronic rhino-sinusitis and draining ears. Surgeons can offer various procedures, from simple tympanostomy tubes to advanced sinus and turbinate operations, in which significant portions of bone and mucosa are removed. The rates of reinfection are often reduced [1] but failures occur.
耳鼻喉科医生和儿科医生一样,经常看到患有慢性鼻鼻窦炎和耳朵引流的病人。外科医生可以提供各种手术,从简单的鼓室造口管到高级鼻窦和鼻甲手术,其中大部分骨头和粘膜被切除。再感染率通常会降低[1],但也会出现失败。
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引用次数: 0
Endobronchial laryngeal tumor “embolus”creating respiratory difficulty during surgery: A case report 术中气管内喉部肿瘤“栓子”造成呼吸困难1例
Pub Date : 2021-07-31 DOI: 10.17352/2455-1759.000142
Ray Dieter
Unusual laryngeal and tracheobronchial obstructing lesions are seen on occasion [1-3]. A patient was evaluated by his primary physician and pulmonologist due to symptoms referable to his chest including a cough and shortness of breath. Evaluation, including lexible bronchoscopy, revealed a primary carcinoma of the left upper lobe of the long.
不寻常的喉部和气管支气管梗阻病变偶尔可见[1-3]。一名患者的主治医生和肺科医生对其胸部症状进行了评估,包括咳嗽和呼吸短促。评估,包括柔性支气管镜检查,显示原发性癌左上肺长。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of mode of presentation and mode of speech on listener perceptions of voice, speech and personality following supracricoid laryngectomy 呈递方式和言语方式对喉瓣上切除术后听者声音、言语和人格知觉的影响
Pub Date : 2021-03-31 DOI: 10.17352/2455-1759.000138
Paul M. Evitts, Heather M. Starmer, Kim Webster
There is a paucity of information on listener perceptions of Individuals with a Laryngectomy (IWL) based on different modes of speech, in particular, speech following Supracricoid Laryngectomy (SCL).
关于喉切除术(IWL)患者基于不同语言模式的听者感知的信息缺乏,特别是在喉上膜切除术(SCL)后的语言。
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引用次数: 0
Treatment of sinusitis associate with filling material of the maxillary sinus by endonasal endoscopic sinus surgery simultaneous sinus-lifting and dental implantation 鼻内窥镜鼻窦手术治疗上颌窦填充物相关的鼻窦炎,同时进行鼻窦提升和牙种植
Pub Date : 2020-11-23 DOI: 10.17352/2455-1759.000136
G. Hakobyan, G. Khachatryan, L. Khachatryan, L. Yessayan, Davit Mathevosyan
Optimization of the sinus-lifting in patients with filling material in maxillary sinus cavity by a one-stage endonasal endoscopic elimination of the sinus pathology and carrying out a sinus-lifting.
一期鼻内窥镜消除上颌窦病变,进行上颌窦腔填充物提升术的优化。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Archives of Otolaryngology and Rhinology
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