Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.52165/sgj.15.3.323-338
Yaiza Taboada-Iglesias, Diego Alonso-Fernández, Xoana Reguera-López-de-la-Osa, Águeda Gutiérrez-Sánchez
The risk of injury is associated with elite sport. There is evidence that body composition may affect injury risk. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of injuries, and to determine the relationship of body composition with the incidence, typology and severity of injuries in female acrobatic gymnasts. The sample included 92 female acrobatic gymnasts aged between 9 and 20 years (13.66 ± 2.66 years), 33 tops (11.06 and 1.41 age) and 59 bases (15.11 and 2.00 age). Body measurements (fat percentage, muscle percentage and the sum of 6 skinfolds), and body mass index (BMI) and their categorization into underweight, normal weight and overweight, were measured. Data about injuries were collected through a self-completed questionnaire at the end of the season, where it was recorded whether they had suffered injuries, the type of injury (joint, ligament, tendon or bone) and its severity (minor, moderate or severe). A descriptive, comparative and relational analysis of the studied variables and between groups was carried out. The results obtained in this study indicate a higher percentage of uninjured gymnasts, but also a high percentage of injured gymnasts, with ligament injuries being the most frequent. As for the relationship with body composition and BMI, no significant relationships were observed in the incidence, typology or severity of injuries suffered by these athletes. It only seems to affect tendon injuries in the bases, with the injured gymnasts having a higher BMI, fat percentage and the sum of six skinfolds.
{"title":"BODY COMPOSITION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SPORTS INJURIES IN YOUNG FEMALE ACROBATIC GYMNASTS","authors":"Yaiza Taboada-Iglesias, Diego Alonso-Fernández, Xoana Reguera-López-de-la-Osa, Águeda Gutiérrez-Sánchez","doi":"10.52165/sgj.15.3.323-338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/sgj.15.3.323-338","url":null,"abstract":"The risk of injury is associated with elite sport. There is evidence that body composition may affect injury risk. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of injuries, and to determine the relationship of body composition with the incidence, typology and severity of injuries in female acrobatic gymnasts. The sample included 92 female acrobatic gymnasts aged between 9 and 20 years (13.66 ± 2.66 years), 33 tops (11.06 and 1.41 age) and 59 bases (15.11 and 2.00 age). Body measurements (fat percentage, muscle percentage and the sum of 6 skinfolds), and body mass index (BMI) and their categorization into underweight, normal weight and overweight, were measured. Data about injuries were collected through a self-completed questionnaire at the end of the season, where it was recorded whether they had suffered injuries, the type of injury (joint, ligament, tendon or bone) and its severity (minor, moderate or severe). A descriptive, comparative and relational analysis of the studied variables and between groups was carried out. The results obtained in this study indicate a higher percentage of uninjured gymnasts, but also a high percentage of injured gymnasts, with ligament injuries being the most frequent. As for the relationship with body composition and BMI, no significant relationships were observed in the incidence, typology or severity of injuries suffered by these athletes. It only seems to affect tendon injuries in the bases, with the injured gymnasts having a higher BMI, fat percentage and the sum of six skinfolds.","PeriodicalId":44084,"journal":{"name":"Science of Gymnastics Journal","volume":"31 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136106662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.52165/sgj.15.3.409-425
Ani Agopyan, Berfin Serdil Ors
This study aims to analyze the contribution of each apparatus' score component to the overall score and to identify the key performance indicators that distinguish medalists from non-medalists among the 10 finalists in rhythmic gymnastics at the 2020 Olympic Games, Tokyo. Medalists (n=3) and non-medalists (n=7) were separated in the sample. Each apparatus (hoop/ball/clubs/ribbon) had seven components [body difficulty (DB), apparatus difficulty (DA), D total, artistic execution (EA), execution technical (ET), E total, total score (TS) of apparatus, and a total final score (TFS-sum of four apparatus scores)]. A total of 350 scores were analyzed. The Mann–Whitney U tests and Cohen's d effect size (ES) calculation were used to calculate differences. The following variables were determined to differentiate the TFS of the medalist and the non-medalist gymnasts: the large effect with Ball-DA/D total/EA/E total/TS (ES=1.550–1.879), Clubs-DA/D total/EA/TS (ES=0.316–2.080), Hoop-DA/D total/TS (ES=1.897–2.316), Ribbon-EA (ES=1.879), and with a low-effect Clubs-AD(ES=0.316) components. Hoop-DA and Hoop-D-TS (ES=2.316, p< 0.05) have the greatest impact, while all DB and ET scores (p>0.05) have no effect on TFS. The impact of apparatus-specific score components on Olympic medal outcomes varies significantly. Notably, difficulty scores (both total and apparatus-specific) and artistic scores emerged as key performance indicators for achieving high total scores and securing a medal in rhythmic gymnastics at the Olympic Games. Coaches should prioritize choreography planning aimed at enhancing difficulty, particularly the apparatus difficulty score, while also focusing on enhancing artistic quality through flawless execution of routines by the gymnasts.
{"title":"KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF INDIVIDUAL MEDALISTS IN RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS COMPETING AT THE 2020 OLYMPIC GAMES","authors":"Ani Agopyan, Berfin Serdil Ors","doi":"10.52165/sgj.15.3.409-425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/sgj.15.3.409-425","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to analyze the contribution of each apparatus' score component to the overall score and to identify the key performance indicators that distinguish medalists from non-medalists among the 10 finalists in rhythmic gymnastics at the 2020 Olympic Games, Tokyo. Medalists (n=3) and non-medalists (n=7) were separated in the sample. Each apparatus (hoop/ball/clubs/ribbon) had seven components [body difficulty (DB), apparatus difficulty (DA), D total, artistic execution (EA), execution technical (ET), E total, total score (TS) of apparatus, and a total final score (TFS-sum of four apparatus scores)]. A total of 350 scores were analyzed. The Mann–Whitney U tests and Cohen's d effect size (ES) calculation were used to calculate differences. The following variables were determined to differentiate the TFS of the medalist and the non-medalist gymnasts: the large effect with Ball-DA/D total/EA/E total/TS (ES=1.550–1.879), Clubs-DA/D total/EA/TS (ES=0.316–2.080), Hoop-DA/D total/TS (ES=1.897–2.316), Ribbon-EA (ES=1.879), and with a low-effect Clubs-AD(ES=0.316) components. Hoop-DA and Hoop-D-TS (ES=2.316, p< 0.05) have the greatest impact, while all DB and ET scores (p>0.05) have no effect on TFS. The impact of apparatus-specific score components on Olympic medal outcomes varies significantly. Notably, difficulty scores (both total and apparatus-specific) and artistic scores emerged as key performance indicators for achieving high total scores and securing a medal in rhythmic gymnastics at the Olympic Games. Coaches should prioritize choreography planning aimed at enhancing difficulty, particularly the apparatus difficulty score, while also focusing on enhancing artistic quality through flawless execution of routines by the gymnasts.","PeriodicalId":44084,"journal":{"name":"Science of Gymnastics Journal","volume":"5 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136106661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.52165/sgj.15.3.349-366
Karmen Šibanc, Maja Pajek, Ivan Čuk, Igor Pušnik
In sports and exercise science, thermography is used extensively to evaluate athletic performance, to study exercise-induced superficial vascular changes, and to monitor injuries. There is a lack of research and literature on palm temperatures after different loads and our question was how palm temperature differs after static and dynamic loading on the parallel bars since the application is so varied (competitive and recreational sports, physical education, rehabilitation). Thirty-eight students from the Faculty of Sport at the University of Ljubljana were measured using a high-quality thermal imaging camera. Palm temperatures were measured before the load was applied, immediately after the load, and every 30 seconds for a period of 5 minutes after the load. Each hand was divided into nine different regions of interest (ROIs). Mean (XA), standard deviation (SD), maximum and minimum, and number of pixels were calculated. Our study showed that the temperature in the palm decreased immediately after the load, and then began to increase. Within 5 minutes, it reached higher values than before the application of the load, and after swings (dynamic load), the temperature values were higher than after support (static load). Different loads have different effects on the temperature of the hand.
{"title":"TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES OF THE PALMS AFTER STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOAD IN SUPPORT ON PARALLEL BARS","authors":"Karmen Šibanc, Maja Pajek, Ivan Čuk, Igor Pušnik","doi":"10.52165/sgj.15.3.349-366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/sgj.15.3.349-366","url":null,"abstract":"In sports and exercise science, thermography is used extensively to evaluate athletic performance, to study exercise-induced superficial vascular changes, and to monitor injuries. There is a lack of research and literature on palm temperatures after different loads and our question was how palm temperature differs after static and dynamic loading on the parallel bars since the application is so varied (competitive and recreational sports, physical education, rehabilitation). Thirty-eight students from the Faculty of Sport at the University of Ljubljana were measured using a high-quality thermal imaging camera. Palm temperatures were measured before the load was applied, immediately after the load, and every 30 seconds for a period of 5 minutes after the load. Each hand was divided into nine different regions of interest (ROIs). Mean (XA), standard deviation (SD), maximum and minimum, and number of pixels were calculated. Our study showed that the temperature in the palm decreased immediately after the load, and then began to increase. Within 5 minutes, it reached higher values than before the application of the load, and after swings (dynamic load), the temperature values were higher than after support (static load). Different loads have different effects on the temperature of the hand.","PeriodicalId":44084,"journal":{"name":"Science of Gymnastics Journal","volume":"5 9","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136106378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.52165/sgj.15.3.474-475
Flavio Bessi
Freiburg, Germany - October 20, 2023 - The picturesque city of Freiburg in southwestern Germany recently became the epicenter of the gymnastics world as it played host to the Freiburg International Gymnastics Congress. This prestigious event, held at the Department of Sport and Sports Science of the University of Freiburg for the 17th time, brought together gymnasts, coaches and sports scientists from different countries to exchange cutting-edge knowledge and ideas.
{"title":"XVII Freiburg International Gymnastics Congress: An outstandig continuing education programme for coaches with top speakers and renowned scientists","authors":"Flavio Bessi","doi":"10.52165/sgj.15.3.474-475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/sgj.15.3.474-475","url":null,"abstract":"Freiburg, Germany - October 20, 2023 - The picturesque city of Freiburg in southwestern Germany recently became the epicenter of the gymnastics world as it played host to the Freiburg International Gymnastics Congress. This prestigious event, held at the Department of Sport and Sports Science of the University of Freiburg for the 17th time, brought together gymnasts, coaches and sports scientists from different countries to exchange cutting-edge knowledge and ideas.","PeriodicalId":44084,"journal":{"name":"Science of Gymnastics Journal","volume":"38 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136106671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.52165/sgj.15.3.462-473
Hardy Fink
To the Editors:
Once again, I have prepared a post-World Championship analysis of the many problems related to the current World Championship regulations. My analyses this year and last year reveal that the current system is beset with unacceptable problems that negatively affect all countries. A return to the 2005-2021 system with a mid-cycle Open Team World Championship seems the easiest and most palatable solution.
{"title":"A Myriad of Problems with the Current Regulations for Artistic Gymnastics World Championships","authors":"Hardy Fink","doi":"10.52165/sgj.15.3.462-473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/sgj.15.3.462-473","url":null,"abstract":"To the Editors:
 Once again, I have prepared a post-World Championship analysis of the many problems related to the current World Championship regulations. My analyses this year and last year reveal that the current system is beset with unacceptable problems that negatively affect all countries. A return to the 2005-2021 system with a mid-cycle Open Team World Championship seems the easiest and most palatable solution.","PeriodicalId":44084,"journal":{"name":"Science of Gymnastics Journal","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136106117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.52165/sgj.15.3.367-374
MASAHARU MATSUSHIMA
The time of flight in trampoline competitions relies on the jumping movement executed on the trampoline bed, which can be divided into a downward phase and an upward phase. These two phases of the jumping movement exhibit distinct characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate fundamental data regarding the vertical deflection length, time, velocity, and force involved in the vertical movement on the trampoline bed. The study involved ten trampoline athletes, including participants in the All Japan Championships and members of the Japanese national team. These athletes were instructed to perform 15 consecutive jumps on the trampoline bed, starting from a standing-still position, aiming for maximum height, and maintaining a straight trajectory in the center of the trampoline bed. The findings revealed that all measured parameters were significantly greater in the downward phase compared to the upward phase. Interestingly, it was observed that the jumping height during a prolonged flight is predominantly determined by the actions in the downward phase of the trampoline bed, rather than the upward phase. As a result, the downward phase should be executed as an active jumping movement.
{"title":"RELATION BETWEEN DOWNWARD AND UPWARD PHASES ON THE TRAMPOLINE BED DURING JUMPING","authors":"MASAHARU MATSUSHIMA","doi":"10.52165/sgj.15.3.367-374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/sgj.15.3.367-374","url":null,"abstract":"The time of flight in trampoline competitions relies on the jumping movement executed on the trampoline bed, which can be divided into a downward phase and an upward phase. These two phases of the jumping movement exhibit distinct characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate fundamental data regarding the vertical deflection length, time, velocity, and force involved in the vertical movement on the trampoline bed. The study involved ten trampoline athletes, including participants in the All Japan Championships and members of the Japanese national team. These athletes were instructed to perform 15 consecutive jumps on the trampoline bed, starting from a standing-still position, aiming for maximum height, and maintaining a straight trajectory in the center of the trampoline bed. The findings revealed that all measured parameters were significantly greater in the downward phase compared to the upward phase. Interestingly, it was observed that the jumping height during a prolonged flight is predominantly determined by the actions in the downward phase of the trampoline bed, rather than the upward phase. As a result, the downward phase should be executed as an active jumping movement.","PeriodicalId":44084,"journal":{"name":"Science of Gymnastics Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136106664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.52165/sgj.15.3.427-439
Eduardo Macedo Penna, Edson Filho, Lívia Maria Neves Bentes, Renato Melo Ferreira, Daniel Alvarez Pires
The aim of the study was to explore sources of organizational stress among Brazilian youth rhythmic gymnasts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six female athletes aged approximately 15 years (M = 14.50; SD = 1.76) with approximately seven years of experience in the sport on average (M = 6.83; SD = 3.25). Deductive categorical analysis was used to analyze the raw data. Our analysis revealed that sport entrapment, time management, and body image concerns are some of the stressors experienced by rhythmic gymnasts. Coach-pressure, peer-pressure, and parental-pressure are additional sources of stress reported by the athletes. Finally, the athletes reported experiencing competitive anxiety before, during, and after competition. Collectively, our findings suggest that rhythmic gymnasts reported a multitude of sport-related stressors. To counter these pressures, coaches, and practitioners need to equip athletes with a variety of coping skills in order to promote well-being and increase peak performance in the sport.
{"title":"SOURCES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRESS AMONG YOUTH RHYTHMIC GYMNASTS: AN INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS","authors":"Eduardo Macedo Penna, Edson Filho, Lívia Maria Neves Bentes, Renato Melo Ferreira, Daniel Alvarez Pires","doi":"10.52165/sgj.15.3.427-439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/sgj.15.3.427-439","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the study was to explore sources of organizational stress among Brazilian youth rhythmic gymnasts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six female athletes aged approximately 15 years (M = 14.50; SD = 1.76) with approximately seven years of experience in the sport on average (M = 6.83; SD = 3.25). Deductive categorical analysis was used to analyze the raw data. Our analysis revealed that sport entrapment, time management, and body image concerns are some of the stressors experienced by rhythmic gymnasts. Coach-pressure, peer-pressure, and parental-pressure are additional sources of stress reported by the athletes. Finally, the athletes reported experiencing competitive anxiety before, during, and after competition. Collectively, our findings suggest that rhythmic gymnasts reported a multitude of sport-related stressors. To counter these pressures, coaches, and practitioners need to equip athletes with a variety of coping skills in order to promote well-being and increase peak performance in the sport.","PeriodicalId":44084,"journal":{"name":"Science of Gymnastics Journal","volume":"5 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136106665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Participants needed for an international study on the impact of surrounding factors (family, job, training site, judges, …) on sports performance. If you are interested, please check out the following link: https://www.umfrageonline.com/c/iycvfkqe
{"title":"Invitation for participation in a study","authors":"Johanna Weber","doi":"10.52165/sgj.15.3.476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/sgj.15.3.476","url":null,"abstract":"Participants needed for an international study on the impact of surrounding factors (family, job, training site, judges, …) on sports performance. If you are interested, please check out the following link: https://www.umfrageonline.com/c/iycvfkqe","PeriodicalId":44084,"journal":{"name":"Science of Gymnastics Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136106670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.52165/sgj.15.3.375-394
Dimitrios Milosis, Theophanis Satras
The purpose of the study was twofold: (a) to examine the impact of various finger placements and utilization on the quality, control, and overall efficiency of handstand performance, and (b) to investigate potential gender differences in relation to these factors. Thirty-one young competitive gymnasts (15 males; age: 12.60 ± 2.08, and 16 females; age: 13.31 ± 2.21) participated in this study. A portable posturographic digital platform was used to record hand area (cm²), maximal pressure (kPa), CoP (center of hand pressure) sway area (mm²), CoP linear distance displacement (mm) and CoP velocity. Derived data were analyzed in an integrated software module (Foot Checker, version 4.0). The intra-class correlation coefficient and the coefficient of variation supported the reliability of the measurements. One-way MANOVA showed better balance control for all gymnasts for the handstand with flat palms and joined and fully stretched fingers, followed by that of flat palms and wide open and fully stretched fingers, and wide flat palms and open and flexed fingers. Results from one-way MANOVA indicated no differences between males and females in age, training age, body mass, height, and body mass index. With control for the effects of age, training age, personal characteristics and hand area of support in place, females had better balance control compared to males based on differences in CoP sway area, CoP linear distance displacement, and CoP velocity. Despite the study's limitations, the findings contribute to the existing literature on balance control techniques in handstands in relation to gender differences. The study provides recommendations for more effective training for coaches and suggests avenues for future research.
{"title":"THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT HANDSTAND PLACEMENT TECHNIQUES IN HANDSTAND BALANCE CONTROL AND GENDER DIFFERENCESDSTAND BALANCE CONTROL AND GENDER DIFFERENCES","authors":"Dimitrios Milosis, Theophanis Satras","doi":"10.52165/sgj.15.3.375-394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.52165/sgj.15.3.375-394","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the study was twofold: (a) to examine the impact of various finger placements and utilization on the quality, control, and overall efficiency of handstand performance, and (b) to investigate potential gender differences in relation to these factors. Thirty-one young competitive gymnasts (15 males; age: 12.60 ± 2.08, and 16 females; age: 13.31 ± 2.21) participated in this study. A portable posturographic digital platform was used to record hand area (cm²), maximal pressure (kPa), CoP (center of hand pressure) sway area (mm²), CoP linear distance displacement (mm) and CoP velocity. Derived data were analyzed in an integrated software module (Foot Checker, version 4.0). The intra-class correlation coefficient and the coefficient of variation supported the reliability of the measurements. One-way MANOVA showed better balance control for all gymnasts for the handstand with flat palms and joined and fully stretched fingers, followed by that of flat palms and wide open and fully stretched fingers, and wide flat palms and open and flexed fingers. Results from one-way MANOVA indicated no differences between males and females in age, training age, body mass, height, and body mass index. With control for the effects of age, training age, personal characteristics and hand area of support in place, females had better balance control compared to males based on differences in CoP sway area, CoP linear distance displacement, and CoP velocity. Despite the study's limitations, the findings contribute to the existing literature on balance control techniques in handstands in relation to gender differences. The study provides recommendations for more effective training for coaches and suggests avenues for future research.","PeriodicalId":44084,"journal":{"name":"Science of Gymnastics Journal","volume":"5 7","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136106663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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