Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review最新文献

In most advanced economies, working hours have steadily declined, while the per-capita income has steadily increased. Boppart and Krusell (J Polit Econ 128(1):118–157, 2020) propose a new preference class in order to account for these observations. They show that the income effect on labor supply exceeds the substitution effect in the balanced-growth path. However, the longer-term changes, or less-developed economies, reveal backward-bending relationships between income and working hours. To explain this fact, we introduce Stone–Geary type non-homotheticity in preferences into a non-overlapping generations model, and analyze how working hours evolve with income. With the non-homotheticity, the long-run equilibrium labor supply bends backward. Further, the backward-bending curve emerges not only as a transitional phenomenon, but also in the balanced-growth path.

The euro area emerged from the euro crisis without meeting the conditions presented by the theory of optimum currency area. The decisive policy that ended this crisis was the Outright Monetary Transactions policy. Besides, the quantitative easing policy supports the economy of the euro area after this crisis. To examine the impact of these supranational monetary policies on the business cycles in the euro area, which is not covered by optimum currency area theory, we use a Kaldorian two-country model featuring a monetary union and imperfect capital mobility. We find that an increase in government bond purchases is a stabilizing factor, whereas an extreme increase in the degree of counter-cyclical fiscal policy is a destabilizing factor. Nevertheless, as long as the fiscal and monetary policies of two countries are not extremely active, but active to a certain extent, the equilibrium point becomes locally stable. Furthermore, even if the business cycles are not synchronized, the purchase of government bonds of a particular country is effective in stabilizing the business cycles of both countries. From these results, we suggest that the euro area satisfies the metacriteria of an optimum currency area through the implementation of a government bond purchase system by a supranational central bank system.

We build a macroeconomic model that allows for non-linearity in the interest rate rule. We assume that to determine the rate of interest, the monetary authority considers the interaction between the actual inflation and the capacity utilization, so that the sensitivity of the interest rule to the inflation gap varies in accordance with the business cycle. The macroeconomic policy framework we propose enables the monetary authority to give as much weight to inflation as to the product without losing sight of the expected anchor role of the inflation target, for a closed economy as well as for an open economy.

We examine the Pasinettian multi-sectoral two-class model with a microfoundation of a capitalist and a worker. The microfoundation assumed in this study is an infinitely lived agent and an agent whose behaviour follows the overlapping generations model. We consider two combinations of the microfoundation of capitalists and workers: one is that both capitalists and workers act as infinitely lived agents and the other is that capitalists act as infinitely lived agents and workers act as in the overlapping generations model. We exclusively analyse the steady states and focus on the switches of equilibria from the Pasinetti equilibrium to the dual equilibrium and vice versa, together with the paradoxes in capital theory. The relationship between the rates of economic growth and profit obtained in Pasinetti equilibrium is independent of technology and the combination of the microfoundation. The relationship obtained in dual equilibrium is dependent on technology and differs, depending on the combination of microfoundation. A numerical example shows the simultaneous analysis of the switch of equilibria, income distribution, and capital theory paradoxes. The result indicates that it is necessary to reconsider the importance of capital as a bundle of reproducible and heterogeneous commodities to construct an alternative model analysing the distribution of income and capital (wealth), which is unaccountable by the standard neo-classical models with capital as the primary factor of production.