A forced convection electric fish dryer was developed in this study to provide an efficient means of drying fish in urban and rural areas and serve as a substitute for the largely inefficient local means of drying fish. The machine was designed to accommodate 126 kg of fish distributed accordingly within the drying chamber. Six flat electric coils of 3 kW capacity each and a fan blower were provided to induce a saturating forced convective current within the drying chamber. The machine was evaluated at a drying temperature of 60oC with a total of 126 kg catfish, 21 kg on each tray. The result showed that percentage moisture contents of 81.8%, 72.7%, 62.7%, 54.1%, 47.7%, and 40.9 % were evaporated from the fish on the sixth to the first tray respectively in one hour. The mean percentage of moisture evaporated from all the trays was 60 %.
{"title":"Development of a forced convection electric fish drying machine","authors":"J. T. Isinkaye, J. S. Oghenekaro, O. D. Isinkaye","doi":"10.4314/etsj.v12i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v12i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"A forced convection electric fish dryer was developed in this study to provide an efficient means of drying fish in urban and rural areas and serve as a substitute for the largely inefficient local means of drying fish. The machine was designed to accommodate 126 kg of fish distributed accordingly within the drying chamber. Six flat electric coils of 3 kW capacity each and a fan blower were provided to induce a saturating forced convective current within the drying chamber. The machine was evaluated at a drying temperature of 60oC with a total of 126 kg catfish, 21 kg on each tray. The result showed that percentage moisture contents of 81.8%, 72.7%, 62.7%, 54.1%, 47.7%, and 40.9 % were evaporated from the fish on the sixth to the first tray respectively in one hour. The mean percentage of moisture evaporated from all the trays was 60 %.","PeriodicalId":442092,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology and Science Journal","volume":"150 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133729820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The possibility of faecal exposure increasing risk for COVID-19 infection makes imperative the need to interrogate current sanitation practices, as emerging studies indicate the possibility that the oral-faecal pathway could serve as an alternative to the respiratory and contact transmissions. This would help provide an analytical premise for planned improvement and greater precaution in ensuring human waste is safely contained, emptied, transported, and disposed or treated. This study adopts the RANT model (Risk, Attitude, Norm, and Toilet Management factors) in order to expatiate on the psychological determinants of open defecation by households who currently have toilets and either share them or use them separately. This is with a view to proffering suggestions on the sustainable measures for faecal waste management within Ogun state, Nigeria. Using a four-level multi-stage approach, questionnaires were administered to a total of 330 households within Ogun State, Nigeria. In the logistic modelling of the psychological factors explaining why households still defecate in the open, an indicator of the risk factor was more significant in the tendency of households, where toilets are shared, to still defecate in the open. Moreover, an indicator of the norm factor would explain why households who do not share toilets still defecate in the open. The study recommends the need to mainstream, and implement effectively, initiatives such as planning and landscaping of open spaces, bus terminals with adequate toilets, installations of signpost warning against open defecation, comprehensive water schemes in cities’ master plans of Ogun state, as a sustainable means of discouraging open defecation, and reducing the risk factors for COVID-19 infection and exposure to other infectious diseases.
{"title":"Assessment of the psychological dimension to open defecation in Ogun State","authors":"O. Olapeju","doi":"10.4314/etsj.v12i2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v12i2.15","url":null,"abstract":"The possibility of faecal exposure increasing risk for COVID-19 infection makes imperative the need to interrogate current sanitation practices, as emerging studies indicate the possibility that the oral-faecal pathway could serve as an alternative to the respiratory and contact transmissions. This would help provide an analytical premise for planned improvement and greater precaution in ensuring human waste is safely contained, emptied, transported, and disposed or treated. This study adopts the RANT model (Risk, Attitude, Norm, and Toilet Management factors) in order to expatiate on the psychological determinants of open defecation by households who currently have toilets and either share them or use them separately. This is with a view to proffering suggestions on the sustainable measures for faecal waste management within Ogun state, Nigeria. Using a four-level multi-stage approach, questionnaires were administered to a total of 330 households within Ogun State, Nigeria. In the logistic modelling of the psychological factors explaining why households still defecate in the open, an indicator of the risk factor was more significant in the tendency of households, where toilets are shared, to still defecate in the open. Moreover, an indicator of the norm factor would explain why households who do not share toilets still defecate in the open. The study recommends the need to mainstream, and implement effectively, initiatives such as planning and landscaping of open spaces, bus terminals with adequate toilets, installations of signpost warning against open defecation, comprehensive water schemes in cities’ master plans of Ogun state, as a sustainable means of discouraging open defecation, and reducing the risk factors for COVID-19 infection and exposure to other infectious diseases.","PeriodicalId":442092,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology and Science Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133463636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In response to the housing deficit in the Federal Capital City occasioned by the movement of the seat of government from Lagos to Abuja in 1991, the authority of the Federal Capital Territory Administration introduced Housing Development Schemes at different times to develop large scale residential houses and sell to the residents at low cost. However, available statistics indicates that supply of adequate housing to meet the demand of the teeming residents of the territory still remain a mirage. The paper examined the challenges of housing development in the city. Both primary and secondary data were sourced for the study. A total of 312 questionnaires were administered to residents of Mabushi; Utako; Durumi; Wuye and Gudu districts. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics and results were presented by means of tables and figures. Analysis of the data revealed that the schemes were hindered by certain factors such as land use violations; bureaucracy and cost of land registration and titling; inflation in the costs of building materials; land tenure security problems and poor capacity of developers. Based on the findings of the study, the paper recommends strict enforcement of the Master Plan for the city; introduction of affordable Mortgage Electronic Registration and Titling System; government intervention through regulation of prices of building materials; review of the Land Use Act as well as involvement of capable mortgage developers.
{"title":"Challenges of housing development in the Federal Capital City, Abuja","authors":"J. E. Adidi, M. Alhassan, O. Adekiya","doi":"10.4314/etsj.v12i2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v12i2.11","url":null,"abstract":"In response to the housing deficit in the Federal Capital City occasioned by the movement of the seat of government from Lagos to Abuja in 1991, the authority of the Federal Capital Territory Administration introduced Housing Development Schemes at different times to develop large scale residential houses and sell to the residents at low cost. However, available statistics indicates that supply of adequate housing to meet the demand of the teeming residents of the territory still remain a mirage. The paper examined the challenges of housing development in the city. Both primary and secondary data were sourced for the study. A total of 312 questionnaires were administered to residents of Mabushi; Utako; Durumi; Wuye and Gudu districts. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics and results were presented by means of tables and figures. Analysis of the data revealed that the schemes were hindered by certain factors such as land use violations; bureaucracy and cost of land registration and titling; inflation in the costs of building materials; land tenure security problems and poor capacity of developers. Based on the findings of the study, the paper recommends strict enforcement of the Master Plan for the city; introduction of affordable Mortgage Electronic Registration and Titling System; government intervention through regulation of prices of building materials; review of the Land Use Act as well as involvement of capable mortgage developers.","PeriodicalId":442092,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology and Science Journal","volume":"520 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116262267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. A. Abbas, O. O. Morenikeji, M. Dalil, C. Ohadugha, H. Musa
Increasing human activity within the urban area brings massive changes in Land/Land Cover patterns and has an obvious effect of changes to urban ecosystems that make urban areas fragile. These conversions result in the appearance of numerous micro and mesoscale climates, warmer than the original climate and that of surrounding areas. This paper analyzed urban surface temperature variation on vegetal cover loss in Kubwa, FCT, Abuja. The study employed the used Landsat imageries of (1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020) to analyse land cover changes and land surface temperature. The study revealed that built-up area increase from 1990-2000 with 166% and 80% in 2010 and the year 2020 recorded an average of 23%. Bare surface decreased by -25% between (1990 -2000); further decreased from 3028.5 to 1979.6 hectares and -14% between 2010-2020. The study established that the LST value in 1990 Kubwa was 15℃ and 32.4℃ with a mean value of 23.7℃. The minimum and maximum LST of Kubwa in 2000 was 25℃ and 35℃ with mean of 30℃. The trend further continues, in the year 2010, minimum and maximum LST of 25℃ and 35℃ with a mean of 30℃ and in 2020 with a minimum and maximum LST of 25℃ and 40℃ with mean of 32.5℃. The analysis revealed that temperature variation increases between 1990, 2000, and 2010 were 0.4°C. There was 2°C in LST between the 2010 and 2020 due to urban expansion, infrastructure development, population growth and anthropogenic activities. The study recommends improvements of urban green infrastructure; and the FCT administration should embark into afforestation in order to restore the depleted vegetal land cover of the study area.
{"title":"Variation in land use cover and surface temperature of Kubwa, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria","authors":"Y. A. Abbas, O. O. Morenikeji, M. Dalil, C. Ohadugha, H. Musa","doi":"10.4314/etsj.v12i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v12i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"Increasing human activity within the urban area brings massive changes in Land/Land Cover patterns and has an obvious effect of changes to urban ecosystems that make urban areas fragile. These conversions result in the appearance of numerous micro and mesoscale climates, warmer than the original climate and that of surrounding areas. This paper analyzed urban surface temperature variation on vegetal cover loss in Kubwa, FCT, Abuja. The study employed the used Landsat imageries of (1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020) to analyse land cover changes and land surface temperature. The study revealed that built-up area increase from 1990-2000 with 166% and 80% in 2010 and the year 2020 recorded an average of 23%. Bare surface decreased by -25% between (1990 -2000); further decreased from 3028.5 to 1979.6 hectares and -14% between 2010-2020. The study established that the LST value in 1990 Kubwa was 15℃ and 32.4℃ with a mean value of 23.7℃. The minimum and maximum LST of Kubwa in 2000 was 25℃ and 35℃ with mean of 30℃. The trend further continues, in the year 2010, minimum and maximum LST of 25℃ and 35℃ with a mean of 30℃ and in 2020 with a minimum and maximum LST of 25℃ and 40℃ with mean of 32.5℃. The analysis revealed that temperature variation increases between 1990, 2000, and 2010 were 0.4°C. There was 2°C in LST between the 2010 and 2020 due to urban expansion, infrastructure development, population growth and anthropogenic activities. The study recommends improvements of urban green infrastructure; and the FCT administration should embark into afforestation in order to restore the depleted vegetal land cover of the study area.","PeriodicalId":442092,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology and Science Journal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124783736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Oyewobi, O. Agoi, S. Medayese, A. Bilau, V. Martins, R. Jimoh
In spite the concerted efforts made by housing stakeholders in formulating and implementing the 2012 National Housing Policy to bridge the gap between housing demand and supply, the housing situation remains in crisis and hampering on existing policies, sustainable housing delivery with consequent socio-economic, environmental, and political implications. These challenges call for an appraisal of the 2012 National housing policy towards identifying effective mechanism for the policy’s implementation. This paper assessed the roles of the housing policy’s implementing agencies (Federal Housing Authority and Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria), identify the challenges faced by the agencies and provide strategies for effective implementation of the National housing policy in Nigeria. In conducting this study, a mixed methods approach was adopted. The study identified the roles played by the designated agencies towards ensuring effective implementation of the National housing policy to include facilitating the development and management of real estate across all states, provision of sites and services for all income groups. Some of the major challenges found to be affecting the provision of adequate housing include increasing cost of procuring land and building materials, poorly developed mortgage finance system and high interest rates on mortgages and cumbersome building plans approvals processes. Though the agencies made concerted efforts in living up to their responsibilities, the efforts are not enough as housing deficit continues to increase. It is therefore suggested that all the tiers of government should ensure the provision of adequate infrastructure and appropriate land titles for both implementing agencies and private firms, create enabling environment for private sector participation in long-term housing finance and encourage the use of indigenous and alternative building materials to reduce construction cost.
{"title":"Appraisal of the housing delivery mandate of selected government agencies in Nigeria","authors":"L. Oyewobi, O. Agoi, S. Medayese, A. Bilau, V. Martins, R. Jimoh","doi":"10.4314/etsj.v12i2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/etsj.v12i2.16","url":null,"abstract":"In spite the concerted efforts made by housing stakeholders in formulating and implementing the 2012 National Housing Policy to bridge the gap between housing demand and supply, the housing situation remains in crisis and hampering on existing policies, sustainable housing delivery with consequent socio-economic, environmental, and political implications. These challenges call for an appraisal of the 2012 National housing policy towards identifying effective mechanism for the policy’s implementation. This paper assessed the roles of the housing policy’s implementing agencies (Federal Housing Authority and Federal Mortgage Bank of Nigeria), identify the challenges faced by the agencies and provide strategies for effective implementation of the National housing policy in Nigeria. In conducting this study, a mixed methods approach was adopted. The study identified the roles played by the designated agencies towards ensuring effective implementation of the National housing policy to include facilitating the development and management of real estate across all states, provision of sites and services for all income groups. Some of the major challenges found to be affecting the provision of adequate housing include increasing cost of procuring land and building materials, poorly developed mortgage finance system and high interest rates on mortgages and cumbersome building plans approvals processes. Though the agencies made concerted efforts in living up to their responsibilities, the efforts are not enough as housing deficit continues to increase. It is therefore suggested that all the tiers of government should ensure the provision of adequate infrastructure and appropriate land titles for both implementing agencies and private firms, create enabling environment for private sector participation in long-term housing finance and encourage the use of indigenous and alternative building materials to reduce construction cost.","PeriodicalId":442092,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Technology and Science Journal","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121616203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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