Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.30495/IJES.2021.1917721.1564
Muhammad Jehangir Khan, S. Ghazi, M. Mehmood, A. Yazdi, A. Naseem, Umair Serwar, Arsalan Zaheer, Hadayat Ullah
The Cretaceous Moro Formation from the Rakhi Nala section Dera Ghazi Khan has been studied in detail to investigate the Sedimentology and provenance. This paper describes the litho-facies changes, depositional environment, and provenance analysis of the Cretaceous Moro Formation from the Rakhi Nala section, eastern Sulaiman Range. The studied Formation is 110-140 meters thick and consists mainly of fine to coarse-grained sandstone, with minor-siltstone, mudstone (claystone, shale), and limestone. The uppermost beds of the Moro Formation are consist of sandstone with iron types of cement. Twelve lithofacies have been identified based on a petrographic investigation related to the depositional environment of the Moro Formation ranging from deltaic to marine setting (Delta Plain-Delta front). Petrographic analysis of sandstone reveals the presence of quartz both, mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline, less feldspar; heavy minerals like hematite and magnetite, and glauconite were found in negligible amounts. Detrital mineral composition shows that in Moro Formation, the sandstone shows a litharenite. Modal composition of the sandstone from the QFL diagram was Q 66% F 0.3% L 33.7% and that of the QmFLt diagram was QM, 57% F 0.23% L 43.77%. The overall average composition is Q 61.5% F 0.27% L 38.7%. A total of 37 thin-sections are studied for provenance analysis, out of which twenty-seven samples are considered as Litharenite (this shows recycled, or craton interior origin), eight Quartz arenite categories are identified and two samples are fall in the sublitharenites category (Quarts recycled source area).
对德拉加齐汗拉基纳拉剖面白垩系莫罗组进行了详细的研究，探讨了沉积学和物源。本文介绍了苏莱曼山脉东部Rakhi Nala剖面白垩系Moro组岩相变化、沉积环境及物源分析。研究组厚度110 ~ 140米，以细粒至粗粒砂岩为主，含少量粉砂岩、泥岩(粘土岩、页岩)、灰岩。摩罗组最上层地层由含铁型胶结物的砂岩组成。通过对莫罗组沉积环境的岩石学研究，确定了从三角洲到海相(三角洲平原-三角洲前缘)的12种岩相。砂岩岩相分析显示，石英单晶多晶并存，长石较少;赤铁矿、磁铁矿和海绿石等重矿物的含量可以忽略不计。碎屑矿物组成表明，摩罗组砂岩为岩屑岩。QFL图砂岩的模态组成为q66% F 0.3% L 33.7%， QmFLt图砂岩的模态组成为QM, 57% F 0.23% L 43.77%。整体平均成分为Q 61.5% F 0.27% L 38.7%。共研究了37个薄片样品进行物源分析，其中27个样品被认为是岩屑岩(这表明再生或克拉通内部起源)，鉴定出8个石英砂岩类别，2个样品属于亚岩屑岩类别(石英再生源区)。
{"title":"Sedimentological and provenance analysis of the Cretaceous Moro formation Rakhi Gorge, Eastern Sulaiman Range, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Jehangir Khan, S. Ghazi, M. Mehmood, A. Yazdi, A. Naseem, Umair Serwar, Arsalan Zaheer, Hadayat Ullah","doi":"10.30495/IJES.2021.1917721.1564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30495/IJES.2021.1917721.1564","url":null,"abstract":"The Cretaceous Moro Formation from the Rakhi Nala section Dera Ghazi Khan has been studied in detail to investigate the Sedimentology and provenance. This paper describes the litho-facies changes, depositional environment, and provenance analysis of the Cretaceous Moro Formation from the Rakhi Nala section, eastern Sulaiman Range. The studied Formation is 110-140 meters thick and consists mainly of fine to coarse-grained sandstone, with minor-siltstone, mudstone (claystone, shale), and limestone. The uppermost beds of the Moro Formation are consist of sandstone with iron types of cement. Twelve lithofacies have been identified based on a petrographic investigation related to the depositional environment of the Moro Formation ranging from deltaic to marine setting (Delta Plain-Delta front). Petrographic analysis of sandstone reveals the presence of quartz both, mono-crystalline and poly-crystalline, less feldspar; heavy minerals like hematite and magnetite, and glauconite were found in negligible amounts. Detrital mineral composition shows that in Moro Formation, the sandstone shows a litharenite. Modal composition of the sandstone from the QFL diagram was Q 66% F 0.3% L 33.7% and that of the QmFLt diagram was QM, 57% F 0.23% L 43.77%. The overall average composition is Q 61.5% F 0.27% L 38.7%. A total of 37 thin-sections are studied for provenance analysis, out of which twenty-seven samples are considered as Litharenite (this shows recycled, or craton interior origin), eight Quartz arenite categories are identified and two samples are fall in the sublitharenites category (Quarts recycled source area).","PeriodicalId":44351,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"251-265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45690346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.30495/IJES.2021.685385
A. Daya, M. Safari, Amir Hajibabaey, Mahia Manouchehri
The separation of geochemical anomalies from the background plays a pivotal role in geochemical exploration. Fractal and multifractal modeling of geochemical data has been recently used by numerous geoscientists. Three fractal methods were used to identify elemental geochemical anomalies in a case study from the east of the Qhaen region, southern Khorasan Province, East of Iran. These methods include concentration–area (C–A), concentration–perimeter (C–P), and concentration -number(C-N) methods. Copper mineralization occurs as vein and veinlet. Based on the analysis of heavy mineral samples, Cu contents are also observed in the southeastern, northern, and eastern parts of the Qhaen ore district, which are consistent with the results of the C–A fractal model and are genetically correlated with the andesitic unit. Indeed, after fieldwork and comparing the types of fractal models calculated, it can be concluded that the results obtained from the concentration-area method in this area were more efficient than other methods and are closer to reality.
{"title":"Separating geochemical anomalies by concentration- area, concentration-perimeter and concentration-number fractal models in Qaen region, East of Iran","authors":"A. Daya, M. Safari, Amir Hajibabaey, Mahia Manouchehri","doi":"10.30495/IJES.2021.685385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30495/IJES.2021.685385","url":null,"abstract":"The separation of geochemical anomalies from the background plays a pivotal role in geochemical exploration. Fractal and multifractal modeling of geochemical data has been recently used by numerous geoscientists. Three fractal methods were used to identify elemental geochemical anomalies in a case study from the east of the Qhaen region, southern Khorasan Province, East of Iran. These methods include concentration–area (C–A), concentration–perimeter (C–P), and concentration -number(C-N) methods. Copper mineralization occurs as vein and veinlet. Based on the analysis of heavy mineral samples, Cu contents are also observed in the southeastern, northern, and eastern parts of the Qhaen ore district, which are consistent with the results of the C–A fractal model and are genetically correlated with the andesitic unit. Indeed, after fieldwork and comparing the types of fractal models calculated, it can be concluded that the results obtained from the concentration-area method in this area were more efficient than other methods and are closer to reality.","PeriodicalId":44351,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49126453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.30495/IJES.2021.685389
Ghosoun Zheira, B. Rahimzadeh, F. Masoudi
Mineralogical studies play a key role in deciphering mineral’s formation and associated geochemical processes in geosciences. This paper presents the application of Raman spectroscopy to the characterization of actinolite in rock samples. The studied actinolite was formed as the pseudomorph of primary pyroxene in gabbrodiorite intrusive rock sample collected from Varan area, Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc of Iran. The Raman spectra of micrometer-sized actinolite grains embedded in a crude rock sample are compared with the corresponding literature data for actinolite and tremolite in range of 200-1200 cm-1 and 3600-3700 cm-1 region. The results show that the quantitative estimation of Mg# = Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) can be obtained from the fractional intensities of the OH-stretching bands by applying Raman spectroscopy to micrometer-sized actinolite grains in a crude rough rock sample, which is in good agreement with the results from EMPA. The Raman spectroscopy is a fast method and low-cost for quantitative estimation of Mg# in actinolite.
{"title":"Raman spectroscopy study of the secondary actinolite in gabbrodiorite intrusive rocks from Varan area, Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc, Iran","authors":"Ghosoun Zheira, B. Rahimzadeh, F. Masoudi","doi":"10.30495/IJES.2021.685389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30495/IJES.2021.685389","url":null,"abstract":"Mineralogical studies play a key role in deciphering mineral’s formation and associated geochemical processes in geosciences. This paper presents the application of Raman spectroscopy to the characterization of actinolite in rock samples. The studied actinolite was formed as the pseudomorph of primary pyroxene in gabbrodiorite intrusive rock sample collected from Varan area, Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc of Iran. The Raman spectra of micrometer-sized actinolite grains embedded in a crude rock sample are compared with the corresponding literature data for actinolite and tremolite in range of 200-1200 cm-1 and 3600-3700 cm-1 region. The results show that the quantitative estimation of Mg# = Mg/(Mg+Fe2+) can be obtained from the fractional intensities of the OH-stretching bands by applying Raman spectroscopy to micrometer-sized actinolite grains in a crude rough rock sample, which is in good agreement with the results from EMPA. The Raman spectroscopy is a fast method and low-cost for quantitative estimation of Mg# in actinolite.","PeriodicalId":44351,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41396487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.30495/IJES.2021.685384
A. M. Shafaroudi, Bahareh Boroziniat, Mohammad Reza Hidarian Shahri
The copper deposit of Zaveh lies in the SE of the city of Torbat-e-Heydarieh and in middle of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan Magmatic Belt (KKBMB) in the Khorasan-e-Razavi Province. The lithology of the area consist of Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and Eocene volcanic units. Ore-formation is controlled by fault activity, representing vein-veinlet style E-W trending, formed within a conglomerate rich in quartz. Primary minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite and arsenopyrite and secondary minerals contain malachite, azurite chalcocite, bornite, covellite, Cu sulphates, wad (Mn hydroxide), haematite, goethite, jarosite, limonite and (to a lesser extent) chrysocolla. The predominant alteration is silification which is associated with vein ore-formation. The volcanic units host propylitic, sericite, carbonate and silicification alterations. The ore-formation itself represents anomalies of Cu (2.1 % max), As (>1%), Sb (~105 gr/T), Pb (4371 gr/T) and Zn (1.1% max). Induced polarization and electrical resistivity (IP/RS) surveys unveil that the most chargeability anomaly corresponds to center of ore-forming vein and fault zone.The chargeability anomaly extends and amplifies with depth. The most amount of specific electrical resistance has been observed in the quartz-rich conglomerate. Interpretation of IP/RS data reveals that the chargeable source is extending in deeper beds (presumably sulphid ore-formation) which needs to be verified by boring operation. Geophysical surveys are significantly commensurate with field observations, ore-forming and geochemical data. Utilization Geophysical methods in different style of ore-deposits and interpretation of obtained information by means of geological, ore-forming and geochemistry data is considered to be a big step towards subterranean exploration and deposits modeling.
{"title":"Integration of geological and geophysical studies in order to mineral exploration at the Zaveh mineralization area, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran","authors":"A. M. Shafaroudi, Bahareh Boroziniat, Mohammad Reza Hidarian Shahri","doi":"10.30495/IJES.2021.685384","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30495/IJES.2021.685384","url":null,"abstract":"The copper deposit of Zaveh lies in the SE of the city of Torbat-e-Heydarieh and in middle of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan Magmatic Belt (KKBMB) in the Khorasan-e-Razavi Province. The lithology of the area consist of Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and Eocene volcanic units. Ore-formation is controlled by fault activity, representing vein-veinlet style E-W trending, formed within a conglomerate rich in quartz. Primary minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite and arsenopyrite and secondary minerals contain malachite, azurite chalcocite, bornite, covellite, Cu sulphates, wad (Mn hydroxide), haematite, goethite, jarosite, limonite and (to a lesser extent) chrysocolla. The predominant alteration is silification which is associated with vein ore-formation. The volcanic units host propylitic, sericite, carbonate and silicification alterations. The ore-formation itself represents anomalies of Cu (2.1 % max), As (>1%), Sb (~105 gr/T), Pb (4371 gr/T) and Zn (1.1% max). Induced polarization and electrical resistivity (IP/RS) surveys unveil that the most chargeability anomaly corresponds to center of ore-forming vein and fault zone.The chargeability anomaly extends and amplifies with depth. The most amount of specific electrical resistance has been observed in the quartz-rich conglomerate. Interpretation of IP/RS data reveals that the chargeable source is extending in deeper beds (presumably sulphid ore-formation) which needs to be verified by boring operation. Geophysical surveys are significantly commensurate with field observations, ore-forming and geochemical data. Utilization Geophysical methods in different style of ore-deposits and interpretation of obtained information by means of geological, ore-forming and geochemistry data is considered to be a big step towards subterranean exploration and deposits modeling.","PeriodicalId":44351,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49340564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.30495/IJES.2021.685391
Hooman Latifi, Noorbakhsh Merzaei, Reza Heidari
As one of the ways to identify seismological characteristics in the region, determining the quality factor of seismic mapping can provide valuable information about inside the earth. This study investigates local site effects as a function of frequency and presents a new relationship for determining the quality factor in northwestern Iran with regard to local site effects. These maps are selected so that their signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is greater than 5. This study uses the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) method in which a fixed time window and its multiplication by a given signal are used. The coefficients resulting from this transformation are considered as wave amplitudes at any frequency by performing a short-time Fourier transform. The amount of power spectrum decay is used instead of the ground displacement amplitude decay. Since the number of samples will be different at different intervals and this makes it difficult to perform our analysis, the sample mean, presented as the power spectrum, was used. Local site effects and kappa, a function of the path and site effects, were investigated and became the basis of spectral decay calculations. The results of this study were compared with those of the previous work based on conventional and classical methods and the accuracy of the methods was evaluated using standard deviation (SD) values. Finally, the quality factor equations were obtained for the North-South component (N-S) as Q(f)=(78±2)f^((1.37±0.02)), for the East-West component (E-W) as Q(f)=(62±2)f^((1.5±0.03)), and for the vertical component (Z) as Q(f)=(87±2)f^((1.29±0.03)).
{"title":"Determination of body waves quality factor in the NW Iran, with power spectrum analysis","authors":"Hooman Latifi, Noorbakhsh Merzaei, Reza Heidari","doi":"10.30495/IJES.2021.685391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30495/IJES.2021.685391","url":null,"abstract":"As one of the ways to identify seismological characteristics in the region, determining the quality factor of seismic mapping can provide valuable information about inside the earth. This study investigates local site effects as a function of frequency and presents a new relationship for determining the quality factor in northwestern Iran with regard to local site effects. These maps are selected so that their signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is greater than 5. This study uses the Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT) method in which a fixed time window and its multiplication by a given signal are used. The coefficients resulting from this transformation are considered as wave amplitudes at any frequency by performing a short-time Fourier transform. The amount of power spectrum decay is used instead of the ground displacement amplitude decay. Since the number of samples will be different at different intervals and this makes it difficult to perform our analysis, the sample mean, presented as the power spectrum, was used. Local site effects and kappa, a function of the path and site effects, were investigated and became the basis of spectral decay calculations. The results of this study were compared with those of the previous work based on conventional and classical methods and the accuracy of the methods was evaluated using standard deviation (SD) values. Finally, the quality factor equations were obtained for the North-South component (N-S) as Q(f)=(78±2)f^((1.37±0.02)), for the East-West component (E-W) as Q(f)=(62±2)f^((1.5±0.03)), and for the vertical component (Z) as Q(f)=(87±2)f^((1.29±0.03)).","PeriodicalId":44351,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42296633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.30495/IJES.2021.685399
M. Arian, A. A. Ardalan, Davoud Pirdadeh Beyranvand, T. Farhadinejad
The purpose of the present research is delineating geochemical anomaly of REEs in granitoids in south of Varcheh 1:100,000 sheet by the use of C-N fractal model and classical statistical methods. We gathered and studied 59 rock samples for REEs by ICP-MS method in the laboratory of Iran Mineral Processing Research Center (IMPRC). The Concentration–Number (C-N) fractal model was used to delineate elemental thresholds. According to the results, the distribution of elemental concentration for Pr and Sm were divided to three classifications and Ce, La, Nd and Y had five geochemical populations in the area. The classical statistics methods were able to separate three geochemical populations. The results obtained by this study showed that the separation of geochemical anomalies for REEs using C-N fractal model and classical statistics methods yielded to the same results. Meanwhile, the high ratio of LREE to HREE in rock samples as well as high P content, assigns monazite, apatite, and sphene as a possible source of REEs in the study area.
{"title":"Identification of Geochemical Distribution of REEs Using Factor Analysis and Concentration-Number (C-N) Fractal Modeling in Granitoids, South of Varcheh 1:100000 Sheet","authors":"M. Arian, A. A. Ardalan, Davoud Pirdadeh Beyranvand, T. Farhadinejad","doi":"10.30495/IJES.2021.685399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30495/IJES.2021.685399","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the present research is delineating geochemical anomaly of REEs in granitoids in south of Varcheh 1:100,000 sheet by the use of C-N fractal model and classical statistical methods. We gathered and studied 59 rock samples for REEs by ICP-MS method in the laboratory of Iran Mineral Processing Research Center (IMPRC). The Concentration–Number (C-N) fractal model was used to delineate elemental thresholds. According to the results, the distribution of elemental concentration for Pr and Sm were divided to three classifications and Ce, La, Nd and Y had five geochemical populations in the area. The classical statistics methods were able to separate three geochemical populations. The results obtained by this study showed that the separation of geochemical anomalies for REEs using C-N fractal model and classical statistics methods yielded to the same results. Meanwhile, the high ratio of LREE to HREE in rock samples as well as high P content, assigns monazite, apatite, and sphene as a possible source of REEs in the study area.","PeriodicalId":44351,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42256080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.30495/IJES.2021.685396
Payman Rezaee, M. Khanehbad, Moasoumeh Ezatifar, Sayedeh Akram Jooybari, K. Hosseini
The present study aims to investigate the petrographic, geochemical features, and depositional facies of the Late Triassic Ashin Formation (Nakhlak Group, central Iran). For this purpose, 100 thin sections, and 13 samples of fine-grained sedimentary rocks were analyzed for their petrographic and geochemical characteristics, taken from a 330-m thick section of this formation. The petrographic types identified in this formation include sandstone, siltstone and limestone. This study suggests limestone facies are deposited in upper parts of the distal submarine fan towards the shore, sandstone facies are deposited in the middle part of the distal submarine fan, and the shale facies are deposited in lower parts of the distal submarine fan towards the abyssal plain by turbidity currents. The plotting of petrographic data on ternary diagrams for compositional classification illustrate their composition as litharenites, sub-litharenites, and a few litharenite-feldspathic and shales. Discrete diagrams refer to a tectonic setting of a continental arc complex and the active continental margin. The results of the modal analysis and geochemical data indicate the orogenic re-cycling for these deposits. CIA and CIW indexes indicate moderate weathering of the source area under semi-arid to semi-humid climates.
{"title":"Facies Analysis, Depositional Environments and Geochemistry of the Late Ladinian-Early Carnian Ashin Formation, (Central Iran)","authors":"Payman Rezaee, M. Khanehbad, Moasoumeh Ezatifar, Sayedeh Akram Jooybari, K. Hosseini","doi":"10.30495/IJES.2021.685396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30495/IJES.2021.685396","url":null,"abstract":"The present study aims to investigate the petrographic, geochemical features, and depositional facies of the Late Triassic Ashin Formation (Nakhlak Group, central Iran). For this purpose, 100 thin sections, and 13 samples of fine-grained sedimentary rocks were analyzed for their petrographic and geochemical characteristics, taken from a 330-m thick section of this formation. The petrographic types identified in this formation include sandstone, siltstone and limestone. This study suggests limestone facies are deposited in upper parts of the distal submarine fan towards the shore, sandstone facies are deposited in the middle part of the distal submarine fan, and the shale facies are deposited in lower parts of the distal submarine fan towards the abyssal plain by turbidity currents. The plotting of petrographic data on ternary diagrams for compositional classification illustrate their composition as litharenites, sub-litharenites, and a few litharenite-feldspathic and shales. Discrete diagrams refer to a tectonic setting of a continental arc complex and the active continental margin. The results of the modal analysis and geochemical data indicate the orogenic re-cycling for these deposits. CIA and CIW indexes indicate moderate weathering of the source area under semi-arid to semi-humid climates.","PeriodicalId":44351,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42284673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.30495/IJES.2021.685397
P. Afzal, Farshid Koohzadi, D. Jahani, M. Pourkermani
The main aim of this study was to outline the lithium anomalies by a regional exploration, at an area of 7800 km2, in Semnan province (north central Iran) using the Staged Factor Analysis (SFA) and Spectrum-Area (S-A) fractal model based on stream sediments and rock samples. Results derived via the SFA denote that Li was located in a factor as F2-4 with B, Cs, U and Rb which was utilized for calculation of the threshold values by the S-A method. The F2-4 data were classified by the fractal model for determination of the Li anomalies. Main anomaly for F2-4≥ 1.5 was situated in the SW and northern parts of this region. Furthermore, Li high grades of rock samples were correlated with main F2-4 anomalies. The main anomalies were correlated with geological particulars of Li mineralization types which represent that the main F2-4 anomalies associate with volcanic and tuff units in the SW part, and overlapped with clay minerals in the northern sector of this region. On the other hand, there are proper potential for Li mineralization which is demonstrated by this method.
{"title":"Geochemical exploration for Li in regional scale utilizing Staged Factor Analysis (SFA) and Spectrum-Area (S-A) fractal model in north central Iran","authors":"P. Afzal, Farshid Koohzadi, D. Jahani, M. Pourkermani","doi":"10.30495/IJES.2021.685397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30495/IJES.2021.685397","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this study was to outline the lithium anomalies by a regional exploration, at an area of 7800 km2, in Semnan province (north central Iran) using the Staged Factor Analysis (SFA) and Spectrum-Area (S-A) fractal model based on stream sediments and rock samples. Results derived via the SFA denote that Li was located in a factor as F2-4 with B, Cs, U and Rb which was utilized for calculation of the threshold values by the S-A method. The F2-4 data were classified by the fractal model for determination of the Li anomalies. Main anomaly for F2-4≥ 1.5 was situated in the SW and northern parts of this region. Furthermore, Li high grades of rock samples were correlated with main F2-4 anomalies. The main anomalies were correlated with geological particulars of Li mineralization types which represent that the main F2-4 anomalies associate with volcanic and tuff units in the SW part, and overlapped with clay minerals in the northern sector of this region. On the other hand, there are proper potential for Li mineralization which is demonstrated by this method.","PeriodicalId":44351,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49098195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.30495/IJES.2021.685388
Mersana Keshavarz, F. Ghaemi, A. Faghih, M. Ghanadian
In mountain ranges, recent and active tectonics can be viewed as the main factor contributing to rock uplift, their present-day topography being the result of the competition between tectonic and erosional processes. The region coincides with three faults which show signs of activity during the late Quaternary period: The Astaneh, North Damghan, and Damghan faults, which collectively make up the SW section of the left‐lateral Shahrud fault system. In this study we have analyzed morphotectonic and neotectonic indices to evaluate tectonic activity of the study area.Tectonic geomorphological indices that are used in this study are drainage basin based (drainage basin asymmetry factor (Af), Hypsometric integral (Hi)) and mountain front based (mountain-front sinuosity (Smf), valley floor width – valley height ratio (Vf)) which can be useful tools for studying active tectonics. The study area includes pop-up structures that are formed during inverse tectonic activities of Alborz mountain belt. Strike-slip faults and flower structures suggest transpressional tectonic regime at eastern part of Alborz.
{"title":"Tectonic geomorphology assessment of neotectonics in the north of Damghan Region, Alborz Mountain Belt, Northern Iran","authors":"Mersana Keshavarz, F. Ghaemi, A. Faghih, M. Ghanadian","doi":"10.30495/IJES.2021.685388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30495/IJES.2021.685388","url":null,"abstract":"In mountain ranges, recent and active tectonics can be viewed as the main factor contributing to rock uplift, their present-day topography being the result of the competition between tectonic and erosional processes. The region coincides with three faults which show signs of activity during the late Quaternary period: The Astaneh, North Damghan, and Damghan faults, which collectively make up the SW section of the left‐lateral Shahrud fault system. In this study we have analyzed morphotectonic and neotectonic indices to evaluate tectonic activity of the study area.Tectonic geomorphological indices that are used in this study are drainage basin based (drainage basin asymmetry factor (Af), Hypsometric integral (Hi)) and mountain front based (mountain-front sinuosity (Smf), valley floor width – valley height ratio (Vf)) which can be useful tools for studying active tectonics. The study area includes pop-up structures that are formed during inverse tectonic activities of Alborz mountain belt. Strike-slip faults and flower structures suggest transpressional tectonic regime at eastern part of Alborz.","PeriodicalId":44351,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49446484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-24DOI: 10.30495/IJES.2021.685392
N. Yasami, M. Ghaderi, S. H. M. Motlagh, M. Mokhtari
The Tarom metallogenic belt of the Alborz magmatic belt in NW Iran is characterized by two alignments of intrusion in its northern and southern parts. The northern intrusion is younger than the southern one. Mineral chemistry investigations on the northern and southern intrusions characterize calc-alkaline magmatism. The northern intrusion consists mostly of quartz monzonite, and the southern intrusion comprises 1) gabbro - pyroxene quartz monzodiorite – quartz monzodiorite series and quartz syenite; 2) gabbro-diorite. Electron microprobe chemistries indicate that the northern plagioclases are An22 to An49 (oligoclase to labradorite). Plagioclases from the southern intrusion are An35 to An54 (andesine to labradorite) and gabbro-diorite plagioclases are An65 to An61 (labradorite). All pyroxenes correspond to the Quad (diopside, augite, and clinoenstatite) and crystallized at <2 to 5 kbar and H2O=10%. Formation temperatures of pyroxenes from the northern intrusion are in the range of 1100-1175°C. The northern feldspars show temperatures ~550°C. Formation temperatures for the clinopyroxene and feldspar from the southern intrusion are estimated at 1140-1185°C and 550-600°C, respectively. The Fe-rich biotite minerals from the northern intrusion suggest high oxygen fugacity magma. The northern and southern intrusions formed in an arc-related tectonic setting. The northern magma is sourced from the melting of a mixed mantle-crust in a subduction-related environment. The mineral composition of the northern intrusion implies magma fertility and porphyry mineralization which can be due to its high oxygen fugacity magma and lower crystallization pressure relative to those of the southern intrusion.
{"title":"Application of mineral chemistry in determining magma fertility of the Tarom northern and southern intrusions, NW Iran","authors":"N. Yasami, M. Ghaderi, S. H. M. Motlagh, M. Mokhtari","doi":"10.30495/IJES.2021.685392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30495/IJES.2021.685392","url":null,"abstract":"The Tarom metallogenic belt of the Alborz magmatic belt in NW Iran is characterized by two alignments of intrusion in its northern and southern parts. The northern intrusion is younger than the southern one. Mineral chemistry investigations on the northern and southern intrusions characterize calc-alkaline magmatism. The northern intrusion consists mostly of quartz monzonite, and the southern intrusion comprises 1) gabbro - pyroxene quartz monzodiorite – quartz monzodiorite series and quartz syenite; 2) gabbro-diorite. Electron microprobe chemistries indicate that the northern plagioclases are An22 to An49 (oligoclase to labradorite). Plagioclases from the southern intrusion are An35 to An54 (andesine to labradorite) and gabbro-diorite plagioclases are An65 to An61 (labradorite). All pyroxenes correspond to the Quad (diopside, augite, and clinoenstatite) and crystallized at <2 to 5 kbar and H2O=10%. Formation temperatures of pyroxenes from the northern intrusion are in the range of 1100-1175°C. The northern feldspars show temperatures ~550°C. Formation temperatures for the clinopyroxene and feldspar from the southern intrusion are estimated at 1140-1185°C and 550-600°C, respectively. The Fe-rich biotite minerals from the northern intrusion suggest high oxygen fugacity magma. The northern and southern intrusions formed in an arc-related tectonic setting. The northern magma is sourced from the melting of a mixed mantle-crust in a subduction-related environment. The mineral composition of the northern intrusion implies magma fertility and porphyry mineralization which can be due to its high oxygen fugacity magma and lower crystallization pressure relative to those of the southern intrusion.","PeriodicalId":44351,"journal":{"name":"Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2021-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44812489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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