Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.1002/9780891183785.ch19
Hannah L. Hemmelgarn, M. Gold
{"title":"Agroforestry Education and Training","authors":"Hannah L. Hemmelgarn, M. Gold","doi":"10.1002/9780891183785.ch19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780891183785.ch19","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443712,"journal":{"name":"North American Agroforestry","volume":"151 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129107029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.2134/2009.NORTHAMERICANAGROFORESTRY.2ED.C9
J. Chamberlain, D. Mitchell, T. Brigham, Tom Hobby, L. Zabek, Jeanine M. Davis
Forest farming in North America is becoming popular as a way for landowners to diversify income opportunities, improve management of forest resources, and increase biological diversity. People have been informally "farming the forests" for generations. However, in recent years, attention has been directed at formalizing forest farming and improving it through research and development activities. The purpose of this chapter is to present historical and modern perspectives, as well as examples of contemporary practices, to provide the reader an overview of the abundant opportunities in forest farming. Most of the discussion focuses on the southern United States and western Canada (i.e., British Columbia). These are illustrative of the many opportunities that exist, but do not cover other regions of North America (northeastern and southwestern United States, eastern Canada, or Mexico), where there are also examples of dynamic and exciting forest farming. The reader is encouraged to look beyond the examples provided and explore the many forest farming options.
{"title":"Forest Farming Practices","authors":"J. Chamberlain, D. Mitchell, T. Brigham, Tom Hobby, L. Zabek, Jeanine M. Davis","doi":"10.2134/2009.NORTHAMERICANAGROFORESTRY.2ED.C9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/2009.NORTHAMERICANAGROFORESTRY.2ED.C9","url":null,"abstract":"Forest farming in North America is becoming popular as a way for landowners to diversify income opportunities, improve management of forest resources, and increase biological diversity. People have been informally \"farming the forests\" for generations. However, in recent years, attention has been directed at formalizing forest farming and improving it through research and development activities. The purpose of this chapter is to present historical and modern perspectives, as well as examples of contemporary practices, to provide the reader an overview of the abundant opportunities in forest farming. Most of the discussion focuses on the southern United States and western Canada (i.e., British Columbia). These are illustrative of the many opportunities that exist, but do not cover other regions of North America (northeastern and southwestern United States, eastern Canada, or Mexico), where there are also examples of dynamic and exciting forest farming. The reader is encouraged to look beyond the examples provided and explore the many forest farming options.","PeriodicalId":443712,"journal":{"name":"North American Agroforestry","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131472671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.2134/2009.NORTHAMERICANAGROFORESTRY.2ED.C12
Zhen Cai, L. Godsey, D. Mercer, Robert K Grala, S. Grado, J. Alavalapati
Essentially every living thing on Earth has applied the basic concepts of economics. That is, every living thing has had to use a limited set of resources to meet a minimum set of needs or wants. Although the study of economics is often confused with the study of markets or finance, economics is simply a social science that studies the choices people make. As a social science, economics is the study of human motivations. Or, as Landsburg (1993) put it, " most of economics can be summarized in four words: 'People respond to incentives'. " Those incentives reflect the value of the trade-offs made between a limited set of resources and an unlimited set of wants, needs, and desires. It is true that the concepts of money and price are often used as proxy values for economic decisions, but markets don't always reflect the true value of natural resource benefits and prices do not indicate the actual cost of the services provided by natural processes (Sagoff, 2004). Remember the last time you drove through the countryside on a nice autumn day and admired the beautiful colors. How much did you have to pay for this ben-efit? If you paid nothing, does that mean that it has no value? Economics characterize the mental calculus of a decision maker, whether a private landowner or a policymaker. In particular, economic models are abstract representations of the real world useful for hypothesis generation, forecasting, policy analysis, and decision-making (Buongiorno and Gilles, 2003). Alavalapati and Mercer (2004) recently discussed diverse economic models and their applications to agroforestry (Table 12–1). Some are designed to assess simple cost and benefits of outputs and inputs for which markets are fairly established, while others are amenable to a variety of environmental services and damages for which there are no established markets. Furthermore, some methodologies are more appropriate for assessing issues at a farm or household level, and others are applicable at regional and national scales. The goal of this chapter is to present the concepts of economics and explain how it applies to natural resource management decisions so that students with limited backgrounds in economics may still understand the issues faced by decision makers. This chapter discusses many of the tools used by economists to measure and determine how choices are made at both the micro-(individual) and the macro-(aggregate) level. Financial concepts are the basis for many of the …
基本上，地球上的每一种生物都应用了经济学的基本概念。也就是说，每一种生物都必须使用有限的资源来满足最低限度的需要或欲望。虽然经济学研究经常与市场或金融研究混淆，但经济学只是一门研究人们做出选择的社会科学。作为一门社会科学，经济学研究人的动机。或者，正如Landsburg(1993)所说，“大多数经济学可以用四个字来概括:‘人们对激励做出反应’。”这些激励反映了在有限的资源和无限的欲望、需求和欲望之间进行权衡的价值。的确，货币和价格的概念经常被用作经济决策的代理价值，但市场并不总是反映自然资源利益的真实价值，价格也不表明自然过程提供的服务的实际成本(Sagoff, 2004)。还记得上次你在一个晴朗的秋日开车穿过乡村，欣赏美丽的色彩吗?你要为这项福利付多少钱?如果你不付出任何代价，那是否意味着它没有价值?经济学描述了决策者的心理计算，无论是私人土地所有者还是政策制定者。特别是，经济模型是现实世界的抽象表示，对假设生成、预测、政策分析和决策很有用(Buongiorno and Gilles, 2003)。Alavalapati和Mercer(2004)最近讨论了多种经济模型及其在农林业中的应用(表12-1)。有些是用来评估市场已经相当成熟的产出和投入的简单成本和效益，而另一些则适用于没有成熟市场的各种环境服务和损害。此外，有些方法更适合评估农场或家庭一级的问题，而其他方法则适用于区域和国家一级。本章的目标是介绍经济学的概念，并解释它如何应用于自然资源管理决策，以便经济学背景有限的学生仍然可以理解决策者面临的问题。本章讨论了经济学家用来衡量和确定如何在微观(个人)和宏观(总体)层面做出选择的许多工具。金融概念是许多…
{"title":"Agroforestry Economics and Policy","authors":"Zhen Cai, L. Godsey, D. Mercer, Robert K Grala, S. Grado, J. Alavalapati","doi":"10.2134/2009.NORTHAMERICANAGROFORESTRY.2ED.C12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/2009.NORTHAMERICANAGROFORESTRY.2ED.C12","url":null,"abstract":"Essentially every living thing on Earth has applied the basic concepts of economics. That is, every living thing has had to use a limited set of resources to meet a minimum set of needs or wants. Although the study of economics is often confused with the study of markets or finance, economics is simply a social science that studies the choices people make. As a social science, economics is the study of human motivations. Or, as Landsburg (1993) put it, \" most of economics can be summarized in four words: 'People respond to incentives'. \" Those incentives reflect the value of the trade-offs made between a limited set of resources and an unlimited set of wants, needs, and desires. It is true that the concepts of money and price are often used as proxy values for economic decisions, but markets don't always reflect the true value of natural resource benefits and prices do not indicate the actual cost of the services provided by natural processes (Sagoff, 2004). Remember the last time you drove through the countryside on a nice autumn day and admired the beautiful colors. How much did you have to pay for this ben-efit? If you paid nothing, does that mean that it has no value? Economics characterize the mental calculus of a decision maker, whether a private landowner or a policymaker. In particular, economic models are abstract representations of the real world useful for hypothesis generation, forecasting, policy analysis, and decision-making (Buongiorno and Gilles, 2003). Alavalapati and Mercer (2004) recently discussed diverse economic models and their applications to agroforestry (Table 12–1). Some are designed to assess simple cost and benefits of outputs and inputs for which markets are fairly established, while others are amenable to a variety of environmental services and damages for which there are no established markets. Furthermore, some methodologies are more appropriate for assessing issues at a farm or household level, and others are applicable at regional and national scales. The goal of this chapter is to present the concepts of economics and explain how it applies to natural resource management decisions so that students with limited backgrounds in economics may still understand the issues faced by decision makers. This chapter discusses many of the tools used by economists to measure and determine how choices are made at both the micro-(individual) and the macro-(aggregate) level. Financial concepts are the basis for many of the …","PeriodicalId":443712,"journal":{"name":"North American Agroforestry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132566611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.1002/9780891183785.ch11
Chung-Ho Lin, Eric E. Weber, W. D. Walter, T. Lim, H. Garrett
{"title":"Vegetative Environmental Buffers for Air Quality Benefits","authors":"Chung-Ho Lin, Eric E. Weber, W. D. Walter, T. Lim, H. Garrett","doi":"10.1002/9780891183785.ch11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780891183785.ch11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443712,"journal":{"name":"North American Agroforestry","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130824331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.1002/9780891183785.ch6
G. Pent, J. Fike, Joseph Orefice, S. Sharrow, Dave Brauer, T. Clason
{"title":"Silvopasture Practices","authors":"G. Pent, J. Fike, Joseph Orefice, S. Sharrow, Dave Brauer, T. Clason","doi":"10.1002/9780891183785.ch6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780891183785.ch6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443712,"journal":{"name":"North American Agroforestry","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131355775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.1002/9780891183785.ch1
S. Jose, H. Garrett, M. Gold, J. Lassoie, L. Buck, D. Current
{"title":"Agroforestry as an Integrated, Multifunctional Land Use Management Strategy","authors":"S. Jose, H. Garrett, M. Gold, J. Lassoie, L. Buck, D. Current","doi":"10.1002/9780891183785.ch1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780891183785.ch1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443712,"journal":{"name":"North American Agroforestry","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122221499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.1002/9780891183785.ch14
S. Lovell, G. Bentrup, E. Stanek
417 Much of the work on agroforestry in North America has focused on six distinct practices— windbreaks, silvopasture, alley cropping, riparian and upland buffers, forest farming, and urban food forests— considering their functions, applications, and designs. These practices are typically planned and implemented for sites on individual farms and ranches to meet producer objectives, and therefore a sitescale perspective is the dominant lens through which these interventions are viewed. Incorporating a landscape perspective, however, can add significant value when designing agroforestry practices for enhancing multifunctionality. Understanding how individual sites function in the larger landscape can help identify where and how to design agroforestry practices to more effectively produce ecosystem services. A landscape framework involves looking beyond field boundaries and property lines to determine how a site is influenced by offsite conditions and how the site affects the surrounding landscape. At this broader scale, connections with other land uses become relevant, and more comprehensive landbased solutions can be developed. This chapter focuses on the application of a landscapelevel perspective to enhance delivery of ecosystem goods and services from agroforestry in order to create more resilient agricultural landscapes. The first section provides an overview of landscape ecology, the patch–corridor–matrix model, recent approaches for improving matrix quality, and the multifunctional landscape framework. The second section explores opportunities for agroforestry to contribute to a culturebased food supply that could improve human health and build on local knowledge. In the next section, an introduction to methods for assessing landscapes offers guidance for strategically placing agroforestry practices based on landscape and site conditions. Merging theory and application, a case study of the Upper Sangamon River Watershed demonstrates the value of research methods applied at the landscape scale. The final section describes how expanding landscapescale agroforestry research could help to bring greater benefits and broader implementation.
{"title":"Agroforestry at the Landscape Level","authors":"S. Lovell, G. Bentrup, E. Stanek","doi":"10.1002/9780891183785.ch14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780891183785.ch14","url":null,"abstract":"417 Much of the work on agroforestry in North America has focused on six distinct practices— windbreaks, silvopasture, alley cropping, riparian and upland buffers, forest farming, and urban food forests— considering their functions, applications, and designs. These practices are typically planned and implemented for sites on individual farms and ranches to meet producer objectives, and therefore a sitescale perspective is the dominant lens through which these interventions are viewed. Incorporating a landscape perspective, however, can add significant value when designing agroforestry practices for enhancing multifunctionality. Understanding how individual sites function in the larger landscape can help identify where and how to design agroforestry practices to more effectively produce ecosystem services. A landscape framework involves looking beyond field boundaries and property lines to determine how a site is influenced by offsite conditions and how the site affects the surrounding landscape. At this broader scale, connections with other land uses become relevant, and more comprehensive landbased solutions can be developed. This chapter focuses on the application of a landscapelevel perspective to enhance delivery of ecosystem goods and services from agroforestry in order to create more resilient agricultural landscapes. The first section provides an overview of landscape ecology, the patch–corridor–matrix model, recent approaches for improving matrix quality, and the multifunctional landscape framework. The second section explores opportunities for agroforestry to contribute to a culturebased food supply that could improve human health and build on local knowledge. In the next section, an introduction to methods for assessing landscapes offers guidance for strategically placing agroforestry practices based on landscape and site conditions. Merging theory and application, a case study of the Upper Sangamon River Watershed demonstrates the value of research methods applied at the landscape scale. The final section describes how expanding landscapescale agroforestry research could help to bring greater benefits and broader implementation.","PeriodicalId":443712,"journal":{"name":"North American Agroforestry","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132164589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-13DOI: 10.1002/9780891183785.ch18
S. Diemont, L. Soto-Pinto, G. Jiménez-Ferrer
{"title":"An Overview of Agroforestry and its Relevance in the Mexican Context","authors":"S. Diemont, L. Soto-Pinto, G. Jiménez-Ferrer","doi":"10.1002/9780891183785.ch18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9780891183785.ch18","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443712,"journal":{"name":"North American Agroforestry","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131993197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-02DOI: 10.2134/2009.NORTHAMERICANAGROFORESTRY.2ED.C4
S. Jose, E. Holzmueller, A. Gillespie
{"title":"Tree–Crop Interactions in Temperate Agroforestry","authors":"S. Jose, E. Holzmueller, A. Gillespie","doi":"10.2134/2009.NORTHAMERICANAGROFORESTRY.2ED.C4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/2009.NORTHAMERICANAGROFORESTRY.2ED.C4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443712,"journal":{"name":"North American Agroforestry","volume":"2018 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125120839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-02DOI: 10.2134/2009.NORTHAMERICANAGROFORESTRY.2ED.C7
H. Garrett, K. Wolz, W. D. Walter, L. Godsey, R. L. McGraw
{"title":"Alley Cropping Practices","authors":"H. Garrett, K. Wolz, W. D. Walter, L. Godsey, R. L. McGraw","doi":"10.2134/2009.NORTHAMERICANAGROFORESTRY.2ED.C7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2134/2009.NORTHAMERICANAGROFORESTRY.2ED.C7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443712,"journal":{"name":"North American Agroforestry","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130406563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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