Pub Date : 2020-07-28DOI: 10.1002/9781444318159.CH32
L. Johanson
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Pub Date : 2020-07-28DOI: 10.1002/9781444318159.CH7
R. Hickey
Among the many contact situations those which involve language shift occupy a special position. All language shift scenarios have in common that at the outset there is one language and at the end another which is the majority language in the community which has experienced the shift. This is true now and must also have been in history and pre-history when countless cases of shift occurred. Just consider the early Indo-European migrations. Movements of sub-groups of this family into new geographical locations usually meant that the pre-Indo-European populations were ‘absorbed’, i.e. that they shifted in language (and culture) to the branch of Indo-European they were confronted with. This shift may be partial or complete, for instance, on the Iberian peninsula it was partial with Basque remaining but in the British Isles it was complete. The shift may have lasted into history, making the ‘absorption’ more visible, as was the case with Etruscan in Italy. Whether the Indo-European branches still show traces of this early contact and shift is much disputed (see Vennemann this volume for relevant comments). But going on shift scenarios today and assuming that the same principles of contact applied then as now, one can postulate the influence of earlier groups on later groups if the size of the shifting population was sufficient for the features of its shift variety to influence the language they were shifting to as a whole. This is not always the case, however, so a note of caution should be struck here. Moving forward to recent history one can see in the anglophone world that language shift did not always leave traces of the original language(s). The considerable shift of native Americans to English has not affected general forms of English in either the USA or Canada. What may occur is that the shift variety establishes itself as a form in its own right, focussed with a stable speech community, cf. South African Indian English (Mesthrie 1992), but even then there is usually a further approximation to supraregional forms of English which dilute the specific profile of the shift variety, cf. Australian Aboriginal English and Maori English.
{"title":"Contact and Language Shift","authors":"R. Hickey","doi":"10.1002/9781444318159.CH7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318159.CH7","url":null,"abstract":"Among the many contact situations those which involve language shift occupy a special position. All language shift scenarios have in common that at the outset there is one language and at the end another which is the majority language in the community which has experienced the shift. This is true now and must also have been in history and pre-history when countless cases of shift occurred. Just consider the early Indo-European migrations. Movements of sub-groups of this family into new geographical locations usually meant that the pre-Indo-European populations were ‘absorbed’, i.e. that they shifted in language (and culture) to the branch of Indo-European they were confronted with. This shift may be partial or complete, for instance, on the Iberian peninsula it was partial with Basque remaining but in the British Isles it was complete. The shift may have lasted into history, making the ‘absorption’ more visible, as was the case with Etruscan in Italy. Whether the Indo-European branches still show traces of this early contact and shift is much disputed (see Vennemann this volume for relevant comments). But going on shift scenarios today and assuming that the same principles of contact applied then as now, one can postulate the influence of earlier groups on later groups if the size of the shifting population was sufficient for the features of its shift variety to influence the language they were shifting to as a whole. This is not always the case, however, so a note of caution should be struck here. Moving forward to recent history one can see in the anglophone world that language shift did not always leave traces of the original language(s). The considerable shift of native Americans to English has not affected general forms of English in either the USA or Canada. What may occur is that the shift variety establishes itself as a form in its own right, focussed with a stable speech community, cf. South African Indian English (Mesthrie 1992), but even then there is usually a further approximation to supraregional forms of English which dilute the specific profile of the shift variety, cf. Australian Aboriginal English and Maori English.","PeriodicalId":443921,"journal":{"name":"The Handbook of Language Contact","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130195695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-28DOI: 10.1002/9781444318159.CH33
M. Mithun
{"title":"Contact and North American Languages","authors":"M. Mithun","doi":"10.1002/9781444318159.CH33","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318159.CH33","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443921,"journal":{"name":"The Handbook of Language Contact","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125873745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-28DOI: 10.1002/9781444318159.CH20
P. Roberge
{"title":"Contact and the History of Germanic Languages","authors":"P. Roberge","doi":"10.1002/9781444318159.CH20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318159.CH20","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443921,"journal":{"name":"The Handbook of Language Contact","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126256012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-28DOI: 10.1002/9781119485094.CH12
P. Kerswill
eprints@whiterose.ac.uk https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item.
{"title":"Contact and New Varieties","authors":"P. Kerswill","doi":"10.1002/9781119485094.CH12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119485094.CH12","url":null,"abstract":"eprints@whiterose.ac.uk https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item.","PeriodicalId":443921,"journal":{"name":"The Handbook of Language Contact","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125517460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-28DOI: 10.1002/9781119485094.index
{"title":"Index","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/9781119485094.index","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119485094.index","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443921,"journal":{"name":"The Handbook of Language Contact","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125761851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-28DOI: 10.1002/9781119485094.ch35
Zygmunt Frajzyngier, Natalia Gurian, Sergei Karpenko
{"title":"Language Contact","authors":"Zygmunt Frajzyngier, Natalia Gurian, Sergei Karpenko","doi":"10.1002/9781119485094.ch35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119485094.ch35","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443921,"journal":{"name":"The Handbook of Language Contact","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122146681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-28DOI: 10.1002/9781444318159.CH35
B. Pakendorf
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Contact and Siberian Languages Brigitte Pakendorf
{"title":"Contact and Siberian Languages","authors":"B. Pakendorf","doi":"10.1002/9781444318159.CH35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318159.CH35","url":null,"abstract":"HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Contact and Siberian Languages Brigitte Pakendorf","PeriodicalId":443921,"journal":{"name":"The Handbook of Language Contact","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125008303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-28DOI: 10.1002/9781444318159.CH22
J. Salmons, Thomas Purnell
In perhaps one fiftieth of the United States there are linguistic substrata. These are formed by the French in parts of northern New England and Louisiana, the Spanish of the Southwest, the small German colonies in Pennsylvania, and the negroes in some districts in the Southeast. Elsewhere English has no substratum in the United States. It is true that in certain large cities there are recently arrived colonies of people of nonEnglish speech, such, for instance, as the Italians of San Francisco and the Poles of Chicago. But in these colonies those of the second generation speak English with little or no foreign accent and those of the third generation generally lose the foreign speech completely. It could not be otherwise with the extreme mobility of our population and the great economic pressure that is put on our immigrants to learn English.
{"title":"Contact and the Development of American English","authors":"J. Salmons, Thomas Purnell","doi":"10.1002/9781444318159.CH22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318159.CH22","url":null,"abstract":"In perhaps one fiftieth of the United States there are linguistic substrata. These are formed by the French in parts of northern New England and Louisiana, the Spanish of the Southwest, the small German colonies in Pennsylvania, and the negroes in some districts in the Southeast. Elsewhere English has no substratum in the United States. It is true that in certain large cities there are recently arrived colonies of people of nonEnglish speech, such, for instance, as the Italians of San Francisco and the Poles of Chicago. But in these colonies those of the second generation speak English with little or no foreign accent and those of the third generation generally lose the foreign speech completely. It could not be otherwise with the extreme mobility of our population and the great economic pressure that is put on our immigrants to learn English.","PeriodicalId":443921,"journal":{"name":"The Handbook of Language Contact","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132077691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-07-28DOI: 10.1002/9781444318159.CH4
B. Heine, Tania Kuteva
{"title":"Contact and Grammaticalization","authors":"B. Heine, Tania Kuteva","doi":"10.1002/9781444318159.CH4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318159.CH4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":443921,"journal":{"name":"The Handbook of Language Contact","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130856091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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