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Incident HIV infection and perinatal transmission rates among HIV negative pregnant women who retested in labor in a tertiary health centre, South East Nigeria. 尼日利亚东南部一家三级医疗中心中接受产前复检的 HIV 阴性孕妇的 HIV 感染率和围产期传播率。
IF 0.7 4区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2019-10-01 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_130_17
S D Ejikunle, I I Mbachu, C Okeudo, E Dike, E Ejikem

Background: To reduce the number of new HIV infections among children, retesting of HIV negative pregnant women in labor to identify new infections and instituting appropriate modified obstetrics practices (MOP) has a huge role to play.

Aims and objectives: This study evaluated the HIV sero-positivity in labor among pregnant women who earlier tested negative in antenatal clinic, associated risk factors and the corresponding rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection.

Methods: This was a prospective observational study where pregnant women in labor who had earlier tested HIV negative in the antenatal clinic at Imo State University Teaching Hospital Orlu, Imo state, Nigeria, were retested. The infants of the women who seroconverted were tested for HIV infection at 6 weeks using Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction (DNA PCR) by collecting Dried Blood Sample. This study was conducted from October 2015 to March 2016.

Result: Out of the 163 patients studied, 6 demonstrated HIV seroconversion giving a seroconversion rate of 3.7%. Deliveries from the seroconverted patients were 5 live births and 1 intrauterine fetal death. All the 5 live babies tested HIV negative at 6 weeks of age. Predictors of seroconversion in late pregnancy include spouse's HIV status and number of other sexual partners.

Conclusion: Retesting of HIV negative pregnant women in labor to identify new infections and instituting appropriate modified obstetrics practices has a huge role to play in the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV infection.

背景:为了减少儿童中新感染艾滋病毒的人数,对艾滋病毒检测呈阴性的临产孕妇进行重新检测以确定新的感染病例,并制定适当的产科操作规范(MOP)具有重要作用:本研究评估了产前检查呈阴性的孕妇在分娩时的 HIV 血清阳性率、相关风险因素以及相应的母婴传播率:这是一项前瞻性观察研究,在尼日利亚伊莫州奥尔卢的伊莫州立大学教学医院产前检查中HIV检测呈阴性的临产孕妇接受了再次检测。通过采集干血样,使用脱氧核糖核酸聚合酶链反应(DNA PCR)对血清转换妇女的婴儿在 6 周时进行艾滋病毒感染检测。本研究于 2015 年 10 月至 2016 年 3 月进行:在所研究的 163 名患者中,有 6 名患者出现了 HIV 血清转换,血清转换率为 3.7%。血清转换患者的分娩结果为 5 例活产和 1 例胎儿宫内死亡。所有 5 个活产婴儿在 6 周大时的 HIV 检测结果均为阴性。孕晚期血清转换的预测因素包括配偶的 HIV 感染状况和其他性伴侣的数量:结论:对艾滋病毒呈阴性的临产孕妇进行再检测以发现新的感染病例,并采取适当的产科改进措施,在预防艾滋病毒母婴传播方面可以发挥巨大作用。
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引用次数: 0
Companies and UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goal 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure 企业与联合国2030年可持续发展目标9工业、创新和基础设施
IF 1.1 4区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2019-08-30 DOI: 10.1080/14735970.2019.1652027
J. Denoncourt
ABSTRACT This article analyses the important connection between corporate longevity, social responsibility and intellectual property rights (IPR) assets in the context of sustainability. Society is demanding greater transparency of the footprint corporate entities leave on the planet as a result of how their business model is activated. The private sector response necessary to operate sustainably in the long term is critically examined specifically in connection with the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goal 9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure (SDG 9). SDG 9 aims to ‘Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation’. Certain characteristics of companies in the century club are contrasted with those of the younger MNEs with IP-reliant digital business models to illustrate the important connection between innovation, IP, sustainability and corporate longevity.
摘要本文分析了可持续发展背景下企业寿命、社会责任和知识产权资产之间的重要联系。社会要求提高企业实体因其商业模式的激活而在地球上留下的足迹的透明度。结合联合国2030年可持续发展目标9工业、创新和基础设施(SDG 9),对私营部门长期可持续经营所需的应对措施进行了严格审查。可持续发展目标9旨在“建设有弹性的基础设施,促进包容性和可持续的工业化,促进创新”。将世纪俱乐部中公司的某些特征与具有依赖知识产权的数字商业模式的年轻跨国公司的特征进行对比,以说明创新、知识产权、可持续性和企业寿命之间的重要联系。
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引用次数: 25
Misreading the directors’ fiduciary duty of good faith 误读董事的诚信义务
IF 1.1 4区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2019-08-22 DOI: 10.1080/14735970.2019.1631516
Daniel Attenborough
ABSTRACT The fiduciary duty of good faith, now set forth in section 172 of the Companies Act 2006, expressly positions shareholders at the centre of the company’s interests, and assigns the priority entitlement to shareholders relative to all other stakeholders. The provision constitutes an attempted codification of the common law duty to act in good faith in the corporate interest, which remains immensely important in interpreting and applying the modern good faith requirement. However, this article submits that a reductive shareholder-determined articulation of the pre-2006 corporate interest seems practically misconceived, if not indeed in some sense conceptually impossible as a managerial behaviour obligation, and represents a departure from the common law doctrinal origins that is problematic for contemporary English company law and policy. Instead, the article provides a more functional and nuanced understanding of the salient cases, which focus typically on the company as a body corporate, and the particular free floating commercial objects of that entity.
《2006年公司法》第172条明确规定了诚信信义义务,将股东置于公司利益的中心,并赋予股东相对于所有其他利益相关者的优先权利。该条款试图将普通法中为公司利益而善意行事的义务编纂成法典,这在解释和适用现代善意要求时仍然非常重要。然而,本文认为,将2006年以前的公司利益简化为股东决定的表述似乎实际上是错误的,如果不是在某种意义上,作为一种管理行为义务在概念上是不可能的,并且代表了对当代英国公司法和政策存在问题的普通法理论起源的背离。相反,本文对突出案例提供了更实用和细致入微的理解,这些案例通常侧重于作为法人实体的公司,以及该实体的特定自由浮动商业对象。
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引用次数: 1
Corporate groups, common officers and the relevance of ‘capacity’ in questions of knowledge attribution 企业集团、普通管理人员和知识归属问题中“能力”的相关性
IF 1.1 4区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2019-08-20 DOI: 10.1080/14735970.2019.1604607
C. Mackie
ABSTRACT This article advances a new approach to questions of knowledge attribution concerning determination of legal liability. It does so within the setting of a corporate group, specifically where a director, manager or secretary of a parent company is appointed to a subsidiary's board and acquires pertinent knowledge in the latter capacity. Under the common law of England and Wales, that knowledge cannot be attributed to the parent unless an exception exists. These are narrow and difficult to establish. However, common officers are often deployed to facilitate information flow between two companies. This creates a troubling paradox which has not previously been identified in the literature. Whilst the parent may benefit from useful intelligence gathered by these individuals, it is largely immune from legal liability if information relating to malfeasance or neglect in the subsidiary is discovered. The proposed approach redresses this imbalance, enabling information concerning the parent's ‘affairs’ to be attributed to it.
摘要本文对法律责任认定中的知识归属问题提出了一种新的探讨方法。它是在企业集团的背景下这样做的,特别是母公司的董事、经理或秘书被任命为子公司董事会成员,并以后者的身份获得相关知识。根据英格兰和威尔士的普通法,除非存在例外情况,否则不能将这种知识归于父母。这些范围很窄,很难确定。然而,通常会部署普通官员来促进两家公司之间的信息流动。这造成了一个令人不安的悖论,这在以前的文献中是没有发现的。虽然母公司可能会从这些人收集的有用情报中受益,但如果发现与子公司渎职或疏忽有关的信息,母公司在很大程度上不承担法律责任。拟议的方法纠正了这种不平衡,使有关父母“事务”的信息能够归因于此。
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引用次数: 1
The (re)introduction of dual-class share structures in Hong Kong: a historical and comparative analysis 香港(再)引入双层股权结构:历史与比较分析
IF 1.1 4区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2019-07-29 DOI: 10.1080/14735970.2019.1638004
R. Huang, Wei Zhang, Kelvin Siu Cheung Lee
ABSTRACT In April 2018, Hong Kong issued new listing rules to introduce the dual-class share structure, also known as weighted voting rights (WVR), under which a special class of shareholders' voting rights are conferred disproportionately with respect to their equity interest. The WVR was used in Hong Kong in the 1980s but was banned in 1989. The debate on the WVR was rekindled by the Alibaba event in 2013. The WVR structure has benefits and costs. Thus, Hong Kong lays down relevant supporting mechanisms, including entry requirements, disclosure requirements and safeguard requirements. The WVR regime in Hong Kong appears to be more stringent than jurisdictions that have either long allowed WVR listings, notably the United States and Canada, or recently chose to do so such as Singapore. This paper argues that the (re)introduction of the WVR regime is generally a positive development for Hong Kong, but there are still some lingering concerns.
2018年4月,香港发布了新的上市规则,引入了双重股权结构,也被称为加权投票权(WVR),在该结构下,一类特殊股东的投票权与其股权不成比例地授予。20世纪80年代,WVR曾在香港使用,但在1989年被禁止。2013年阿里巴巴的活动重新点燃了关于WVR的争论。WVR结构既有效益也有成本。因此,香港制定了相关的配套机制,包括准入规定、披露规定和保障规定。香港的WVR制度似乎比长期允许WVR上市的司法管辖区(尤其是美国和加拿大)或最近选择这样做的新加坡更为严格。本文认为对香港来说,(重新)引入自愿退休制度总体上是一个积极的发展,但仍有一些令人担忧的问题。
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引用次数: 6
Say on purpose: lessons from Chinese corporate charters 有的放矢:中国企业章程的教训
IF 1.1 4区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2019-07-03 DOI: 10.1080/14735970.2019.1605035
Li-wen Lin
ABSTRACT What is the purpose of the corporation? The debate has continued for a long time without a clear answer partly because corporate law is often silent or ambiguous on the purpose of the corporation. The debate is largely academic and has limited dialogues with corporations that manage business in the real world. If corporations themselves articulate the purpose in their constitutive documents, it might be helpful to resolve the corporate purpose controversy. China offers a valuable empirical setting to examine how corporations formally state the purpose in their corporate charters. The empirical findings in this article show that the purpose clause in the articles of incorporation is not static but evolving with institutional and organisational demands. However, the purpose clause serves only a signalling or marketing function because of external and intrinsic constraints.
摘要公司的宗旨是什么?这场争论持续了很长一段时间,但没有明确的答案,部分原因是公司法对公司的宗旨往往是沉默或模棱两可的。这场辩论主要是学术性的,与现实世界中管理业务的公司的对话有限。如果公司本身在其章程文件中明确说明公司宗旨,可能有助于解决公司宗旨争议。中国提供了一个有价值的实证环境来考察企业如何在其公司章程中正式陈述其宗旨。本文的实证结果表明,公司章程中的目的条款不是静态的,而是随着制度和组织的要求而演变的。然而,由于外部和内在的限制,目的条款仅起到信号或营销的作用。
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引用次数: 1
Scrutinising the legality of cross-border mergers: finding the proper approach 审查跨境合并的合法性:找到合适的方法
IF 1.1 4区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2019-04-29 DOI: 10.1080/14735970.2018.1555984
Philip Morrison
ABSTRACT Before a cross-border merger can be completed, it must be sanctioned by the designated authority in the transferee Member State. Uncertainty has arisen as to the proper test for the English court to apply at this stage. This article argues that the approach from Re Diamond Resorts Plc, involving a intensive scrutiny of the benefits and disbenefits to stakeholders, does not represent the proper approach under the Cross-Border Merger Directive.
在跨境合并完成之前,必须得到受让方成员国指定机构的批准。对于英国法院在此阶段适用的适当测试,出现了不确定性。本文认为,Re Diamond Resorts Plc的方法涉及对利益相关者的利益和不利因素的严格审查,并不代表跨境合并指令下的适当方法。
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引用次数: 0
Whistle-blowing as a corporate governance mechanism: South Africa and Nigeria in perspective 告密作为公司治理机制:南非和尼日利亚的视角
IF 1.1 4区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2019-04-24 DOI: 10.1080/14735970.2018.1561795
U. Nwoke
ABSTRACT Corporate misconducts present challenges to the governance of modern corporations, not least because they undermine sound corporate culture and obstruct economic growth. One of the ways through which these misconducts can be exposed is through the mechanism of whistle-blowing. This article examines the role of whistleblowing in combating corporate frauds and misconducts. Using South Africa as the ‘foil’ to Nigeria, it describes the law and role of whistleblowing in a comparative context. It finds that while South Africa has taken steps to embed sound whistle-blowing practices within its jurisdiction, the concept is virtually non-existent in Nigeria. This is because there is no comprehensive legislation on whistle-blowing in the country, coupled with the dearth of strong institutions needed for the protection of whistle-blowers. The article, while making recommendations on how the concept can be strengthened, contends that with strong legal and institutional structures, whistle-blowing can amount to a powerful tool for the entrenchment of a robust and viable corporate governance mechanism in Nigeria.
摘要企业不端行为对现代企业的治理提出了挑战,尤其是因为它们破坏了良好的企业文化,阻碍了经济增长。揭露这些不当行为的途径之一是通过举报机制。本文探讨举报在打击公司欺诈和不当行为中的作用。它以南非为尼日利亚的“陪衬”,在比较背景下描述了告密的法律和作用。它发现,尽管南非已采取措施将健全的举报做法纳入其管辖范围,但这一概念在尼日利亚几乎不存在。这是因为该国没有关于举报的全面立法,再加上缺乏保护举报人所需的强有力的机构。这篇文章在就如何加强这一概念提出建议的同时,认为有了强有力的法律和体制结构,举报可以成为在尼日利亚建立健全可行的公司治理机制的有力工具。
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引用次数: 3
Assessing the effectiveness of the UK’s insolvency regulatory framework at deterring insolvency practitioners’ opportunistic behaviour 评估英国破产监管框架在阻止破产从业人员机会主义行为方面的有效性
IF 1.1 4区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2019-01-08 DOI: 10.1080/14735970.2018.1554551
J. Wood
ABSTRACT This article examines whether the increase in insolvency regulation is adequate to deter insolvency practitioners from using their discretion to charge excessive fees. To understand how insolvency regulation has developed the article will commence with a review of the historical origins of insolvency work and how it became associated with opportunistic behaviour. Next, the insolvency practitioner will be examined along with the recognised professional regulators to examine how their practices have helped to shape insolvency law. IP discretion and their decision making will then be considered to demonstrate how opportunism has continued to exist in administration, before the measures that have been taken over the last twenty years to address some of these issues are explored. The Australian regulatory system will then be reviewed as a comparison to the UK, before finally recommendations are made to the effect that insolvency practitioners should be further monitored in the use of their discretion.
本文探讨破产监管的增加是否足以阻止破产从业人员利用其自由裁量权收取过高费用。为了理解破产监管是如何发展的,本文将首先回顾破产工作的历史起源,以及它如何与机会主义行为联系在一起。接下来,破产从业者将与公认的专业监管机构一起接受审查,以检查他们的做法如何帮助塑造破产法。知识产权自由裁量权和他们的决策将被认为是证明机会主义如何继续存在于行政管理中,然后再探讨过去二十年来为解决其中一些问题所采取的措施。然后将审查澳大利亚的监管体系,与英国进行比较,最后提出建议,大意是破产从业人员在使用其自由裁量权时应受到进一步监督。
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引用次数: 0
Limited partnership law and private equity: an instance of legislative capture? 有限合伙法和私募股权:立法俘获的一个例子?
IF 1.1 4区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2019-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/14735970.2018.1456393
Elspeth Berry
ABSTRACT The number of limited partnerships in the UK has grown rapidly since the 1980s, largely due to the use of the limited partnership vehicle by private equity. The political and economic influence of private equity has enabled it to exert considerable influence on the UK government amounting to legislative capture, and this in turn has driven reforms to limited partnership law, predominantly deregulation, for the sole benefit of private equity. This distortion of the partnership legislation disadvantages other users or potential users of the limited partnership vehicle, since the private equity-inspired reforms do not apply them, and other reforms which would be of benefit to them have been ignored. Furthermore, reduced regulation is in some respects harmful to private equity itself, and the overall result is harm to the wider economy.
自20世纪80年代以来,英国有限合伙企业的数量迅速增长,主要是由于私人股本使用有限合伙企业。私人股本的政治和经济影响力,使其能够对英国政府施加相当大的影响,相当于立法上的“俘获”,这反过来又推动了有限合伙法的改革,主要是为了私人股本的唯一利益而放松监管。这种对合伙企业立法的扭曲使有限合伙企业的其他用户或潜在用户处于不利地位,因为私募股权激励的改革并不适用于他们,而对他们有利的其他改革也被忽视了。此外,减少监管在某些方面对私人股本本身有害,总体结果是对更广泛的经济造成损害。
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引用次数: 3
期刊
Journal of Corporate Law Studies
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