Pub Date : 2019-01-30DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0011
Hilde Lidén
This chapter explores the ambiguities and changes in regulations concerning unaccompanied asylum-seeking minors within, as well across, the Nordic countries, with regard to the gap between restrictions, new policies and practices on one hand, and the human rights standards set out in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and in immigrant-related legislation on the other. The chapter focuses on Sweden, Denmark and Norway. The chapter draws on research combining studies on documents and legal analyses (human rights conventions, national laws, regulations and court cases); an analysis of quantitative data from immigration authorities to identify particular areas of concern; and qualitative research, including fieldwork and interviews with unaccompanied minors, staff in reception centres, legal guardians and immigration authorities. The chapter highlights the growth in the discourse and policy of stricter immigration regulations over the best interests of the child.
{"title":"Unaccompanied migrant youth in the Nordic countries","authors":"Hilde Lidén","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the ambiguities and changes in regulations concerning unaccompanied asylum-seeking minors within, as well across, the Nordic countries, with regard to the gap between restrictions, new policies and practices on one hand, and the human rights standards set out in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and in immigrant-related legislation on the other. The chapter focuses on Sweden, Denmark and Norway. The chapter draws on research combining studies on documents and legal analyses (human rights conventions, national laws, regulations and court cases); an analysis of quantitative data from immigration authorities to identify particular areas of concern; and qualitative research, including fieldwork and interviews with unaccompanied minors, staff in reception centres, legal guardians and immigration authorities. The chapter highlights the growth in the discourse and policy of stricter immigration regulations over the best interests of the child.","PeriodicalId":446029,"journal":{"name":"Unaccompanied Young Migrants","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125340401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-30DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0007
G. Hughes
Much good therapeutic work is done with individual separated young people seeking asylum to help them overcome the effects of trauma and abuse and to reconstruct their identities in unfamiliar settings. This chapter highlights the dangers to many of the individual trauma focused interventions where young people can become defined by their vulnerabilities, stuck in relationships which position them as damaged, vulnerable and needing help. It outlines a Narrative Liberation framework to enable practitioners to reflect on what they are doing in their care of separated young people, and to help guard against isolating and unhelpful therapeutic practices. This includes a recognition of past events, but also highlighting personal accounts of survival and resistance. A key element is connections with other unaccompanied young migrants and the facilitation of collective practices where people are able to connect with life affirming aspects of their cultural and social histories.
{"title":"From individual vulnerability to collective resistance: responding to the emotional impact of trauma on unaccompanied children seeking asylum","authors":"G. Hughes","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Much good therapeutic work is done with individual separated young people seeking asylum to help them overcome the effects of trauma and abuse and to reconstruct their identities in unfamiliar settings. This chapter highlights the dangers to many of the individual trauma focused interventions where young people can become defined by their vulnerabilities, stuck in relationships which position them as damaged, vulnerable and needing help. It outlines a Narrative Liberation framework to enable practitioners to reflect on what they are doing in their care of separated young people, and to help guard against isolating and unhelpful therapeutic practices. This includes a recognition of past events, but also highlighting personal accounts of survival and resistance. A key element is connections with other unaccompanied young migrants and the facilitation of collective practices where people are able to connect with life affirming aspects of their cultural and social histories.","PeriodicalId":446029,"journal":{"name":"Unaccompanied Young Migrants","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129310328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-30DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781447331865.003.0004
Anna Gupta
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 (UNCRC) and domestic legislation, such as the Children Act 1989 in England and Wales, provide a framework for the provision of state services for unaccompanied migrant youth. This chapter critically examines the implementation of legal and policy frameworks in practice with a focus on age assessments, the provision of care placements, support and leaving care services. Fundamental tensions are explored between immigration and care priorities, particularly for social workers in local authorities experiencing financial cuts and influenced by wider political discourses and government policies. While the vulnerabilities of unaccompanied young migrants and their needs as individuals for tailored support services must be recognised, so must their agency in making decisions about their lives. The chapter concludes with recommendations for policy and practice that promotes young people’s voices, rights and welfare within a social justice framework.
{"title":"Caring for and about unaccompanied migrant youth","authors":"Anna Gupta","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781447331865.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447331865.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 (UNCRC) and domestic legislation, such as the Children Act 1989 in England and Wales, provide a framework for the provision of state services for unaccompanied migrant youth. This chapter critically examines the implementation of legal and policy frameworks in practice with a focus on age assessments, the provision of care placements, support and leaving care services. Fundamental tensions are explored between immigration and care priorities, particularly for social workers in local authorities experiencing financial cuts and influenced by wider political discourses and government policies. While the vulnerabilities of unaccompanied young migrants and their needs as individuals for tailored support services must be recognised, so must their agency in making decisions about their lives. The chapter concludes with recommendations for policy and practice that promotes young people’s voices, rights and welfare within a social justice framework.","PeriodicalId":446029,"journal":{"name":"Unaccompanied Young Migrants","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125635353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-30DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0002
S. Clayton, K. Willis
This chapter explores the diversity of migration regimes with reference to unaccompanied child migrants to reveal how they are forced to navigate complex legal systems, and the regulatory frameworks that are supposed to provide them with support and protection, but which all too often fail to deliver. The first section examines the role of scale in the development and implementation of migration regulations for unaccompanied youth. The chapter then considers border practices and the effects of off-shoring to process migrants applying for asylum, or as an attempt to reduce immigration. The chapter then focuses on the case of unaccompanied minors who came to Calais as part of their intended journey to the UK. The chapter argues that laws which are supposed to protect unaccompanied young people are not implemented in full, and that young people are not able to access the support which would enable them to benefit from these laws.
{"title":"Migration regimes and border controls: the crisis in Europe","authors":"S. Clayton, K. Willis","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the diversity of migration regimes with reference to unaccompanied child migrants to reveal how they are forced to navigate complex legal systems, and the regulatory frameworks that are supposed to provide them with support and protection, but which all too often fail to deliver. The first section examines the role of scale in the development and implementation of migration regulations for unaccompanied youth. The chapter then considers border practices and the effects of off-shoring to process migrants applying for asylum, or as an attempt to reduce immigration. The chapter then focuses on the case of unaccompanied minors who came to Calais as part of their intended journey to the UK. The chapter argues that laws which are supposed to protect unaccompanied young people are not implemented in full, and that young people are not able to access the support which would enable them to benefit from these laws.","PeriodicalId":446029,"journal":{"name":"Unaccompanied Young Migrants","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114352898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-30DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0008
Louise Drammeh
Unaccompanied young migrants are in a precarious situation but despite this, they can and do create some feelings of belonging. This chapter explores the forms and spaces of belonging that young people create, and the ways in which social workers and others can support this process. It examines the concept of belonging in relation to an asylum system designed to exclude. Despite structural constraints, young people strive to create some spaces of belonging, including accommodation, schools and colleges, places of worship, social networks and local neighbourhoods. The chapter suggests how, through creative and assertive use of existing processes, social workers can stand alongside young people, challenge oppression, overcome barriers and strengthen their opportunities to create and sustain those experiences of belonging. The chapter concludes that although unaccompanied young people do, in many ways, create some spaces of belonging, unless structural inequalities are addressed these will be contingent, incomplete and fragile.
{"title":"Spaces of belonging and social care","authors":"Louise Drammeh","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Unaccompanied young migrants are in a precarious situation but despite this, they can and do create some feelings of belonging. This chapter explores the forms and spaces of belonging that young people create, and the ways in which social workers and others can support this process. It examines the concept of belonging in relation to an asylum system designed to exclude. Despite structural constraints, young people strive to create some spaces of belonging, including accommodation, schools and colleges, places of worship, social networks and local neighbourhoods. The chapter suggests how, through creative and assertive use of existing processes, social workers can stand alongside young people, challenge oppression, overcome barriers and strengthen their opportunities to create and sustain those experiences of belonging. The chapter concludes that although unaccompanied young people do, in many ways, create some spaces of belonging, unless structural inequalities are addressed these will be contingent, incomplete and fragile.","PeriodicalId":446029,"journal":{"name":"Unaccompanied Young Migrants","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129143818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-30DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781447331865.003.0012
K. Robinson, S. Gifford
This chapter describes the situation of unaccompanied children who have sought asylum and are living in Australia. The chapter highlights changing immigration policy towards unaccompanied children, and the outcome of an increasingly restrictive regime. It critiques their treatment within a human rights and rights of the child framework and discuss the challenges and dilemmas faced by service providers charged with the care and supervision of these children. It concludes with some reflections on models of care that address young people’s needs, promote their rights and challenge the broader political and policy context that impacts so determinately on these children and young adults current well-being and on their futures.
{"title":"Life (forever) on hold: unaccompanied asylum-seeking minors in Australia","authors":"K. Robinson, S. Gifford","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781447331865.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447331865.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes the situation of unaccompanied children who have sought asylum and are living in Australia. The chapter highlights changing immigration policy towards unaccompanied children, and the outcome of an increasingly restrictive regime. It critiques their treatment within a human rights and rights of the child framework and discuss the challenges and dilemmas faced by service providers charged with the care and supervision of these children. It concludes with some reflections on models of care that address young people’s needs, promote their rights and challenge the broader political and policy context that impacts so determinately on these children and young adults current well-being and on their futures.","PeriodicalId":446029,"journal":{"name":"Unaccompanied Young Migrants","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121740531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-30DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0006
S. Clayton
This chapter first offers an analysis of media representation of refugees through print press and television. UK media tends to present refugee stereotypes of these people as either hostile and threatening, or as individuated victims with little or no agency. This can have a crippling impact not only on how the young people are treated, but on their sense of identity. The chapter also considers how creative practice (specifically theatre and film-making) with young migrants can both aid them in building new forms of self-representation, and counter negative stereotypes. The chapter identifies various themes of meaning that have emerged in the author’s recording of extensive testimonies with the young people: loss and anger; mourning and survival; outpourings of grief; missing mothers and searching for symbolic mothers; the significance of friendships; experiences of rage and anger; and finally, a development of pride and aspiration for the future.
{"title":"Narrating the young migrant journey: themes of self-representation","authors":"S. Clayton","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter first offers an analysis of media representation of refugees through print press and television. UK media tends to present refugee stereotypes of these people as either hostile and threatening, or as individuated victims with little or no agency. This can have a crippling impact not only on how the young people are treated, but on their sense of identity. The chapter also considers how creative practice (specifically theatre and film-making) with young migrants can both aid them in building new forms of self-representation, and counter negative stereotypes. The chapter identifies various themes of meaning that have emerged in the author’s recording of extensive testimonies with the young people: loss and anger; mourning and survival; outpourings of grief; missing mothers and searching for symbolic mothers; the significance of friendships; experiences of rage and anger; and finally, a development of pride and aspiration for the future.","PeriodicalId":446029,"journal":{"name":"Unaccompanied Young Migrants","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132119819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-30DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781447331865.003.0005
S. Clayton
Sue Clayton worked with separated refugee youths between 2006 and 2017 as a film-maker and academic, and as more recently as a consultant for the BBC, ITV News and Channel 4 News. She has interviewed over 200 young refugees. This preface draws out themes from these interviews and uses the young people’s own words to tell their stories. The participants have been anonymised for reasons of privacy. These narratives are told in the way the young people wished to tell them. Together they present a collective picture of typical life journeys - hopes, fears and aspirations - which can be read to inform and inflect the chapters that follow which focus on young people’s experiences within immigration and welfare systems.
{"title":"Preface to Section 2: Voices of separated migrant youth","authors":"S. Clayton","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781447331865.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447331865.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Sue Clayton worked with separated refugee youths between 2006 and 2017 as a film-maker and academic, and as more recently as a consultant for the BBC, ITV News and Channel 4 News. She has interviewed over 200 young refugees. This preface draws out themes from these interviews and uses the young people’s own words to tell their stories. The participants have been anonymised for reasons of privacy. These narratives are told in the way the young people wished to tell them. Together they present a collective picture of typical life journeys - hopes, fears and aspirations - which can be read to inform and inflect the chapters that follow which focus on young people’s experiences within immigration and welfare systems.","PeriodicalId":446029,"journal":{"name":"Unaccompanied Young Migrants","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134344734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-30DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781447331865.003.0009
L. Williams
The chapter considers the life options open to unaccompanied asylum-seeking children who have sought asylum alone and have reached the legal definition of adulthood in their country of residence. In such situations, most young people will have a limited range of opportunities open to them. The chapter considers how the UNHCR’s ‘durable solutions’ and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child have been understood in relation to young asylum seekers and refugees, and the often uncomfortable classification of children within political asylum frameworks. It reviews how social workers and other advocates have approached the difficult business of preparing young people for a range of uncertain futures, and includes evidence from young people themselves. The chapter concludes with a section on best practice, recognising the agency of young people and emphasising the ongoing obligations of professionals and informal advocates to young people who have been through the care system.
{"title":"‘Durable solutions’ when turning 18","authors":"L. Williams","doi":"10.1332/policypress/9781447331865.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447331865.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter considers the life options open to unaccompanied asylum-seeking children who have sought asylum alone and have reached the legal definition of adulthood in their country of residence. In such situations, most young people will have a limited range of opportunities open to them. The chapter considers how the UNHCR’s ‘durable solutions’ and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child have been understood in relation to young asylum seekers and refugees, and the often uncomfortable classification of children within political asylum frameworks. It reviews how social workers and other advocates have approached the difficult business of preparing young people for a range of uncertain futures, and includes evidence from young people themselves. The chapter concludes with a section on best practice, recognising the agency of young people and emphasising the ongoing obligations of professionals and informal advocates to young people who have been through the care system.","PeriodicalId":446029,"journal":{"name":"Unaccompanied Young Migrants","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126154609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-30DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0010
M. Bruzzone, Luis Enrique González-Araiza
The chapter considers the state systems of protection for unaccompanied migrant minors in Mexico and the United States. The transits and arrivals of Central American minors – from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras – offer important opportunities for scholars to consider the sociolegal practices of migrant care, especially how legally-accepted but institutionally-unfulfilled claims might signify something more than system failures. Instead this chapter takes the law and state institutions as sites for power relations to play out, rather than as outcomes of legislative power struggles or as resources for mutual claims by states and individuals. The aim of the chapter is to analyse the distinctive – and perhaps constitutive – tensions that govern state systems of protection for unaccompanied minors, looking to both legal texts and the empirical realities of state activities in Mexico and the United States.
{"title":"A relational approach to unaccompanied minor migration, detention and legal protection in Mexico and the US","authors":"M. Bruzzone, Luis Enrique González-Araiza","doi":"10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781447331865.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter considers the state systems of protection for unaccompanied migrant minors in Mexico and the United States. The transits and arrivals of Central American minors – from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras – offer important opportunities for scholars to consider the sociolegal practices of migrant care, especially how legally-accepted but institutionally-unfulfilled claims might signify something more than system failures. Instead this chapter takes the law and state institutions as sites for power relations to play out, rather than as outcomes of legislative power struggles or as resources for mutual claims by states and individuals. The aim of the chapter is to analyse the distinctive – and perhaps constitutive – tensions that govern state systems of protection for unaccompanied minors, looking to both legal texts and the empirical realities of state activities in Mexico and the United States.","PeriodicalId":446029,"journal":{"name":"Unaccompanied Young Migrants","volume":"55 217 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125953751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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