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THERMAL STABILITY OF THE OXIDATION PRODUCTS OF VACUUM GAS OIL 真空瓦斯油氧化产物的热稳定性
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.15372/csd2024549
 A. SVIRIDENKO YU,  B. KRIVTSOV E,  N. SVIRIDENKO N
An approach including preliminary oxidation of vacuum gas oil, chromatographic separation of oxidation products, and thermal treatment is considered. Analysis of the products formed in the cracking of polar and non-polar components of vacuum gas oil oxidised with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and formic acid is described. It has been established that heat treatment of non-polar components allows obtaining up to 85 wt% distillate fractions boiling up to 360 °C, with sulphur content less than 0.3 wt%. The heat treatment of polar components leads to the formation of distillate fractions at a level of about 50 wt%, and sulphur removal reaches 50 %. It has been shown that the cracking temperature of polar oxidation products determines the route of sulphur removal: at a temperature of 450 °C, sulphur-containing fragments are accumulated in coke, while at 500 °C they are predominantly subjected to destruction with the formation of gas components. It has been determined that gaseous products formed in the heat treatment of both polar and non-polar components of oxidised vacuum gas oil mainly consist of saturated hydrocarbons of the C1-C3 series and carbon dioxide. The advantage of separate cracking of polar and non-polar components is elimination of undesired effect on the products formed in thermal decomposition of these components on the route of reactions proceeding in the system. The products obtained in this way are characterized by higher quality. In addition, variation of cracking conditions for separate components of oxidized vacuum gas oil makes it possible to regulate the depth of components destruction and, accordingly, the material balance of the process as a whole.
该研究考虑了一种方法,包括真空瓦斯油的初步氧化、氧化产物的色谱分离以及热处理。报告分析了用过氧化氢和甲酸混合物氧化的真空瓦斯油中极性和非极性成分裂解过程中形成的产物。结果表明,对非极性成分进行热处理,可以获得沸点高达 360 ℃、含硫量小于 0.3 wt% 的馏分油,馏分油的重量比可达 85%。对极性成分进行热处理后,馏出物馏分的含量约为 50%,硫的去除率达到 50%。研究表明,极性氧化产物的裂解温度决定了脱硫的途径:在 450 °C 的温度下,含硫碎片积聚在焦炭中,而在 500 °C 的温度下,它们主要被破坏,形成气体成分。据测定,氧化真空瓦斯油的极性和非极性成分在热处理过程中形成的气体产物主要包括 C1-C3 系列饱和碳氢化合物和二氧化碳。将极性和非极性组分分开裂解的优点是消除了这些组分在热分解过程中形成的产物对系统中进行的反应路线的不良影响。以这种方式获得的产品具有更高质量的特点。此外,通过改变氧化真空瓦斯油中不同成分的裂解条件,可以调节成分破坏的深度,从而调节整个工艺过程的物料平衡。
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引用次数: 0
COMBINED OXIDATION OF GASEOUS AND LIQUID ALKANES IN THE BARRIER DISCHARGE PLASMA 气态和液态烷烃在阻挡放电等离子体中的联合氧化
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.15372/csd2024548
 . RYABOV A,  V. KUDRYASHOV S,  N. OCHEREDKO A
The combined oxidation of gaseous (propane, butane) and liquid (heptane, octane, nonane and decane) alkanes in a barrier discharge plasma in oxygen has been studied. Oxidation process involves simultaneous conversion of gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons. Various C1-C4 hydrocarbon gases and mainly oxygenated compounds corresponding to hydroxyl and carbonyl compounds with the same number of carbon atoms in molecules as in the initial alkanes were detected among reaction products. At the stage of chemical reaction initiation in a barrier discharge, the electrons in the discharge interact with all the molecules of the initial mixture to form atomic oxygen and various hydrocarbon radicals. Their subsequent transformation leads to the formation of peroxide radicals of the corresponding alkanes, and their disproportionation leads to the formation of hydroxyl and carbonyl compounds. The mechanism of gaseous alkane oxidation is generally comparable to the mechanism of liquid hydrocarbon oxidation in a barrier discharge, and the key role in the mechanism of alkane co-oxidation is played by the interaction of atomic oxygen with a gaseous or liquid alkane. A probable mechanism for the combined oxidation of gaseous and liquid alkanes in a barrier discharge is proposed on the basis of experimental and literature data, and a simple equation is deduced, linking the rates of atomic oxygen interaction with alkane molecules to hydrocarbon concentrations in the gas phase of the discharge gas in the reactor. Applying the obtained equation, it is possible to estimate the direction of the oxidation of gaseous and liquid alkane mixtures and to involve the experimental data in calculating yet unknown rate constants of atomic oxygen interaction with alkane molecules. The results obtained make it possible to optimise the experimental conditions for the oxidation of gaseous and liquid alkane mixtures with the predominant oxidation of a gaseous alkane. These data will be useful in developing effective methods for the direct processing of a broad fraction of light hydrocarbons.
研究了气态(丙烷、丁烷)和液态(庚烷、辛烷、壬烷和癸烷)烷烃在氧气中的阻挡放电等离子体中的联合氧化。氧化过程涉及气态和液态碳氢化合物的同时转化。在反应产物中检测到了各种 C1-C4 碳氢化合物气体和主要的含氧化合物,这些化合物相当于羟基和羰基化合物,其分子中的碳原子数与初始烷烃中的碳原子数相同。在阻挡放电的化学反应起始阶段,放电中的电子与初始混合物的所有分子相互作用,形成原子氧和各种碳氢化合物自由基。它们随后的转化导致形成相应烷烃的过氧化物自由基,它们的歧化导致形成羟基和羰基化合物。气态烷烃氧化的机理一般与阻挡放电中液态碳氢化合物氧化的机理相似,而烷烃联合氧化机理中的关键作用是原子氧与气态或液态烷烃的相互作用。根据实验和文献数据,提出了气态和液态烷烃在阻挡放电中联合氧化的可能机理,并推导出一个简单方程,将原子氧与烷烃分子相互作用的速率与反应器中放电气体气相中的烃浓度联系起来。应用所得到的方程式,可以估计气态和液态烷烃混合物的氧化方向,并将实验数据用于计算原子氧与烷烃分子相互作用的未知速率常数。所获得的结果可以优化气态和液态烷烃混合物氧化的实验条件,使气态烷烃的氧化占主导地位。这些数据将有助于开发直接处理大量轻烃的有效方法。
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引用次数: 0
INVESTIGATION OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND CATALYTIC PROPERTIES OF MFI TYPE ZEOLITES SYNTHESIZED USING DEEP EUTECTIC SOLVENT 利用深共晶溶剂合成的 mfi 型沸石的物理化学和催化特性研究
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.15372/csd2024550
 A. STEPANOV A,  M. VELICHKINA L,  L. KOROBITSYNA L,  K. ALTUNINA L
Zeolites of the structural type ZSM-5 were synthesized using a template, which was pentaerythritol (PER), carbamide (CA), or a deep eutectic solvent (DES) - a binary mixture of PER and CA. It is determined by IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis that the nature of the templates used in the synthesis of zeolites affects the phase purity and the degree of crystallinity of the obtained samples. The textural and acidic properties of zeolites and Mo-containing catalysts prepared from them by dry mechanical mixing with nanoscale molybdenum powder have been studied. It is shown that the textural properties of zeolites depend on the template nature. The use of CA promoted obtaining the zeolite with maximal specific surface area and pore volume. The strength of the acid centres of unmodified samples, depending on the structure-forming additive, decreases in the series: DES > CA > PER, and the concentration of acid centres of both types, on the contrary, decreases for zeolites in the series: PER > CA > DES. The catalytic activity of synthesized zeolites has been studied in the processes of non-oxidative methane conversion and refining of the straight-run gasoline fraction of oil. The dependence of the activity and stability of samples on their physicochemical properties caused by the template nature is determined. It has been shown that zeolite synthesized using DES and the 4.0%Mo/ZSM-5 catalyst obtained on its basis exhibit higher activity and stability in the processes of non-oxidative methane conversion into aromatic hydrocarbons and in upgrading the straight-run gasoline fraction of oil, in comparison with zeolite-based catalysts obtained using PER or CA.
使用季戊四醇(PER)、碳酰胺(CA)或深共晶溶剂(DES)(PER 和 CA 的二元混合物)作为模板合成了结构类型为 ZSM-5 的沸石。红外光谱和 X 射线衍射分析表明,合成沸石所用模板的性质会影响所得样品的相纯度和结晶度。研究了沸石以及用沸石与纳米级钼粉干法机械混合制备的含钼催化剂的质地和酸性。研究表明,沸石的质地特性取决于模板的性质。CA 的使用有助于获得比表面积和孔隙率最大的沸石。未改性样品的酸中心强度随结构形成添加剂的不同而降低:DES>CA>PER,相反,两种类型的酸中心浓度在沸石系列中都会降低:PER>CA>DES。在甲烷的非氧化转化和石油直馏汽油馏分的精炼过程中,对合成沸石的催化活性进行了研究。研究确定了样品的活性和稳定性与其由模板性质引起的物理化学特性之间的关系。结果表明,与使用 PER 或 CA 合成的沸石基催化剂相比,使用 DES 合成的沸石和在其基础上获得的 4.0%Mo/ZSM-5 催化剂在将甲烷非氧化转化为芳香烃和提炼石油直馏汽油馏分的过程中表现出更高的活性和稳定性。
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引用次数: 0
APPLICATION OF GREEN CHEMISTRY PRINCIPLES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLID COMMERCIAL FORMS OF OIL-DISPLACING COMPOSITIONS 应用绿色化学原理开发固体商业形式的石油置换成分
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.15372/csd2024538
 K. ALTUNINA L,  A. KUVSHINOV V,  A. STASYEVA L,  V. KUVSHINOV I
Within the framework of green chemistry principles, the concept of deep eutectic solvents (DES) was used to develop solid commercial forms of oil-displacing compositions. It has been shown that the eutectic composition on the phase diagram of the binary system ammonium salt - carbamide corresponds to DES as the basis of solid commercial forms of oil-displacing composition with the best physicochemical and technological characteristics. The optimal concentrations of solid commercial forms in the working solution of the composition were determined for the ternary DES system ammonium salt - carbamide - water. The results of laboratory studies and field tests of the working solution based on the solid commercial forms of the oil-displacing composition are presented.
在绿色化学原理的框架内,利用深共晶溶剂(DES)的概念开发了固体商业形式的石油置换成分。研究表明,二元系统铵盐--碳酰胺相图上的共晶成分与 DES 相对应,是具有最佳物理化学和技术特性的固体商业形式石油置换组合物的基础。针对三元 DES 系统铵盐--碳酰胺--水,确定了组合物工作溶液中固体商用形式的最佳浓度。本文介绍了实验室研究和现场测试的结果,这些结果都是基于固体商用析油组合物的工作溶液。
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引用次数: 0
UTILIZATION OF CALCINED SORBENT FROM ASH-AND-SLAG WASTE FROM THERMAL POWER ENGINEERING PLANTS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT 利用火力发电厂灰渣废料中的煅烧吸附剂处理废水
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.15372/csd2024554
 G. KOROTKOVA T,  M. ZAKOLYUKINA A,  I. DEMIN V
The discharge of untreated or insufficiently treated sewage into water bodies leads to their pollution, contributing to the emergence and spread of viruses and bacteria that have a negative impact on the ecosystem. One of the indicators of water contamination by pathogenic microorganisms is ammonium ions. The sorption method based on industrial waste as sorbent precursors has become widespread for treating wastewater from ammonium ions. The article presents the results of studies of a calcined sorbent based on ash-and-slag wastes from thermal power engineering plants for the treatment of real wastewater, discharged into the Kuban river within the city of Krasnodar, to remove ammonium ions (NH4+ concentration 21 mg/dm3). The effect of sorption time (10, 30, 60, 90, 150, and 180 min) and sorbent dose (0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5 g) on treatment efficiency is investigated. The experimental data are processed on the basis of kinetic equations. It is shown that the equation of the pseudo-first-order (Lagergren) provides the best description of experimental data on sorption in comparison with the pseudo-second-order equation (Ho and McKay) and the Elovich equation. It has been established that internal diffusion adsorption is the limiting stage. Treatment efficiency was 72.8 % at a sorbent dose of 5 g for solution volume 50 cm3 and sorption time 180 min. It is shown that the sorbent dose affects the time within which the phase equilibrium between the solution and calcined sorbent is established. The larger is sorbent dose, the larger number of adsorption centres are occupied by ammonium ions per unit time, so, for the fixed ammonium ion concentration in initial solution, shorter sorption time will be necessary to achieve equilibrium. For real wastewater, the time necessary for equilibrium to be achieved exceeds the value determined experimentally with the model mixtures using small sorbent doses. Reasonability of the application of calcined sorbent for treatment of real wastewater is confirmed.
未经处理或处理不当的污水排入水体会造成水体污染,导致病毒和细菌的出现和传播,对生态系统产生负面影响。铵离子是病原微生物污染水体的指标之一。以工业废料为吸附剂前体的吸附法已广泛用于处理废水中的铵离子。文章介绍了以火力发电厂灰渣废料为基础的煅烧吸附剂处理克拉斯诺达尔市库班河实际废水以去除铵离子(NH4+ 浓度为 21 mg/dm3)的研究结果。研究了吸附时间(10、30、60、90、150 和 180 分钟)和吸附剂剂量(0.5、1、2、3 和 5 克)对处理效率的影响。实验数据根据动力学方程进行处理。结果表明,与伪二阶方程(Ho 和 McKay)和埃洛维奇方程相比,伪一阶方程(Lagergren)能最好地描述吸附实验数据。已确定内部扩散吸附是限制阶段。在溶液体积为 50 立方厘米、吸附时间为 180 分钟、吸附剂剂量为 5 克时,处理效率为 72.8%。研究表明,吸附剂剂量会影响溶液与煅烧吸附剂之间建立相平衡的时间。吸附剂剂量越大,单位时间内铵离子占据的吸附中心数量就越多,因此,在初始溶液中铵离子浓度固定的情况下,达到平衡所需的吸附时间就越短。对于实际废水,达到平衡所需的时间超过了使用小剂量吸附剂的模型混合物的实验值。应用煅烧吸附剂处理实际废水的合理性得到了证实。
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引用次数: 0
THE INFLUENCE OF POSTSYNTHETIC ALKALINE TREATMENT AND MODIFICATION WITH NICKEL NANOPOWDER ON THE PROPERTIES OF A ZEOLITE CATALYST FOR GASOLINE UPGRADING 后合成碱处理和纳米镍粉改性对汽油提纯沸石催化剂性能的影响
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.15372/csd2024539
 M. VELICHKINA L,  E. BARBASHIN YA
Postsynthetic treatment of ZSM-5 zeolite with an aqueous solution of NaOH was carried out, followed by the modification of the treated zeolite with nanosized nickel powder. Nickel powder is introduced into the zeolite by dry mechanical mixing. The textural, acidic and catalytic properties of the original ZSM-5 zeolite and zeolite-based samples after alkaline treatment and modification are studied. The catalytic activity of zeolites has been studied in the process of conversion of straight-run gasoline fraction of oil. Along with determining the characteristics of the target reaction products - high-octane gasolines, an analysis of the resulting gaseous hydrocarbons and carbon compaction products (coke) was carried out. It has been established that alkaline treatment of zeolite and its subsequent mixing with nickel nanopowder leads to a decrease in the total specific surface area and total specific pore volume, a decrease in the concentration of acid sites and an increase in their strength. The enhancement of the combined effect of alkaline treatment and modification with nickel nanopowder on the textural and acidic properties of zeolite catalysts was determined. It has been shown that modification of zeolite catalysts has almost no effect on the composition of gaseous products formed in the conversion of straight-run gasoline fraction of oil. Post-synthetic alkaline treatment of ZSM-5 zeolite significantly reduces its aromatising and cracking activity, resulting in an increased yield of high-octane gasoline with improved environmental characteristics. The introduction of nickel nanopowder into alkali-treated zeolite enhances this trend, although not significantly. On modified zeolites, the amount of carbon compaction products is reduced, which will increase the time of stable operation of the resulting catalysts and improve the conditions for their regeneration.
用 NaOH 水溶液对 ZSM-5 沸石进行合成后处理,然后用纳米镍粉对处理后的沸石进行改性。通过干式机械搅拌将镍粉引入沸石中。研究了原始 ZSM-5 沸石和沸石基样品经碱性处理和改性后的质地、酸性和催化特性。研究了沸石在转化石油直馏汽油馏分过程中的催化活性。在确定目标反应产物(高辛烷值汽油)特性的同时,还对生成的气态碳氢化合物和碳压缩产物(焦炭)进行了分析。研究证实,对沸石进行碱性处理,然后将其与纳米镍粉混合,会导致总比表面积和总比孔隙体积减小,酸性位点浓度降低,其强度增加。研究确定了碱性处理和纳米镍粉改性对沸石催化剂质地和酸性的综合影响。研究表明,沸石催化剂的改性对转化石油直馏汽油馏分时形成的气体产品的成分几乎没有影响。对 ZSM-5 沸石进行合成后碱性处理可显著降低其芳香化和裂解活性,从而提高高辛烷值汽油的产量,并改善其环境特性。在碱处理过的沸石中引入纳米镍粉会增强这一趋势,但效果并不明显。在改性沸石上,碳压实产物的数量减少了,这将延长催化剂的稳定运行时间,并改善其再生条件。
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引用次数: 0
STUDY OF THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROGELS AND CRYOGELS OBTAINED USING THE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF POLYVINYL ALCOHOL 研究使用聚乙烯醇水溶液获得的水凝胶和低温凝胶的流变特性
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.15372/csd2024551
 S. FUFAEVA M,  N. MANZHAY V,  S. KOZHEVNIKOV I
The methods for producing cryogels and hydrogels from viscous aqueous solutions of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and their rheological properties are considered. Freezing an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol, its exposure to negative temperature and subsequent thawing at a positive temperature lead to the formation of elastic cryogels. Chemical cross-linking of individual PVA molecules into spatial networks is accompanied by the transformation of aqueous solutions into hydrogels. Sodium tetraborate and glyoxal were used to structurise the polymer solutions. It has been determined that the interaction of these reagents with the functional groups of the polymer causes an increase in the viscosity of three-component systems “PVA - glyoxal - water” and “PVA - sodium tetraborate - water” with time. The kinetics of gel formation in the products of chemical reactions was investigated at different concentrations. It is shown that the viscosity of the studied systems increases with an increase in the concentrations of low-molecular reagents in both cases (PVA - glyoxal and PVA - sodium tetraborate). Hydrogels formed at a positive temperature were subjected to additional freezing-thawing cycle, cryogels were obtained, and their rheological properties were studied. The elastic properties of cryogels were determined to be more clearly pronounced than those of hydrogels. Hydrogels can be used as instantaneous gel-forming systems to protect from dangerous chemicals and to make waterproof barriers in hydraulic structures, as the elastic properties are enhanced after cryogenic exposure.
本研究探讨了利用聚乙烯醇(PVA)的粘性水溶液生产低温凝胶和水凝胶的方法及其流变特性。冷冻聚乙烯醇水溶液,将其置于负温度下,然后在正温度下解冻,可形成弹性低温凝胶。单个聚乙烯醇分子通过化学交联形成空间网络的同时,水溶液也转变成了水凝胶。四硼酸钠和乙二醛用于聚合物溶液的结构化。经测定,这些试剂与聚合物官能团的相互作用会导致 "PVA-乙二醛-水 "和 "PVA-四硼酸钠-水 "三组分体系的粘度随时间而增加。研究了不同浓度下化学反应产物中凝胶形成的动力学。结果表明,在两种情况下(PVA-乙二醛和 PVA-四硼酸钠),所研究体系的粘度随着低分子试剂浓度的增加而增加。对在正温下形成的水凝胶进行额外的冻融循环,得到低温凝胶,并研究其流变特性。经测定,低温凝胶的弹性特性比水凝胶更为明显。由于水凝胶的弹性性能在低温暴露后会得到增强,因此水凝胶可用作瞬时凝胶形成系统,以防止危险化学品的侵蚀,并可用于制作水力结构中的防水屏障。
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引用次数: 0
ANALYSIS OF THE ECOLOGICAL STATE OF OIL-PRODUCING TERRITORIES IN WEST SIBERIA USING MODIS SATELLITE DATA 利用莫迪斯卫星数据分析西伯利亚西部产油地区的生态状况
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.15372/csd2024546
 O. PEREMITINA T,  G. YASHCHENKO I
The ecological state of hard-to-reach oil-producing territories of West Siberia has been studied. Results of the analysis of enhanced vegetation index (EVI) dynamics are presented in order to assess the state of vegetation cover over the territories of hydrocarbon fields of in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Territory using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data. The average EVI values of vegetation over oilfield areas were calculated for full growing seasons from May 25 to September 20, 2013-2022. It has been determined that on average, EVI values for the entire growing season in 2022 became higher by more than 20% compared to the data in 2013. The trend to an increase in EVI in the final growing season over the 10-year period under study was identified.
对西西伯利亚难以到达的产油地区的生态状况进行了研究。为了评估亚马尔-涅涅茨自治区油气田地区的植被状况,利用中分辨率成像分光辐射计(MODIS)卫星数据介绍了增强植被指数(EVI)动态分析结果。计算了 2013-2022 年 5 月 25 日至 9 月 20 日整个生长季节油田地区植被的平均 EVI 值。结果表明,与 2013 年的数据相比,2022 年整个生长季的 EVI 值平均增加了 20% 以上。研究发现,在研究的 10 年期间,最后一个生长季的经济脆弱性指数呈上升趋势。
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引用次数: 0
БИОКОСМОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ РАЗВОРОТ, СООБРАЗУЯСЬ С ПОРАЗИТЕЛЬНЫМ СООТВЕТСТВИЕМ (В ОТНОШЕНИИ К РОССИЙСКОЙ ЦИВИЛИЗАЦИИ) - ВЫВОДОВ ТЕОРИИ Н.Я. ДАНИЛЕВСКОГО (150 ЛЕТ НАЗАД) И ТЕКУЩЕГО МОМЕНТА В МИРОВОЙ ИСТОРИИ (СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНОЙ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ) 生物学说的转变与俄罗斯文明的惊人一致——公元前150年丹尼尔斯基的结论和当今世界历史(社会文化进化)
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2023-03-19 DOI: 10.46865/978-5-901640-39-5-2023-320-327
Константин Станиславович Хруцкий
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引用次数: 0
ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ «ЦИФРОВАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА» ДЛЯ ЦИФРОВОЙ ГРАМОТНОСТИ СТУДЕНТОВ 数字经济学科对学生数字识字率的重要性
IF 0.4 Pub Date : 2023-03-19 DOI: 10.46865/978-5-901640-39-5-2023-343-347
Тамара Николаевна Юдина
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Chemistry for Sustainable Development
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